No description available.

Photonic crystal (PC) technology potentially offers lossless control of light propagation at a size scale near the order of the wavelength of light. The advantages and benefits of using such a technology in commercial devices are staggering. Yet, the commercial development of PC structures has been slow. Challenges associated with the repeatable fabrication and testing of structures has been identified as one cause of the slow development pace. To address these challenges, a development methodology that utilizes PC structures operating in the long-wavelength infrared is presented. One-dimensional PC structures, consisting of alternating regions of silicon and air are fabricated and characterized by measuring the transmittance or reflectance of the structure over the wavelength range from 5 쭠to 15 쭮 For the measurements, a model of the focused infrared beam is developed, tested and employed to characterize the structures. A novel measurement method, enabling the calculation of the single-angle plane-wave transmittances and reflectances from composite, multiple-angle transmittance and reflectance measurements, is formulated, tested and applied to PC structures. A new spectral characterization tool using a discretely tunable carbon-dioxide laser is presented and demonstrated. A measurement apparatus employing an FTIR microspectroscopy system is developed and measurements are recorded for the single-angle plane-wave characterization method. Single-angle plane-wave transmittances and reflectances calculated from composite multiple-angle measurements are shown to be in excellent agreement with theory. The results of this research are analyzed to identify the advantages and limitations of the long-wavelength infrared method.

Design and realization of a conventional carbon dioxide laser was performed. Gas composition and gas pressure effects on laser output power were studied. Effects of input electrical power and current on laser power were also investigated. Beam profiling of the laser beam was performed by pinhole method. Laser beam parameters like beam divergence, beam propagation factor were measured. These properties were extracted from focusing a laser beam in near field and performing a number of cuts across the beam cross-section and measuring the beam diameter at these points. Diameter measurements were obtained by knife edge method. Laser beam parameters were obtained for three different power laser beams in two axes across the beam. Found parameters were compared with regard to beam power and beam cross-section axis. Also possibility of using the obtained laser beam in material processing was investigated.

No description available.

No description available.

O desenvolvimento de um equipamento de eletroforese capilar com detecção condutométrica sem contato e hifenizado a um sistema de amostragem de gases é apresentado. Ele foi construído a partir de chapas de poli(metacrilato de metila) por ablação a laser de CO2, mesclando métodos convencionais com os de microfabricação. Este protótipo traz como inovações: (1) a refrigeração em estado sólido da coluna capilar, (2) a inclusão de eletrólise separada em microdispositivos e (3) a montagem de uma válvula embutida no microchip, baseada em servomotor. O equipamento é portátil (31 × 29 × 25 cm) e projetado para ser utilizado em bancada ou embarcado num robô para análises remotas de agentes neurotóxicos e outros gases ionizáveis em contato com a fase aquosa. O sistema de termostatização permitiu o controle da temperatura interna do capilar de sílica fundida entre 12 e 50 °C utilizando uma elemento Peltier a a partir da temperatura ambiente de 21 °C. A amostragem de gases é feita utilizando-se uma membrana tubular porosa acoplada ao sistema microfluídico. Ela possui 10 cm de comprimento com 300 micrometros de diâmetro externo e 3,1 microlitros de volume interno. Como prova de conceito, foram feitas amostragens de ar contendo ácidos fórmico, acético e propiônico, separação por eletroforese capilar dos respectivos ânions e detecção com relação sinal-ruído de 414, 150 e 115, respectivamente. A amostragem foi realizada por 30 s e a injeção eletrocinética, por 2 s a 1 kV. A corrida eletroforética foi concluída em 4 min. / The development of a capillary electrophoresis equipment with contactless conductivity detection coupled to a gas sampling system is described. It was constructed from poly(methyl methacrylate) by carbon dioxide laser ablation, using conventional methods and microfabrication. The innovations are: (1) solid-state cooling system of the silica capillary, (2) the inclusion of separate electrolysis on a microdevices, and (3) a valve assembly embedded in the microchip based servomotor. It is portable (31 × 29 × 25 cm) and designed to be used on a workbench or embedded in a robot for remote analysis of nerve agents and other ionized gases. The thermostating system allowed the temperature control of the fused silica capillary between 12 and 50 °C using a Peltier chip from ambient temperature of 21°C. Gas sampling is performed using a tubular porous membrane coupled to the microfluidic system. It is 10 cm long with outer diameter of 300 micrometers and 3.1 microliters of internal volume. Air containing formic, acetic, and propionic acids were sampled, and the corresponding anions were separated and detected in the equipment as a proof of concept. The signal-to-noise ratio were, respectively, 414, 150, and 115, after sampling by 30 s and electrokinetic injection by 2 s at 1 kV. The electrophoretic run was accomplished in 4 min.

O desenvolvimento de um equipamento de eletroforese capilar com detecção condutométrica sem contato e hifenizado a um sistema de amostragem de gases é apresentado. Ele foi construído a partir de chapas de poli(metacrilato de metila) por ablação a laser de CO2, mesclando métodos convencionais com os de microfabricação. Este protótipo traz como inovações: (1) a refrigeração em estado sólido da coluna capilar, (2) a inclusão de eletrólise separada em microdispositivos e (3) a montagem de uma válvula embutida no microchip, baseada em servomotor. O equipamento é portátil (31 × 29 × 25 cm) e projetado para ser utilizado em bancada ou embarcado num robô para análises remotas de agentes neurotóxicos e outros gases ionizáveis em contato com a fase aquosa. O sistema de termostatização permitiu o controle da temperatura interna do capilar de sílica fundida entre 12 e 50 °C utilizando uma elemento Peltier a a partir da temperatura ambiente de 21 °C. A amostragem de gases é feita utilizando-se uma membrana tubular porosa acoplada ao sistema microfluídico. Ela possui 10 cm de comprimento com 300 micrometros de diâmetro externo e 3,1 microlitros de volume interno. Como prova de conceito, foram feitas amostragens de ar contendo ácidos fórmico, acético e propiônico, separação por eletroforese capilar dos respectivos ânions e detecção com relação sinal-ruído de 414, 150 e 115, respectivamente. A amostragem foi realizada por 30 s e a injeção eletrocinética, por 2 s a 1 kV. A corrida eletroforética foi concluída em 4 min. / The development of a capillary electrophoresis equipment with contactless conductivity detection coupled to a gas sampling system is described. It was constructed from poly(methyl methacrylate) by carbon dioxide laser ablation, using conventional methods and microfabrication. The innovations are: (1) solid-state cooling system of the silica capillary, (2) the inclusion of separate electrolysis on a microdevices, and (3) a valve assembly embedded in the microchip based servomotor. It is portable (31 × 29 × 25 cm) and designed to be used on a workbench or embedded in a robot for remote analysis of nerve agents and other ionized gases. The thermostating system allowed the temperature control of the fused silica capillary between 12 and 50 °C using a Peltier chip from ambient temperature of 21°C. Gas sampling is performed using a tubular porous membrane coupled to the microfluidic system. It is 10 cm long with outer diameter of 300 micrometers and 3.1 microliters of internal volume. Air containing formic, acetic, and propionic acids were sampled, and the corresponding anions were separated and detected in the equipment as a proof of concept. The signal-to-noise ratio were, respectively, 414, 150, and 115, after sampling by 30 s and electrokinetic injection by 2 s at 1 kV. The electrophoretic run was accomplished in 4 min.

It was found that laser modified wood surfaces can be bonded together to create a wood composite without the need of any additive. This bonding method removes the need of applying adhesive, potentially lowers cost, and eliminates off gassing of petroleum resins, creating a wood product with many eco-friendly attributes. This body of work outlines a) initial chemical analysis of the laser modified surface b) its bond strength and c) the optimization of factors that control the strength of the bond. Surface chemical analysis on laser modified wood was conducted using photo acoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA-FTIR) and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized for surface topology analysis.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) quantified the thermal properties of the modified wood surface. Screening of multiple factors that would contribute to surface modification and adhesion was performed utilizing mechanical testing. Optimization of significant factors that affect bond strength was determined statistically utilizing a design of experiment approach. Chemical analysis of the laser modified surface revealed changes in the carbonyl and aromatic regions indicating modification of the hemicellulose and lignin components, intensifying with increasing laser modification.The C1/C2 ratios found via XPS revealed that one or more of the following is occurring: more extractives have moved to the surface, condensation reactions among lignin units, and the loss of methoxy and breakage of aryl ether linkages occurred.Microscopy images showed color changes to a darker caramel color with a smoothing of surface topology, suggesting the occurrence of the softening and/or melting of wood polymers. DSC verified chemical and/or physical changes in the wood with the modified material now having a glass transition temperature between 130-150°C.DOE found that laser parameters (power and focus) as well as hot press parameters (temperature and pressure) were significant in optimizing the bond. The impact of the study is the first documentation of the ability to laser modifies wood surfaces and subsequently bond them together. The ability of the wood polymers at the surface to undergo flow at elevated temperature is implicated in the adhesion mechanism of the laser modified wood. / Master of Science