Thermal and flash photolysis studies of ligand-substitution reactions of cis-(pip)(L)M(CO)_4 by L' (pip = piperidine; L, L' = CO, phosphines, phosphites; M = Cr, Mo) implicate square-pyramidal [(L)M(CO)_4], in which L occupies a coordination site in the equatorial plane, as the reactive species. In chlorobenzene (= CB) solvent, the predominant species formed after flash photolysis and a steady-state intermediate for the thermal reaction is cis—[(CB)(L)M(CO)_4], for which rates of CB-dissociation increase with increasing steric demands of coordinated L. Rates of CB-dissociation from trans-[(CB)(L)M(CO)_4] intermediates, formed after photolysis but not thermally, exhibit no observable dependence on the steric properties of the coordinated L.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Please see fulltext for abstract / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien asb volteks vir opsomming

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Pulsed laser flash photolysis with both visible and infrared detection has been applied to the study of the displacement of weakly coordinating ligands (Lw) by strongly "trapping" nucleophiles (Ls) containing either an olefinic functionality (Ls = 1-hexene, 1-decene, 1-tetradecene) or nitrogen (Ls = acetonitrile, hydrocinnamonitrile) from the photogenerated 16 electron pentacarbonylchromium (0) intermediate. 5-Chloropent-l-ene (Cl-ol), a potentially bidentate ligand, has been shown to form (ol-Cl) pentacarbonylchromium (0), in which Cl-ol is bonded to Cr via a lone pair on the chlorine, and isomerize to (Cl-ol) pentacarbonylchromium (0), in which Cl-ol is bonded to the olefinic functionality on the submillisecond time scale. This process has been studied in both the infrared and visible region employing both fluorobenzene or n-heptane as the "inert" diluent. Parallel studies employing 1-chlorobutane and 1-hexene were also evaluated and showed great similiarity with the Cl-ol system. The data supported a largely dissociative process with a possibility of a small interchange process involving the H's on the alkyl chain. Studies were also carried out for various Cr(CO)6/arene/Ls systems (arene = various alkyl or halogenated substituted benzenes). The data indicated that for both C6H5R (R=various alkyl chains) or multi-alkyl substituted arenes (i.e. o-xylene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene) containing an "unhindered" ring-edge, bonding to the the Cr(CO)5 moiety occurs "edge on" via a partially delocalized center of unsaturation on the ring. The data indicated that both electronic and steric properties of the arenes influence the kinetics, and that an interchange pathway takes place at least, in part, through the alkyl chains on both the arenes and "trapping" nucleophiles. Moreover, halogenated arenes bond through the lone pair on the halogen for both CI- and Br- derivatives but "edge-on" for the fluorinated arenes. Finally, in the case of arene complexes without and "unhindered" ring-edge (i.e., 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylbenzene) bonding can occur either "edge-on" or through the ring center of the arene or combination of the two. Carbonyl stretching frequencies for the arenes are also indicative of the type of bonding.

(1). An improved method for synthesizing bicyclo (2,2,1) hepta-2,5-diene-7-spiro-1'-cyclopentane (5) has been developed. Thermal reaction of compound (5) with neat iron pentacarbonyl under nitrogen atmosphere affords the corresponding cage dimer (6). Some aspects of the syntheses, spectra, and chemistry of compound (5) and (6) are discussed. (2). A structure isomer of decamethyldodecahedrane (C₃₀H₄₀), molecule (11), is expected to be synthesized via thermal reaction of iron carbonyl complexes with compound (10). An intermediate in this synthesis, 2,2- tetramethylene-1,4-dibromobutane (9) was efficiently synthesized starting from cyclopentanone. Some aspects of the syntheses, spectra, and chemistry of compound (1) to (9) will be discussed.

The substitution reaction of (DTN)W2 (CO)10 with P(OCH(CH3 )2 )3 is a stepwise reaction. The kinetics of step 1 follow the equation: -d[substrate] /dt = kld [substrate] + k la [substrate] [ligand]. Thus the mechanism of step 1 is expected to be a competition between dissociative and associative pathways. The kinetics of step 2 follow the equation: -d[(DTN)W(CO)5]/dt = k2dk3[(DTN)W(CO)5][ligand]/k-2[DTN] + k3[ligand] The plot of kobsd versus [ligand] thus is a hyperbolic curve and the plot of 1/kobsd versus 1/[L] exhibits linear behavior. A mechanism for step 2 in which (DTN)W(CO)5 dissociates to an intermediate, W(CO) 5 , and in which DTN and P(OCH(CH3 )2 )3 compete to associate with W(CO) 5 is favored. The dissociative rate constant of the first step, kld' is about 1.2 times of that of the second step, k2d. The dissociation of (DTN)W(CO) 5 from (DTN)W2 (CO) 1 0 is favored over the dissociation of DTN from (DTN)W(CO) 5 due to a combination of the steric, stoichiometric, charge repulsion and entropy effects of the reaction.

The conversion of alkynyl carbonyls to allenyl carbonyls via manganese mediated coordination followed by a base-catalyzed isomerization was carried out using a range of chiral and achiral amine bases. Chiral amidine and chiral DBU derivatives were synthesized to carry out the isomerization enantioselectively. We employed HPLC equipped with a chiral column to determine the enantiomeric excess. We also proved that the mechanism of that the manganese-coordinated alkyne/allene rearrangement reaction involved an intermediate cumenolate. It was also confirmed that amine base with pKa lower than that of DBU (pKa = 13.6) would not carry out the isomerization. Alkoxy base were also used in isomerization and the mechanism was also investigated. / by Chang He. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

This thesis details the development and exploration of a catalytic carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction. A catalytic transformation of this type has not been accomplished previously and stoichiometric processes were neither general nor desirable. A simple hydrazine catalyst was found to effect this reaction with the use of strained olefins. The development and optimization of this reaction, including the hydrazine catalyst, conditions and substrates, is discussed. Computational studies of the reaction mechanism are included. A stepwise process in which less strained olefins can undergo the reaction is also explored. Lastly, some initial explorations of transition metal complexes as catalysts for a carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction are discussed, as well. In the second portion of this thesis, the use of cyclopropenimines as achiral organic superbases will be detailed. Previously, the Lambert group has developed this class of compounds as viable catalysts for asymmetric Michael and Mannich reactions. Cyclopropenimines are more basic than other commonly used organic bases, and therefore, can activate less acidic substrates. A simple, achiral cyclopropenimine was developed for use in base catalyzed or mediated processes. Several reactions have been explored as a comparison of cyclopropenimines to other commonly used bases.

Na última década, a utilização de misturas de gasolina e etanol em qualquer proporção como combustível em veículos do tipo “flex” aumentou de forma significativa no Brasil. Compostos Carbonílicos (CC) pertencem a uma importante classe de poluentes emitidos pela frota veicular. A cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, tem 9,2 milhões de veículos, os quais afetam diretamente a qualidade do ar. Neste trabalho, foi determinada a concentração de quatorze CC na atmosfera, em três diferentes sítios de amostragem localizados na zona oeste da cidade de São Paulo, dois nos campus da Cidade Universitária: Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG) e Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB) e um em Cerqueira César, Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP), no período de 2008/2009. Os CC foram coletados em cartucho de sílicagel, impregnada com 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina e analisados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) com detecção UV-visível. O conjunto de dados gerado foi caracterizado aplicando Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e Análise de Agrupamentos Hierárquicos (HCA). Foi utilizado o cromatograma completo, uma abordagem quimiométrica ainda não utilizada para avaliação de CC na atmosfera. Os cromatogramas das amostras foram alinhados utilizando os algoritmos Peakmatch e Optim_COW, deslocamentos de linha base e ruído foram removidos empregando, respectivamente, a primeira derivada e o método de ajuste polinomial de Savitzky- Golay. As amostras coletadas nos três sítios apresentaram contrações significativas de formaldeído (F), acetaldeído (A) e acetona e concentrações menores de butiraldeído, benzaldeído, valeraldeído e propionaldeído. A quantidade de acetaldeído foi superior à de formaldeído para a maioria das amostras, levando a uma razão F/A menor do que 1, fato que tem sido atribuído ao uso de etanol em larga escala como combustível veicular. Na análise univariada, foi observado um perfil semelhante nos gráficos de concentração dos CC em qualquer um dos sítios de amostragem. Na análise multivariada por PCA, a PC1 representou a quase totalidade da variação experimental (97,6%). Estes resultados podem sugerir a presença de uma única fonte de emissão. O gráfico de scores da PCA e o dendograma da HCA indicaram a formação de dois agrupamentos: um formado pelas amostras FSP e IAG e outro pelas amostras ICB. O gráfico de loadings da PCA indicou que as diferenças são devidas à concentração de todos os CC. A separação das amostras ICB das demais pode ser explicada pelas diferentes condições meteorológicas observadas no sítio ICB / In the last decade, the use of ethanol-blended-gasoline in any proportion as fuel in light vehicles (flex fuel) has significantly increased in Brazil. Carbonyl compounds (CC) are an important class of vehicular total hydrocarbons emission. São Paulo City, Brazil, has 9,2 million vehicles that directly affect the air quality. In this work, the concentration of fourteen CCs in the air of three different sites of São Paulo city was determined during 2008/2009. Two sites (IAG and ICB) were located inside São Paulo University whereas a third one was located in Cerqueira César (FSP). Compounds were collected in a silica-gel cartridge coated with 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazine and analyzed by CLAE with UV-Vis detection (365 nm). The sites were characterized by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarquical Cluster Analysis (HCA). The entire chromatogram was used to multivariate calculations, which represents an innovative approach in CC studies. Chromatograms of the samples were aligned using the Optim_COW and Peakmatch algorithms, the baseline was corrected by the first derivative and instrumental noise was removed by Savitzky-Golay polynomial fit. The samples collected at the three sites presented different amounts of formaldehyde (F), acetaldehyde (A) and ketone and minor concentrations of butiraldehyde, benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde and propionaldehyde. The acetaldehyde content was observed to be superior to the formaldehyde, so that the F/A was lower than 1 for all sites. This fact can be related to the increasing use of ethanol as fuel. It was observed a similar profile of CC concentration in all sites studied. In PCA analysis, only one Principal Component could describe a large amount of experimental variability (97.57 %), indicating that a single emission source (vehicular) might have been present. The PCA scores graph and HCA dendogram pointed out that samples from FSP and IAG were similar whereas samples from ICB presented a different behavior. The loadings graph indicated that those differences were due to concentration of all CC. This fact could be due to different climatic conditions during sampling

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wyoming, 2006. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 21, 2007). Includes bibliographical references.