After hot rolling, the presense of segregation in the center of wire-rod can lead to a nonuniform transformation, resulting in bands of martensite in the microstructure. This is considered to be a defect, called center-martensite, because it can cause cracks and breaks during wire drawing. To identify the mechanism for the formation of center-martensite in wire-rod, the structure, macrosegregation and microsegregation in unworked billets were characterized. Based on measurements of secondary dendrite arm spacings, cooling rates during solidification were estimated. It appears that the macrosegregation of carbon and manganese in the billets manifests itself as the microsegregation in wire-rod, which is an agent in forming the center-martensite. Thus, electromagnetic stirring is proposed as a means to reduce the macrosegregation in the billet and, thereby, reduce the occurrence of center-martensite in wire-rod.

Neste trabalho, vários tipos de compostos foram testados com o objetivo de avaliar sua potencialidade para uso como inibidores de corrosão de armadura de aço carbono em concreto armado. Os aditivos testados foram benzoato de sódio, benzotriazol, carbonato de ítrio, polietilenoglicol, e hexametilenotetramina. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios exploratórios para seleção dos candidatos potenciais entre os compostos testados com base na eficiência de inibição determinada por ensaios eletroquímicos, especificamente ensaios de polarização e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Os ensaios eletroquímicos foram realizados em uma solução sintética composta por 0,01N de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) mais 0,05N de hidróxido de potássio (KOH), para simular a composição da solução dentro dos poros no concreto. O aditivo que apresentou melhor potencialidade para uso como inibidor de corrosão foi o benzotriazol (BTA). Após eliminação dos compostos que apresentaram potencial de plicação, e seleção do candidato com maior eficiência de inibição no meio de estudo, o efeito da sua concentração na resistência à corrosão foi avaliado. Soluções de nitrito de sódio foram também usadas nas mesmas oncentrações que as adotadas para as de BTA para efeito de comparação. O nitrito de sódio é um inibidor de corrosão já estabelecido para reforços de aço carbono em concreto, mas este tem sido associado com efeitos tóxicos. O benzotriazol (BTA) foi associado com eficiências de inibição sempre superiores às do nitrito de sódio nas mesmas concentrações. Um filme escuro e aderente foi formado na superfície do aço durante períodos longos de imersão no meio alcalino contendo BTA. Os resultados apontaram para o alto potencial de aplicação do BTA como aditivo inibidor da corrosão do aço em estruturas de concreto armado, podendo vir a substituir o nitrito nestas aplicações. / In this work, various compounds were tested to evaluate their potential capability for their use as corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel reinforcement in concretes. The addit ives tested were sodium benzoate, polyethylene glycol, hexamethylenetetramine, benzot riazole and itrium carbonate. Initially, exploratory tests were carried out to select the ones to be used as corrosion inhibitors, based on the inhibit ion ef f iciency determined from elect rochemical tests, specifically polar ization tests and elect rochemical impedance spect roscopy. These tests were carried out in a solut ion composed of 0.01N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 0.05N potassium hydroxide (KOH) to simulate the composition of the solution inside the pores in concretes. The additive that presented the most promising potent ial to be used as cor rosion inhibitor was benzot r iazole (BTA). Af ter the elimination of some compounds and selection of the additive with higher corrosion inhibit ion efficiency in the test medium, the effect of its concent ration on the cor rosion inhibition efficiency was evaluated. Sodium nitrite solutions with the same concentrat ions as those solutions with BTA were tested for compar ison reasons. Sodium nitr ite is a well established corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel reinforcement in concretes but it has been related to toxic effects. The BTA was associated to higher corrosion inhibit ion efficiencies than that of sodium nitrite in similar concentrations. A blackish adherent film was formed on the steel surface exposed to BTA solut ions dur ing long periods of immersion in the alkaline medium. The results suggest that BTA is a potential candidate for subst itution of nit rites as corrosion inhibitor of reinforcements in concrete

Neste trabalho, vários tipos de compostos foram testados com o objetivo de avaliar sua potencialidade para uso como inibidores de corrosão de armadura de aço carbono em concreto armado. Os aditivos testados foram benzoato de sódio, benzotriazol, carbonato de ítrio, polietilenoglicol, e hexametilenotetramina. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios exploratórios para seleção dos candidatos potenciais entre os compostos testados com base na eficiência de inibição determinada por ensaios eletroquímicos, especificamente ensaios de polarização e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Os ensaios eletroquímicos foram realizados em uma solução sintética composta por 0,01N de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) mais 0,05N de hidróxido de potássio (KOH), para simular a composição da solução dentro dos poros no concreto. O aditivo que apresentou melhor potencialidade para uso como inibidor de corrosão foi o benzotriazol (BTA). Após eliminação dos compostos que apresentaram potencial de plicação, e seleção do candidato com maior eficiência de inibição no meio de estudo, o efeito da sua concentração na resistência à corrosão foi avaliado. Soluções de nitrito de sódio foram também usadas nas mesmas oncentrações que as adotadas para as de BTA para efeito de comparação. O nitrito de sódio é um inibidor de corrosão já estabelecido para reforços de aço carbono em concreto, mas este tem sido associado com efeitos tóxicos. O benzotriazol (BTA) foi associado com eficiências de inibição sempre superiores às do nitrito de sódio nas mesmas concentrações. Um filme escuro e aderente foi formado na superfície do aço durante períodos longos de imersão no meio alcalino contendo BTA. Os resultados apontaram para o alto potencial de aplicação do BTA como aditivo inibidor da corrosão do aço em estruturas de concreto armado, podendo vir a substituir o nitrito nestas aplicações. / In this work, various compounds were tested to evaluate their potential capability for their use as corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel reinforcement in concretes. The addit ives tested were sodium benzoate, polyethylene glycol, hexamethylenetetramine, benzot riazole and itrium carbonate. Initially, exploratory tests were carried out to select the ones to be used as corrosion inhibitors, based on the inhibit ion ef f iciency determined from elect rochemical tests, specifically polar ization tests and elect rochemical impedance spect roscopy. These tests were carried out in a solut ion composed of 0.01N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 0.05N potassium hydroxide (KOH) to simulate the composition of the solution inside the pores in concretes. The additive that presented the most promising potent ial to be used as cor rosion inhibitor was benzot r iazole (BTA). Af ter the elimination of some compounds and selection of the additive with higher corrosion inhibit ion efficiency in the test medium, the effect of its concent ration on the cor rosion inhibition efficiency was evaluated. Sodium nitrite solutions with the same concentrat ions as those solutions with BTA were tested for compar ison reasons. Sodium nitr ite is a well established corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel reinforcement in concretes but it has been related to toxic effects. The BTA was associated to higher corrosion inhibit ion efficiencies than that of sodium nitrite in similar concentrations. A blackish adherent film was formed on the steel surface exposed to BTA solut ions dur ing long periods of immersion in the alkaline medium. The results suggest that BTA is a potential candidate for subst itution of nit rites as corrosion inhibitor of reinforcements in concrete

by Cho, King-sum. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-110). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Cho, King-sum. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgment --- p.iv / Contents --- p.v / List of figures --- p.x / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Review of non-destructive techniques --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Liquid penetration technique --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Eddy current inspection --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Ultrasonic testing --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Radiography --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Magnetic testing methods --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Barkhausen emission --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- The development of Barkhausen Emission --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- The advantages of using Barkhausen emission --- p.6 / Figures for chapter1 --- p.8 / Chapter 2 --- Iron-carbon System --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Iron-iron carbide phase diagram --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Invariant reactions in the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Classification of carbon steels --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Effect of heat treatment on plain-carbon steels --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Annealing and normalizing --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Slow cooling --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5 --- Process of recovery and recrystallization --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Recovery --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Recrystallization --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Grain growth --- p.17 / Figures for chapter2 --- p.18 / Chapter 3 --- Background Theory --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Ferromagnetism --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Localized moment theory --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Band theory --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Hysteresis loop --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Domain theory --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Magnetic domain --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Structure of domain wall --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Domain wall motion --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Magnetostatic energy --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Magnetization process --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of applied stress --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Stress --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Magnetostriction --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of stress on magnetization --- p.34 / Figures for chapter 3 --- p.37 / Chapter 4 --- Instrumentation --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental setup for Barkhausen emission --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Magnetizing unit --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Signal detection unit --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Signal processing unit --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- The typical BE profile --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4 --- Specimen treatment --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Optical microscope --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Vickers´ة hardness tester --- p.44 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Thermal resistance furnace --- p.45 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Instron loading machine --- p.45 / Figures for chapter4 --- p.47 / Chapter 5 --- Experiments and Results: Evaluation of Carbon Content in Steel --- p.52 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experiments and results --- p.52 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussions --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- The magnetization process --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The BE profiles 、 --- p.54 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Hardness --- p.57 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.57 / Figures for chapter5 --- p.58 / Chapter 6 --- Experiments and Results: The Effects of annealing on Barkhausen Emission in Mild Steel Bars --- p.64 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.64 / Chapter 6.2 --- Experiments --- p.64 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.64 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- The mechanical properties --- p.65 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Grain size --- p.65 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- BE profiles --- p.66 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusions --- p.67 / Figures for chapter6 --- p.68 / Chapter 7 --- Experiments and Results: The Effects of Dynamic and Residual Stresses on Barkhausen Emission in Annealed Mild Steel Bars --- p.76 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.76 / Chapter 7.2 --- Experiments --- p.76 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Measurement of dynamic loading (with samples of Set A) --- p.77 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Measurement of residual stress (with samples of Set B) --- p.77 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Measurement of continuous tensile stress (with samples of Set C) --- p.77 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.78 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Peak ratio of the BE profile --- p.78 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- The initial peak value under the effects of increasing tensile stress --- p.81 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusions --- p.82 / Figures for chapter7 --- p.83 / Chapter 8 --- Experiments and Results: The Recovery of Strained Steel Bars by Annealing --- p.94 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.94 / Chapter 8.2 --- Experiments --- p.94 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Measurement of annealed sample (Set D) --- p.95 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Results of the Set E samples --- p.95 / Chapter 8.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.95 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Hardness --- p.96 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Peak ratio of the BE profile --- p.97 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- BE profile for the samples of Set E --- p.98 / Chapter 8.4 --- Conclusions --- p.99 / Figures for chapter8 --- p.100 / Chapter 9 --- Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Studies --- p.104 / Bibliography --- p.108

Abstract not available

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-141). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, August, 1994. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, August, 1994. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis, (Ph. D.)--Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 1996.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1973.