The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between immersion running and treadmill running through the measurement of cardiorespiratory parameters. Sixteen subjects completed two exercise protocols to exhaustion. The treadmill running protocol was initiated at 3.08 m*s-l and increased a 0.22 m*s-l every sixty seconds. The immersion running protocol utilized an immersion running Ergometer (IRE). The IRE is similar to a tethered swim machine. The initial weight was set at 1 kg and Increased a 1/2 kg every sixty seconds. Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (V02), ventilatory equivalent (VE/V02), and minute ventilation (VE) were determined at ventilatory threshold and at maximal effort, HR, V02, VE/V02 and VE were analyzed by MANOVA (RM). Tidal volume and frequency of breathing were collected for four subjects at ventilatory threshold and at maximal effort (no statistical analysis). Two subjects who had completed the initial exercise protocols volunteered for a follow up study of blood flow distribution testing (no statistical analysis). These subjects were injected with Tc-99 2-methyloxy isobutyl isonitrlle at ventilatory threshold during immersion and treadmill running. Imaging was performed with a Selmans Gamma Camera at the UBC Dept. of Nuclear Medicine. V02 and HR at ventilatory threshold and maximal effort were significantly lower (P < .05) during immersion running. VE/V02 was significantly greater at maximal effort during immersion. Minute ventilation was unaffected by immersion, however, there was a trend towards a smaller tidal volume and greater frequency of breathing. The blood flow distribution data varied considerably partially between subjects. The significant drop in V02 at maximum effort and at ventilation threshold during immersion running may be accounted for by changes in muscle mass recruitment, muscle fibre type recruitment, recruitment pattern and state of peripheral adaptation (muscular). A lower heart rate during immersion may be due to increases in intrathoracic blood volume. The trend towards a higher breathing frequency and lower tidal volume during immersion running may be due to the increased effort to breath caused by hydrostatic chest compression. The significant increase in VE/V02 at maximal effort during immersion running was due to the significant drop in V02. It may be concluded that immersion running causes significant changes in cardiorespiratory parameters at ventilatory threshold and at maximal effort. Research is needed to investigate the significance of the changes. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

During dynamic exercise the arterial baroreflexes have been thought to reset to the prevailing level of systemic pressure in order to modulate transient changes in blood pressure with the same sensitivity (gain) as at rest. To test this hypothesis, cardiovascular responses to dynamic exercise and carotid baroreflex responses to graded neck suction and neck pressure (NS/NP) were examined in seven men of moderate fitness (V02 = 41.4±3.6 ml O2*kg^-1*min^-1) during two levels (20% and 40% of peak oxygen uptake) of steady-state exercise. In addition, deactivation of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors has been thought to increase carotid baroreflex responsiveness in the quiescent state in man.

This microcirculatory study compared the effects on oxygen transport of two hemodilution fluids: HBOC-201 (Biopure Corp., Cambridge, MA) a Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier (HBOC), and 5.9% Human Serum Albumin (HSA) an iso-oncotic non-oxygen carrying colloid solution. Measurements using intravital microscopy were made on the spinotrapezius muscle of male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Interstitial PO2 was measured using phosphorescence quenching microscopy, and recorded before and after isovolemic hemodilutions (HD) at hematocrits of 40% (baseline), 30% (moderate HD) and 15% (severe HD). Oxygen consumption (VO2) of the spinotrapezius muscle was derived from PO2 recordings following the rapid inflation of a plastic bag placed around the objective. When the bag was inflated, blood flow in the muscle was arrested and PO2 rapidly fell over several seconds; the rate of decline of PO2 was proportional to VO2. For moderate HD (Hct ~ 30%) with HBOC-201, interstitial PO2 did not change from baseline conditions (Hct ~ 40%), while HD with HSA showed a decrease. For severe HD (Hct ~ 15%) both PO2 and VO2 were significantly lower for the HSA group than for the HBOC-201 group. These findings indicate that HBOC-201 maintains both a higher PO2 and VO2 during hemodiluted states compared with a non-oxygen carrying colloid solution (HSA). Furthermore, 5.9% HSA does not affect the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and vessel diameters, whereas HBOC-201 causes vasoconstriction, and consequently an increase in MAP. However, the vasoconstriction is not uniform among different branches of the arteriolar network, and most of the changes occur in the larger vessels, i.e., feed and arcade arterioles, while minimal in smaller vessels, i.e., transverse arterioles. In addition, findings show that MAP and vessel diameters return to baseline within 1-3 hours, implying that vasoconstriction and hypertension caused by HBOC-201 are acute responses.

This work takes us a step closer to realizing personalized medicine, complementing empirical and heuristic way in which clinicians typically work. This thesis presents mechanistic models of physiology. These models, given continuous signals from a patient, can be fine-tuned via parameter estimation methods so that the model's outputs match the patient's. We thus obtain a virtual patient mimicking the patient at hand. Therapeutic scenarios can then be applied and optimal diagnosis and therapy can thus be attained. As such, personalized medicine can then be achieved without resorting to costly genetics. In particular we have developed a novel comprehensive mathematical model of the cardiopulmonary system that includes cardiovascular circulation, respiratory mechanics, tissue and alveolar gas exchange, as well as short-term neural control. Validity of the model was proven by the excellent agreement with real patient data, under normo-physiological as well as hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions, taken from literature. As a concrete example, a submodel of the lung mechanics was fine-tuned using real patient data and personalized respiratory parameters (resistance, R_rs, and compliance, C_rs) were estimated continually. This allows us to compute the patient's effort (Work of Breathing), continuously and more importantly noninvasively. Finally, the use of Bayesian estimation techniques, which allow incorporation of population studies and prior information about model's parameters, was proposed in the contest of patient-specific physiological models. A Bayesian Maximum a Posteriori Probability (MAP) estimator was implemented and applied to a case-study of respiratory mechanics. Its superiority against the classical Least Squares method was proven in data-poor conditions using both simulated and real animal data. This thesis can serve as a platform for a plethora of applications for cardiopulmonary personalized medicine.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Eduardo Borges Viana.pdf: 691225 bytes, checksum: edff84fdf88d3d4ad0724e66be0c0ab0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The number of equines that present some degree of inflammation of the lungs is high, although exists physically healthy animals that present some degree of airways inflammatory processes, in which precocious diagnosis would be only possible through more detailed exams. The aims of this work are: evaluate which exams could be related to the endoscopic classification of physically healthy animals; verify the relationship with the age; research levels of the parameters that can indicate tendencies of its increase or decrease and suggest an appropriated number of individuals. The samples were divided in 4 Categories of Analyses: evaluation of the effectiveness of the technique, groups of larger inclusion, groups of smaller inclusion and evaluation of the relationships between the percentiles inside of the Categories 2 and 3. The horses were accomplished through the following laboratorial exams: cytological, hematological, Pro Coagulant Activity (PCA), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Nitric Oxid (NO). The results revealed that: in relation to the analyses of PCA, only tests ex-life are appropriate. TNF suggests that the tests AD Lps and TT Lps must be used. NO didn't generate any conclusions. The results revealed that the following parameters could be used for future researches and diagnosis: recovered volume, number of cells / mL, percentile of linfocytes, cloud macrophages, giant macrophages, eosinophils, mastocytes, WBC, total plasmatic proteins, PCA ex-life TT, TNF AD Lps and TT Lps. The number of animals adapted for future experiments is of about 120, or 2 groups of 60 individuals. Finally, it is concluded that the dates observed in this present research are valid for the diagnosis of inflammations in the equines lungs . / O n?mero de casos de equinos que apresentam algum grau de inflama??o do aparelho respirat?rio ? extremamente alto, embora existam animais fisicamente h?gidos mas que podem apresentar algum grau de processo inflamat?rio de vias a?reas, cujo diagn?stico precoce s? seria poss?vel atrav?s de exames mais precisos. Os objetivos da presente pesquisa s?o: avaliar quais exames poderiam estar relacionados ? classifica??o endosc?pica de animais fisicamente h?gidos; verificar a rela??o com a idade; pesquisar n?veis dos par?metros avaliados que possam indicar tend?ncias de seu aumento ou diminui??o e sugerir um n?mero m?nimo apropriado de animais. As amostras foram divididas em 4 Categorias de An?lises: avalia??o da efic?cia da t?cnica, grupos de abrang?ncia maior, grupos de abrang?ncia menor e avalia??o das rela??es percentuais dentro das Categorias 2 e 3. Foram realizados os seguintes exames laboratoriais: citol?gico, hematol?gico, Atividade pro coagulante (APC), Fator de Necrose Tumoral (TNF) e ?xido N?trico (NO). Os resultados revelaram que: em rela??o ?s an?lises de APC, somente testes exvivo s?o apropriados. Para o TNF, sugere-se que os testes AD Lps e TT Lps sejam utilizados. O NO, n?o gerou conclus?es. A pesquisa demonstrou ainda que os seguintes par?metros poderiam ser utilizados para pesquisas futuras e apoio diagn?stico: volume recuperado, n?mero de c?lulas por microlitro, percentuais de linf?citos, macr?fagos espumosos, macr?fagos em sinc?cios, eosin?filos, mast?citos, leucometria global, prote?nas plasm?ticas totais, APC ex-vivo TT, TNF AD Lps e TT Lps. O n?mero de animais apropriados para experimentos futuros ? de cerca de 120, ou 2 grupos de 60 indiv?duos. Concluise que os dados observados na presente pesquisa s?o v?lidos para o aux?lio diagn?stico de inflama??es no aparelho respirat?rio de equinos.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a light-moderate versus hard exercise intensity on health and fitness benefits in a previously sedentary population. Twenty-six subjects, 17 male (mean age 45 + 3 yrs), 9 female (mean age 48 + 3 yrs) with at least one coronary artery disease risk factor volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects underwent laboratory testing comprising of, resting heart rate and blood pressure, body composition, blood lipid analysis and aerobic capacity (V02 ), prior to and 22-32 weeks after participating > 2 days per week in the Adult Physical Fitness Program (APFP) at Ball State University. After an initial exercise prescription subjects self selected an exercise intensity between 40-80% of their maximal heart rate range (MHRR) at which to train. Subjects were then grouped into those who trained at < 60% (light-moderate) and those who trained at > 60% (hard) of their MHRR.Those that self selected a hard training intensity did show a significantly greater decrease in diastolic blood pressure than the light-moderate intensity group. Subjects received a main training effect with a mean decrease in systolic blood pressure (123 ± 2.8 to 119 ± 2.4 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (78 ± 2.2 to 75 ± 1.7 mmHg), and mean increases for HDL-cholesterol (49 ± 2.5 to 53 ± 2.8 mg/dL), absolute functional capacity (2.676 +.162 to 2.843 +.169 L/min) and relative functional capacity (30.2 ± 1.5 to 32.8 + 1.8 ml/kg/min). In conclusion this study demonstrated health and fitness benefits when training at least 2 days per week with greater effects when training at a hard versus light-moderate intensity with regards to diastolic blood pressure. / School of Physical Education

Thesis (PhD.(Immunology)--Faculty of Health Sciences)-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Le principal objectif de ce travail est l’étude de l’influence de la pesanteur sur la mécanique <p>respiratoire et le contrôle de la respiration, ainsi que sur les interactions cardio-respiratoires pendant les différents stades du sommeil. <p><p>Le chapitre introductif présente le contexte général et les objectifs de la thèse. Des sections abordant le sommeil, la respiration, et l’interaction cardio-respiratoire y sont présentées, résumant l’état actuel des connaissances sur les effets de la pesanteur sur chacun de ces systèmes. <p>Dans le deuxième chapitre, l’expérience “Sleep and Breathing in microgravity”, qui constitue la source des données à la base de ce travail, est présentée en détail. <p>L’étude des signaux de longue durée requiert avant tout de disposer d’outils performants <p>d’analyse des signaux. La première partie de la thèse présente en détail deux algorithmes :un <p>algorithme de détection automatique d’événements respiratoires (inspiration / expiration) <p>basé sur des réseaux neuronaux artificiels, et un algorithme de quantification de l’amplitude <p>et de la phase de l’arythmie sinusale pendant le sommeil, utilisant la méthode des ondelettes. <p>La validation de chaque algorithme est présentée, et leur performance évaluée. Cette partie <p>inclut aussi des courtes introductions théoriques aux réseaux de neurones artificiels ainsi <p>qu’aux méthodes d’analyse temps–fréquence (Fourier et ondelettes). <p>Une approche similaire à celle utilisée pour la détection automatique d’événements respiratoires a été appliquée à la détection d’événements dans des signaux de vitesse du sang <p>dans l’artère cérébrale moyenne, mesures obtenues par Doppler transcrânien. Ceci est le <p>sujet de la thèse annexe. <p>Ces deux algorithmes ont été appliqués aux données expérimentales pour extraire des <p>informations physiologiques quant à l’impact de la pesanteur sur la mécanique respiratoire et <p>l’interaction cardio-respiratoire. Ceci constitue la deuxième partie de la thèse. Un chapitre <p>est consacré aux effets de l’apesanteur sur la mécanique respiratoire pendant le sommeil. <p>Ce chapitre a mis en évidence, pour tous les stades de sommeil, une augmentation de la <p>contribution abdominale en microgravité, suivi d’un retour progressif vers des valeurs observées avant le vol. L’augmentation initiale était attendue, mais l’adaptation progressive <p>observée ne peut pas être expliquée par un effet purement mécanique, et nous suggère la <p>présence d’un mécanisme d’adaptation central. Un deuxième chapitre présente les résultats <p>comparant l’arythmie sinusale pendant le sommeil avant le vol, en apesanteur et après le retour sur terre. Le rythme cardiaque pendant le sommeil dans l’espace présente une moindre <p>variabilité. Les différences NREM–REM observées sur terre pour les influences vagales et sympathiques sont accentuées dans l’espace. Aucun changement significatif n’est présent pour <p>le gain et la différence de phase entre les les signaux cardiaque et respiratoire en comparant <p>le sommeil sur terre et en apesanteur. <p>La dissertation termine par une discussion générale du travail effectué, incluant les prin- <p>cipales conclusions ainsi que les perspectives qui en découlent. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished