<p dir="ltr">Globally, soils hold more carbon than both the atmosphere and aboveground terrestrial biosphere combined. Changes in land use and land cover have the potential to alter soil carbon cycling throughout the soil profile, from the surface to meters deep, yet most studies focus only on the near surface impact (< 25 cm deep). This research bias toward shallow soil carbon cycling has ramifications for understanding the full impacts of agricultural and restoration management practices on soil organic and inorganic carbon dynamics. The primary objective of my thesis research is to evaluate the factors controlling the impact of deep-rooting perennial grass on soil carbon cycling during prairie restoration of soil following long term, row crop agriculture. Paired soil pits were established to compare the effects of restoration on soil C dynamics in a corn-soy cropping system (minimal tillage) and restored prairie sites in Nebraska and Illinois. At each site, soil organic carbon (SOC) and inorganic carbon (SIC) content, stock, and stable carbon isotope analysis were preformed to ~2 m depth to assess long term integrated C dynamics. Estimating the contribution of prairie carbon inputs to the SOC in the soil profile was examined using stable carbon isotopic signatures in the SOC in relation to the above ground vegetation changes in C₃ and C₄ photosynthetic pathway plant community composition. Comparative analysis of edaphic properties and soil carbon suggests that deep loess deposits in Nebraska permit enhanced water infiltration and SOC deposition to depths of ~100 cm in 60 years of prairie restoration. In Illinois, poorly drained, clay/lime rich soils on glacial till and a younger restored prairie age (15 years) restricted the influence of prairie restoration to the upper 30 cm. Comparing the δ¹³C values of SOC and SIC in each system demonstrated that SIC at each site is likely of lithogenic origin. This work indicates that the magnitude of influence of restoration management is dependent on edaphic properties inherited from geological and geomorphological controls. Future work should quantify root structures and redox properties to better understand the influence of rooting depth on soil carbon concentrations. Fast-cycling C dynamics can be assessed using continuous, in-situ CO₂ and O₂ soil gas concentration changes. The secondary objective of my thesis was to determine if manual, low temporal resolution gas sampling and analysis are a low cost and effective means of measuring soil O₂ and CO₂, by comparing it with data from in-situ continuous (hourly) sensors. Manual analysis of soil CO₂ and O₂ from field replicates of buried gas collection cups resulted in measurement differences from the continuous sensors. Measuring CO2 concentration with manual methods often resulted in higher concentrations than hourly, continuous measurements across all sites. Additionally, O₂ concentrations measured by manual methods were higher than hourly values in the restored prairie and less in agricultural sites. A variety of spatial variability, pressure perturbations, calibration offsets, and system leakage influences on both analysis methods could cause the discrepancy.</p>

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Charles W. Rice / The sequestration of atmospheric CO[subscript]2 into soil through no-till management is an economic and viable method for reducing greenhouse gases, but maintaining no-till practices are necessary to sequester C in the long-term. Our study focused on the effects of a single tillage operation on soil organic C and N and aggregation in no-till soils when no-till practices are immediately resumed after tillage. Three locations in western Kansas were selected that had been in continuous dryland no-till for at least 5 years – Wallace, Tribune, and Spearville. Tillage treatments were administered in 2004 and consisted of no-till (NT), disk plow (DP), sweep plow (SwP), and chisel plow (CP). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Soil samples were taken at 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm depths. Composite samples were taken from each block prior to tillage and tested for whole soil organic C and N. Further soil samples were collected in spring 2005 at approximately nine months after tillage (MAT) and again in fall 2005 at approximately 12 MAT and tested for whole soil organic C and N and aggregate size distribution. Bulk density was measured for each plot and depth prior to sampling at 12 MAT. Twelve MAT samples were also tested for aggregate-associated C and N. The DP tillage had a greater C concentration than NT and CP when averaged over depth and time, but C mass did not vary between tillage systems. Changes in whole soil C and N over time varied by location, but the differences were similar between tillage treatments. Tillage treatments DP and SwP also had a greater mass of macroaggregate (250-1000 [Mu]m) associated C relative to CP (but not to NT) for Wallace in the surface 0-5 cm at 12 MAT. No other differences between tillages in aggregate-associated C were observed. A single tillage event did not have a significant impact on aggregate size distribution. The greatest amount of aggregate-associated C and N existed in the large microaggregate (53-250 µm) fraction. Changes in aggregate distribution or aggregate-associated C or N did not directly correlate to changes in whole soil C and N. We therefore conclude that a single tillage operation using these implements will not result in a measurable loss in sequestered C over time for dryland soils in a semi-arid climate such as western Kansas.

Master of Science / Department of Chemical Engineering / Larry E. Erickson / The impact of human activities on the atmosphere and the accompanying risks of long-term global climate change are by now familiar topics to many people. Although most of the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations is due to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels, globally about one-third of the total human-induced warming effect due to GHGs comes from agriculture and land-use. This report provides a brief review of greenhouse effects and impacts on climate, human health and environment. The sources of emissions of greenhouse gases due to human activities, both current estimates and future projections, have been included. The report further discusses possible options for mitigation of greenhouse gases. The report also discusses the role agriculture can play towards mitigation of greenhouse gases as many agricultural processes such as anaerobic digestion, manure gasification; carbon sequestration etc. can help reduce or offset greenhouse gas emissions. Capture and sequestration of CO2 released as a result of burning fossil fuel in power plants, energy and other industries is gaining widespread interest as a potential method of controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Various technologies such as amine (MEA)-based CO2 absorption system for post-combustion flue gas applications have been developed, and can be integrated with existing plant operations. Removal of SO2 by using amine-based carbon capture system offers additional benefit. Efforts are underway to develop a broader suite of carbon capture and sequestration technologies for more comprehensive assessments in the context of multi-pollutant environmental management. Geologic formations and/ or possibly oceans can be used as sinks to store recovered CO2. In oil and gas exploration industry CO2 may be injected in producing or abandoned reservoirs which will not only help in maintaining the reservoir pressure (which improves overall field exploitation) but in some cases even leads to enhanced oil recovery.

Inland waters receive substantial amounts of organic carbon from adjacent watersheds. Only about half of the carbon exported from inland waters reaches the oceans, while the remainder is lost en route. This thesis identifies flocculation as an important and significant fate of carbon in the boreal landscape. Flocculation reallocates organic carbon from the dissolved state into particles which are prone to settle. Thus, flocculation relocates organic carbon from the water column to the sediment. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC), mainly originating from terrestrial sources, in a set of Swedish lakes was found to determine the extent of sedimentation of particulate organic carbon. A major fraction of the settling particles were of allochthonous origin. This implies that allochthonous DOC was the precursor of the settling matter in these lakes. The gross sedimentation was of the same magnitude as the evasion of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Sunlight, especially in the photosynthetically active region, stimulated flocculation of DOC. The effect of light appeared to involve a direct photochemical reaction. Iron was involved in the flocculation but it could not be unravelled whether the iron catalyzes the flocculation or just co-precipitates with the settling matter. Microbial activity was identified as the main regulator of the flocculation rates. Accordingly, alteration of temperature, oxygen concentration and pH did not affect flocculation only indirectly, via their effects on microbial metabolism. A comparison of fluorescence characteristics of organic matter collected in sediment trap and in the sediment surface layer revealed that autochthonous organic carbon was preferentially lost in the sediments while allochthonous matter increased. The recalcitrant nature of the flocculated matter could favour sequestration of this matter in the lake sediment. Hence, the lakes will act as sinks of organic carbon due to a slower mineralization of the flocculated matter in the sediments.

L’utilisation des microorganismes marins ou terrestres pour la séquestration à long terme du CO2 est une des solutions envisagées pour diminuer la teneur en CO2 dans l'atmosphère. Le travail de cette thèse se concentre sur les microorganismes calcifiants, et notamment les cyanobactéries, qui peuvent fixer du CO2 sous forme de biomasse et carbonate de calcium. Ce dernier, insoluble dans l’eau, précipite et peut donc constituer un puits à long terme. La compréhension des mécanismes de calcification induits par les cyanobactéries et la possibilité de contrôler ces processus sont nécessaires pour développer une technologie de séquestration du CO2. Cette biotechnologie pourrait constituer une alternative à la technologie de capture et stockage géologique du CO2. Synechococcus PCC8806 une souche marine de cyanobactérie purifiée à l'Institut Pasteur de Paris est utilisée comme organisme au cours du travail expérimental réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Le premier résultat important de cette thèse est le développement d'une stratégie analytique ayant permis d'accéder à un bilan de masse carbone et calcium au cours d'une culture de cyanobactérie sur hydrogénocarbonate. La mise en œuvre de cette stratégie au cours de différents essais réalisés dans le cadre de ce travail a permis par ailleurs de quantifier avec précision la production de carbone organique (biomasse) et de carbone inorganique (CaCO3) en fonction du calcium et du carbone inorganique présent dans les milieux de culture. Nous avons ensuite étudié la précipitation de la calcite au cours de la croissance de Synechococcus PCC8806 en présence de calcium. Pour cela les conditions de culture ont été variées de telle sorte que la survenue des évènements de précipitations a pu être comprise ainsi que l'influence de sites de nucléation mis en évidence. Le grossissement des cristaux a également été étudié attentivement par microscopie électronique à balayage. Une autre partie de ce travail a permis d'identifier la source de carbone inorganique utilisée par Synechococcus PCC8806 pour la photosynthèse. Cela a été l'occasion de réécrire les équations liées aux transferts entre le CO2 atmosphérique et le système carbonaté, ainsi que les équations de photosynthèse en fonction des conditions de disponibilité des deux sources de carbone inorganique (CO2 et hydrogénocarbonate). De plus ont pu être mis en évidence, les effets des phases diurne et nocturne de la croissance de cyanobactéries sur les équilibres du système carbonaté et le pH. Ce travail a également permis de déterminer les vitesses de croissance des cyanobactéries et donc de calculer des rendements de croissance par unité de surface. Cela permettra à terme d'optimiser la production de biomasse et de calcite dans un procédé industriel / The use of marine or terrestrial microorganisms for long-term sequestration of CO2 is a possible solution to reduce the CO2 content in atmosphere. This thesis work focuses on calcifying organisms, in particular the cyanobacteria, which can fix CO2 as biomass and calcium carbonate. The latter is insoluble in water; precipitates may therefore constitute a long term sink. Understanding of the calcification mechanisms induced by cyanobacteria and the possibility of controlling these processes are necessary to develop a technology for CO2 sequestration. This biotechnology could be an alternative technology to CO2 capture and geological storage. Synechococcus strain PCC8806, marine cyanobacteria purified by the Institute Pasteur de Paris is used during the experimental work in this thesis. The first important result of this work is to develop an analytical strategy that allowed access to a mass balance of carbon and calcium in a cyanobacteria culture on hydrogencarbonate. The implementation of this strategy in various tests of this work has also allowed to accurately quantify the production of organic carbon (biomass) and inorganic carbon (CaCO3) according to the calcium and Ci introduced (hydrogencarbonate) in the medium. We then studied the calcite precipitation during growth of Synechococcus PCC8806 in the presence of calcium. For that, culture conditions were varied in order to understand the occurrence of precipitation events and the influence of nucleation sites. The development of crystals has also been carefully studied by scanning electron microscopy. Another part of this work has identified the inorganic carbon source used by Synechococcus PCC8806 for photosynthesis. This was an opportunity to rewrite the equations related to transfers between atmospheric CO2 and the carbonate medium, as well as the equations of photosynthesis depending on the conditions of availability of two sources of inorganic carbon (CO2 and hydrogencarbonate). In addition, we have revealed the effects of diurnal and nocturnal phases of the growth of cyanobacteria on the carbonate system balance and pH. This work also allowed estimating the cyanobacteria growth rates and thus calculating growth yields per unit area. This will ultimately optimize biomass and calcite production in an industrial process

Nitrogen (N) fertilization due to atmospheric deposition (NDEP ) may explain some of the net carbon (C) sink (0.6-0.7 Pg y-1) in temperate forests, but estimates of the additional C uptake due to atmospheric N additions (∆C/∆N) can vary by over an order of magnitude (5 to 200 ∆C/∆N). High estimates from several recent studies [e.g. Magnani (2007), Nature 447 848-850], deriving ∆C/∆N from regional correlations between NDEP and measures of C uptake (such as eddy covariance -derived net ecosystem production, or forest inventory data) contradict estimates from other studies, particularly those involving 15N tracer applications added as fertilizer to the forest floor. A strong ∆C/∆N effect requires nitrogen to be efficiently acquired by trees and allocated to high C:N, long-lived woody tissues, but these isotope experiments typically report relatively little (~ 20 %) of 15N added is found above-ground, with less than 5 % of the total 15N applied found in wood. Consequently the high correlation-derived ∆C/∆N estimates are often attributed to co-variation with other factors across the range of sites investigated. However, 15N-fertilization treatments often impose considerably higher total N loads than ambient NDEP , while almost all exclusively only apply mineral 15N treatments to the soil, often in a limited number of treatment events over relatively short periods of time. Excessive N deposition loads can induce negative physiological effects and limit the resulting ∆C/∆N observed, and applying treatments to the soil ignores canopy nitrogen uptake, which has been demonstrated in numerous studies. As canopies can directly take up nitrogen, the chronic, (relatively) low levels of ambient NDEP inputs from pollution may be acquired without some of the effects of heavy N loads, with trees obtaining this N before it reaches the soil, allowing canopies to substitute for, or supplement, edaphic N nutrition. The strength of this effect depends on how much N uptake can occur across the canopy under field conditions, and if this extra N supplies growth in woody tissues such as the stem, as well as the canopy. Similarly, such mineral fertilizer isotope trace experiments are also unable to trace N in the decomposing litter and humus layers of the soil, which even under heavy NDEP loading contribute most of the N utilised for forest growth. Recent literature suggests that some organic (early decomposition) forms of N may be taken up by roots. If this litter N is not retained or distributed in the same way as mineral fertilizers, its contribution to plant nutrition and ∆C/∆N may need to be reassessed under nitrogen deposition. We tested some of these assumptions in the nursery and the field. In order to facilitate litter 15N tracing, we conducted an experiment injecting large trees with 15N-NH4NO3 to create 15N-labelled litter, tracing the applied isotope into a full harvest of the canopy. Such labelled litter substitute was used to replace the litter layer in a Sitka Spruce plantation (Picea sitchensis L. (Bong.)), where the fate of this 15N from litter decomposition in the soil system was compared against the fate of 15N in deposition. Similarly, in potted Sitka Spruce saplings, we used combination treatments of 15N-labelled litter, soil-targeted 15N-deposition, and canopy targeted 15N-deposition, investigating 15N return in different age classes of above and below ground biomass. We found that i) 15N recovery in canopies (needles and branches) in our injected trees was almost all of the injected 15N five months after injection, ii) canopy application of NDEP led to 60 % 15N return in above-ground parts of saplings compared to 21 % in soil applications and iii) a litter-derived 15N source was retained 55 % more in topsoil, and 36 % more in roots, than a similar deposition 15N source applied as mineral fertilizer. We discuss the implications of such findings in the context of 15N return in different plant organs and ecosystem pools, seasonal variation in N content, and overall inferences of a forest ∆C/∆N effect. Our results suggest that the total ∆C/∆N effect driven by a high N sequestration from canopy uptake in wood is ~ 114:1, more than double that of 15N tracer experiments but not as high as upper estimates from correlative studies, and that litter-derived organic N is better retained in trees and soils in excess of similar amounts of mineral 15N from deposition. Existing forest 15N-fertilization experiments could under-estimate the overall ∆C/∆N effect of atmospheric N deposition.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / Charles W. Rice / Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and other greenhouse gases have been linked to global climate change. Soil organic C (SOC) sequestration in both agricultural and native ecosystems is a plausible option to mitigate increasing atmospheric CO2 in the short term. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to (1) understand the influence of soil water content on the temperature response of SOC mineralization (2) investigate burn and nutrient amendment effects on biogeochemical properties of tallgrass prairie and (3) assess perennial and annual plant management practices on biophysical controls on SOC dynamics. The laboratory study was conducted using soils collected from an agricultural field, currently planted to corn (C4 crop), but previously planted to small grain (C3) crops. The changes in cultivated crops resulted in a δ¹³C isotopic signature that was useful in distinguishing older from younger soil derived CO2-C during SOC mineralization. Soils were incubated at 15, 25 and 35 oC, under soil water potentials of -1, -0.03 and -0.01 MPa. Soil water content influenced the effect of temperature on SOC mineralization. The impact of soil water on temperature effect on SOC mineralization was greater under wetter soil conditions. Both young and older SOC were temperature sensitive, but SOC loss depended on the magnitude of temperature change, soil water content and experiment duration. Microbial biomass was reduced with increasing soil water content. The first field experiment investigated burn and nutrient amendment effects on soil OC in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The main plots were burned (B) and unburned (UB) tallgrass prairie and split plots were nutrient amendments (N, P or N+P including controls). Vegetation was significantly altered by burning and nutrient amendment. Treatment effects on either TN or SOC were depth-specific with no impact at the cumulative 0-30 cm depth. The P amendment increased microbial biomass at 0-5 cm which was higher in unburned than burned. However, at 5-15 cm depth N amendment increased microbial biomass which was higher in burned than unburned. In conclusion, soil OC in both burned and unburned tallgrass prairie may have a similar trajectory however; the belowground dynamics of the burned and unburned tallgrass prairie are apparently different. Another field experiment assessed SOC dynamics under perennial and annual plant management practices. The main plots were grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) planted in no-tillage (NT) or continuous tillage (CT), and replanted native prairie grass, (Andropogon gerardii) (RP). The spit plots were phosphorus (+P) and control without P (-P). The P amendment was used to repress arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), known to influence soil aggregation. The macroaggregate >250 µm, SOC and TN were higher in RP and NT than CT. The relative abundances of AMF and saprophytic fungi were greater with less soil disturbance in RP and NT than in CT. Therefore, less soil disturbance in RP and NT increased AMF and fungal biomasses. The higher relative abundances of AMF and fungi with less soil disturbance increased macroaggregate formation in RP and NT, which resulted in higher SOC sequestration in RP and NT than CT.

Seagrass meadows may play a substantial role in climate change mitigation as they are capable to sequester and store substantial amounts of anthropogenic carbon in plant biomass and, more importantly, in their underlying sediments. In this PhD thesis, the carbon-burial potential was assessed by quantifying the amount of organic carbon stored in different seagrass meadows, each dominated by one of the four major seagrass species in the Western Indian Ocean region. Impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on biomass carbon allocation, greenhouse gas emission (methane and nitrous oxide) and production of sulphide were investigated in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar. The findings showed that east African seagrass meadows generally have high carbon sink capacity. The storage of sedimentary organic carbon, however, varied among seagrass habitats and across sites, and was up to five-fold higher in seagrass sediment to those of nearby unvegetated sediments. Seagrass meadows in eutrophicated sites had higher sedimentary organic carbon content, and substantially higher emission rates of nitrous oxides and methane, compared to more pristine meadows. Disturbances in terms of shading and simulated grazing of seagrass affected several processes, with major decreases in seagrass primary productivity, net community production and biomass carbon, in turn influencing seagrass carbon sequestration as well as stimulating anaerobic microbial processes. In addition, production of sulphide in the sediment and methane emissions from the sediment surface increased significantly when disturbed. At present, seagrass meadows in the Western Indian Ocean have high carbon sink capacity. This important ecosystem service is, however, highly threatened due to regional anthropogenic pressure, which may change the role of blue carbon rich habitats, such as seagrass meadows, from being a sink to a source of greenhouse gases. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

A recuperação e a restauração florestal de ecossistemas degradados podem não acontecer das maneiras desejadas, se houver carência nutricional ou suprimento inadequado de nutrientes às plantas no estádio inicial de desenvolvimento de espécies florestais nativas. O objetivo da presente investigação foi avaliar os efeitos da deficiência de nutrientes nas plantas na fase inicial de desenvolvimento das espécies florestais nativas Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira-pimenteira), Cordia superba Cham. (baba-de-boi) e Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kintze (jequitibá-branco). Foram observadas as alterações ultra-estruturais e teciduais das células do mesofilo das folhas, foi descrita a sintomatologia visual de deficiência nutricional, foram feitas as determinações de teores de macro e micronutrientes, das taxas de assimilação de gás carbônico e de transpiração, e as mensurações da altura e da produção de biomassa. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e treze tratamentos para cada espécie, empregando a técnica de diagnose por subtração (-N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, -Cu, -Fe, -Mn, -Mo, -Zn), sendo que em um dos tratamentos, as espécies nativas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa, com todos os macros e micronutrientes. Durante o experimento e em sua análise, foi observada a seqüência de eventos que motivaram os sintomas de deficiência e a diminuição na produção de biomassa. Sabe-se que falta de um nutriente provoca alteração molecular, o que alterou as ultraestruturas celulares das folhas que foram observadas por microscopia. Essas modificações celulares provocaram alterações no tecido vegetal que induziram nas plantas os sintomas visuais específicos de cada nutriente que foram descritos. Como efeito fisiológico da deficiência nutricional, de forma geral, constataram-se diminuições nas taxas de fotossíntese e de transpiração e, por conseguinte, na produção de biomassa. Estes resultados claramente evidenciam o fato de que projetos de implantação de florestas ou de recuperação e restauração de ecossistemas degradados por meio do plantio das três espécies florestais nativas, em solos que necessitem de suplementação nutricional, poderão ter seu sucesso comprometido se não houver complementação nutricional / The recovery and forest restoration of degraded ecosystems may not be occur as desired if there is a nutritional deficiency or an inadequate supply of nutrients in the initial phase development of native forest species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency effects on Brazilian native species young plants: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Cordia superba Cham. and Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kintze. Ultrastructural and tissue of the mesophyll cells of leaves changes were observed by microscopy, the visual symptom of nutritional deficiencies were described, the nutrient contents were analyzed, the carbon assimilation and transpiration rates were measured, the plant heights and the biomass production were measured. The experiment was carried on a greenhouse in a randomized block design with three replications and thirteen treatments for each species, using the technique of diagnosis by subtraction (-N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, - Cu, -Fe, -Mn, -Mo, -Zn) and in one of the treatments the species were grown in a nutrient solution with all macro and micronutrients. It was observed, during the experiment and its analysis, a sequence of events that caused the visual symptoms and decreased the biomass production. It is known that the nutrient deficiency causes molecular alterations, which consequently led the changes in cellular ultrastructure of the leaves and they were observed by microcopy. These cellular changes caused modifications in the foliar tissue, and the plants showed specific visual symptoms of each nutrient, which they were described. As physiological effect of nutritional deficiency, in general decreases the photosynthesis and transpiration taxes, and consequently the biomass production were decreased. These results clearly project that forest implantation or recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems by planting the three native species in soils that require nutritional supplementation may have its success compromised if there is no a nutritional supplementation

Proveniente do processo de pirólise, o biochar é constituído por elevado teor de carbono, em estruturas que são responsáveis pela elevada resistência à degradação. O material vem sendo objeto de estudo por seus diversos usos e benefícios que oferece ao ambiente. Quando aplicado ao solo traz melhorias relacionadas às propriedades químicas, físicas e microbiológicas do mesmo, além de ser ferramenta para o sequestro de carbono, alternativa para disposição de resíduos orgânicos com concomitante produção de energia. Entretanto, as propriedades químicas e físicas dos biochars variam grandemente devido à diversidade de matérias-primas e das condições de produção. O presente estudo visou avaliar a variação das propriedades físicas, químicas e morfológicas do biochar e a influência da matéria-prima e da temperatura de pirólise na caracterização final do produto. Para tanto, foram produzidos biochars oriundos da combinaçao de quatro temperaturas (350, 450, 550 e 650 °C) e de quatro matérias-primas (palha de cana-de-açúcar, casca de arroz, dejeto de galinha e serragem). Em todos os produtos e materiais de origem foram feitas avaliações de pH, condutividade elétrica (C.E.), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), teor de carbono (C), nitrogênio (N), hidrogênio (H), material volátil e cinzas, teor de nutrientes, além de avaliação de espectroscopia através de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise de morfologia por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, análise de termogravimetria e teores de lignina celulose e hemicelulose. Constatou-se variação de algumas proprieades químicas como os teores de C, H, O, materiais voláteis, cinzas, carbono fixo, índice pH, condutividade elétrica e capacidade de troca catiônica com maior influência da temperatura de pirólise. O teor inicial de macro e micronutrientes presentes nas matérias-primas apresentou maior influência na variação das concentrações desses nutrientes nos biochars. De forma geral observou-se aumento da estabilidade química nos diferentes biochars com a elevação da temperatura de pirólise. A recalcitrância dos biochars confere-lhes persitência no solo e é confirmada pelo aumento dos teores de C e diminuição da emissão de CO2 nos tratamentos com adição desses materiais em comparação com adição de suas respectivas matérias-primas. Ademais, a contribuição dos biochars para elevação no pH do solo é de fundamental importância para sua adoção na agricultura sob o ponto de vista de fertilidade do solo. / A product of pyrolysis, biochar is a carbon rich material and its structure is responsible for the high resistance to degradation. Biochar is an interesting object of study due to its diverse applications and amendments to the environment. When applied to the soil, it is able to enhance soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. It is also pointed as an instrument to sequester carbon and an alternative disposal for organic residues as well as energy source. However, the resultant properties of biochar vary greatly considering the diverse options of feedstocks combined with the contrasting production conditions used to obtain the final product. The present study aimed the evaluation of the different chemical and physical properties within a range of diverse biochars, and the assessment of feedstock or pyrolysis temperature mediated changes. The biochars produced combined pyrolysis temperatures (350, 450, 550 and 650 °C) with four feedstocks (sugar cane straw, rice husk, poultry manure and sawdust). In order to assess biochar properties and the temperature or feedstock mediated changes, several analysis were performed in the feedstock and biochars produced. The analysis included pH, cation exchange capacity, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen content, proximate analysis, nutrient content, as well as spectroscopy performances such as Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR), morphological assessment through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), termogravimetric analysis and lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents. The results suggests that temperature influenced greatly some of the chemical properties assessed, such as the contents of C, H, O, volatile matter, ash, fixed C, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity. Feedstocks initial macro and micronutrient contents exhibited more influence in the variation of these elements in the biochars. In general, there was an increase in chemical stability in the different biochars with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The high recalcitrance found in biochars enable them to persist within the soil, which was confirmed by the increased levels of C content and decreased CO2 emissions when biochars addition was compared with their feedstocks addition to soils. Moreover, the contribution of biochar in increasing soil pH is very important from a soil fertility standpoint.