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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Kombination eines hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOC) mit inhalativem Stickstoffmonoxid (iNO) bei ARDS und LPS-induziertem Schock. Effekte auf Hämodynamik und Gasaustausch.

Seidel, Philipp 16 February 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Bei Patienten mit ARDS führt eine selektive pulmonale Vasodilatation durch inhaltives NO (iNO) zu einer Shuntreduktion. Die zusätzliche Gabe eines selektiven pulmonalen Vasokonstriktors führt zu einer additiven Verbesserung der Oxygenierung. Die Anzahl der NO-Responder ist bei vorliegender Sepsis reduziert. Es ist bekannt, dass hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOC) durch NO-Scavenging einen pulmonalarteriellen Druckanstieg bewirken und dass dieser Effekt durch iNO antagonisierbar ist. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob eine generalisierte Vasokonstriktion durch ein HBOC die Effektivität einer iNO-Therapie in einem Modell von ARDS mit LPS-induziertem Schock erhöht. Hierzu wurde bei 40 narkotisierten und instrumentierten Ratten mittels VILI und alveolärer Lavage ein stabiles ARDS etabliert und anschließend 1,5mg/kg LPS i.v. verabreicht. Es wurden 4 Versuchsgruppen gebildet: 1) und 3) erhielten 5ml/h HES10%, 2) und 4) 5ml/h Hämoglobin-glutamer 200 (Oxyglobin HBOC 301), 3) und 4) erhielten anschließend iNO. Die bekannten hämodynamischen Effekte eines HBOC und die Reduktion dieses Blutdruckanstiegs durch iNO wurden erstmals im ARDS mit LPS-induziertem Schock nachgewiesen. Zum Versuchsende zeigte keine Gruppe eine signifikante Änderung des MAP im Vergleich zum Ausgangspunkt. Bei alleiniger iNO-Therapie fiel der RVP (36,2 [30,0; 41,1] vs. 30,6mmHg [18,4; 36,3], p<0,05) und der PaO2 stieg von 82,6 [65,1; 107,3] auf 176,5mmHg [89,4; 207,5] (p<0,05). Die Kombination aus HBOC und iNO zeigte einen nicht signifikanten Abfall des RVP (32,8mmHg [28,5; 47,2] vs. 29,4mmHg [17,6; 49,1]) und Anstieg des PaO2 (65,76mmHg [61,0; 86,6] vs. 86,8mmHg [54,2; 203,0]). Es ergab sich kein additiver Effekt auf die Oxygenierung, wie er für pulmonale Vasokonstriktoren beschrieben ist. Eine Ursache dafür könnte die hohe endogene NO-Produktion nach LPSGabe sein, sodass die NO-Scavanging Kapazität im kombinierten Modell nicht ausreicht. Zukünftig sollte untersucht werden, ob dieser Effekt mit einer höheren Dosierung des HBOC erreichbar ist.
2

Développement d'outils biostatisques et bioinformatiques de prédiction et d'analyse des défauts de l'épissage : application aux gènes de prédisposition aux cancers du sein et de l'ovaire / Development of bioinformatics and biostatistics tools to predict and analyze splicing defects : use case about genes involved in hereditary breast and ovarian cancers

Leman, Raphaël 13 December 2019 (has links)
L’analyse des défauts d’épissage est particulièrement complexe. Outre la diversité des transcrits présents à l’état physiologique, les variations nucléotidiques peuvent induire des modifications hétéroclites de l’épissage. Ces variations, appelées variants splicéogéniques, et leur impact au niveau de l’épissage, sont à même de modifier plus ou moins sévèrement le phénotype de l’individu.Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à trois grands aspects de l’étude des défauts de l’épissage : (i) la prédiction de ces défauts d’épissage, (ii) l’analyse des données de RNA-seq et (iii) le rôle de l’épissage dans l’interprétation de la pathogénicité d’un variant pour la prédisposition aux cancers du sein et de l’ovaire (syndrome HBOC).Nous avons optimisé les recommandations en vigueur pour identifier les variants splicéogéniques au sein des séquences consensus des sites d’épissage. Ce travail a conduit à la publication d’un nouvel outil SPiCE (Splicing Prediction in Consensus Elements), développé sur 395 variants. SPiCE a le potentiel d’être une aide à la décision pour guider les généticiens vers ces variants splicéogéniques, grâce à une exactitude de 94.4 %. Puis, nous avons comparé les outils de prédiction des points de branchement. Pour cela, une collection sans précédente de 120 variants avec leurs études ARN a été établi dans la région des points de branchements. Nous avons ainsi révélé que ces outils de prédictions sont aptes à prioriser les variants pour des études ARN dans ces régions jusque-là peu étudiées. Pour étendre les prédictions des variants splicéogéniques au-delà d’un motif spécifique, nous avons construit l’outil SPiP (Splicing Prediction Pipeline). SPiP utilise un ensemble d’outils pour prédire un défaut d’épissage quel que soit la position du variant. Ainsi, SPiP peut ainsi s’adresser à la diversité des défauts d’épissage avec une exactitude de 80.21 %, sur une collection de 2 784 variants.Les données issues du RNA-seq sont complexes à analyser, car il existe peu d’outils pour annoter finement les épissages alternatifs. Aussi nous avons publié l’outil SpliceLauncher. Cet outil permet de déterminer une grande diversité de jonctions d’épissage, indépendamment des systèmes RNA-seq utilisés. Cet outil renvoie aussi les résultats sous formes graphiques pour faciliter leur interprétation.Puis nous avons évalué le rôle de l’épissage alternative dans l’interprétation à usage clinique d’un variant. Le gène PALB2, impliqué dans le syndrome HBOC, a été utilisé comme modèle d’étude. Nous avons ainsi démontré que l’épissage alternatif de PALB2 est apte à remettre en cause la pathogénicité de certains variants. La collecte de données fonctionnelles et cliniques sont donc nécessaires pour conclure sur leur pathogénicité.Nos travaux illustrent ainsi l’importance de la caractérisation et de l’interprétation des modifications de l’épissage pour répondre aux défis présents et futurs du diagnostic moléculaire en génétique. / Analysis of splicing defects is particularly complex. In addition to the diversity of physiological transcripts, nucleotidic variations can induce heterogeneous alteration of splicing. These variations, called spliceogenic variants, and their impact on splicing, can involve severe consequences on the individual phenotype.In this thesis work, we focused on three main aspects of the study of splicing defects: (i) the prediction of these splicing defects, (ii) the analysis of RNA-seq data and (iii) the role of splicing in interpreting the pathogenicity of a variant for the hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (HBOC syndrome).We optimized the current recommendations to identify spliceogenic variants within the consensus sequences of splicing sites. This work led to the publication of a new tool, SPiCE (Splicing Prediction in Consensus Elements), developed on 395 variants. SPiCE has the potential to be a decision support tool to guide geneticists towards these spliceogenic variants, with an accuracy of 94.4%. Then, we compared the tools dedicated to branch points prediction. For this purpose, an unprecedented collection of 120 variants with their RNA studies has been established in the branch point region. Thus, we revealed these prediction tools are able to prioritize variants for RNA studies in these hitherto poorly studied regions. To extend the predictions of spliceogenic variants beyond a specific motif, we built SPiP (Splicing Prediction Pipeline) tool. SPiP uses a set of tools to predict a splicing defect regardless of the variant position. Thus, SPiP can address the diversity of splicing defects with an accuracy of 80.21%, on a collection of 2,784 variants.The data from the RNA-seq are complex to analyze, as there are few tools to finely annotate alternative splices. Also we published SpliceLauncher tool. This tool allows to determine a wide variety of splicing junctions, independently of RNA-seq systems used. This tool also returns the results in graphical form to make interpretation user-friendly.Then we evaluated the role of alternative splicing in the clinical interpretation of a variant. The PALB2 gene, involved in HBOC syndrome, was used as a study model. Thus, we demonstrated that the alternative splicing of PALB2 is able of challenging the pathogenicity of certain variants. Collection of functional and clinical data is therefore necessary to conclude on their pathogenicity.Our work thus illustrates the importance of characterizing and interpreting splicing modifications to meet the current and future challenges of molecular diagnosis in human genetics.
3

Modelling lung and tissue gas transfer using a membrane oxygenator circuit : determining the effects of a volatile anaesthetic agent and a haemoglobin substitute on oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide diffusion

Dunningham, Helen January 2011 (has links)
A novel in vitro membrane oxygenator circuit was developed to test gas exchange where particular elements could be examined whilst keeping other variables constant. The circuit comprises two membrane oxygenators connected to form a continuous blood circuit resembling venous and arterial blood conditions. The effects of Isoflurane, a volatile anaesthetic, on oxygen transfer were investigated. RBC resistance to nitric oxide diffusion (DNO) was tested in this circuit by haemolysis and addition of the haemoglobin-based-oxygen-carrier (HBOC) Oxyglobin. The circuit was primed with equine blood flowing at 2.5 l/min. The oxygenator was ventilated with 5 l/min air/oxygen/N2 mix providing a range of FiO2. The deoxygenator received 5 l/min 5% CO2 in N2 with 0.2-0.3 l/min CO2. Isoflurane 1%, NO 4000-16000 ppb and CO 0.03% were added to the oxygenator gas. Uptake of O2, CO2, CO and NO were calculated by gas inlet and outlet concentrations and flow rates. Arterial and venous oxygen dissociation curve (aODC and vODC) comparisons were made. Isoflurane uptake by the circuit blood was evident and 1% Isoflurane did not affect oxygen uptake (p=0.981), aODC or vODC (p=0.311 and p=0.751). Haemolysis did not affect O2 or CO2 transfer but increased DNO (p<0.001). 250ml free Hb solution addition to the circuit increased DNO by 91% (p<0.0001). Addition of 250ml Oxyglobin increased DNO by 143% from 7.41±2.77 to 17.97±1.83 ml/min/mmHg. Oxyglobin caused a right shift of aODC and vODC (p<0.0001) but NO-bound Oxyglobin caused a left vODC shift (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Isoflurane administered via a membrane oxygenator does not affect O2 uptake or carriage in the blood. RBC surroundings provide significant resistance to DNO in circuit tests. Significant uptake of NO by Oxyglobin supports the potential of HBOCs to scavenge endothelial NO in vivo, causing vasoconstriction.
4

Kombination eines hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOC) mit inhalativem Stickstoffmonoxid (iNO) bei ARDS und LPS-induziertem Schock. Effekte auf Hämodynamik und Gasaustausch.: Kombination eines hemoglobin based oxygen carriers(HBOC) mit inhalativem Stickstoffmonoxid (iNO) beiARDS und LPS-induziertem Schock. Effekte aufHämodynamik und Gasaustausch.

Seidel, Philipp 20 January 2015 (has links)
Bei Patienten mit ARDS führt eine selektive pulmonale Vasodilatation durch inhaltives NO (iNO) zu einer Shuntreduktion. Die zusätzliche Gabe eines selektiven pulmonalen Vasokonstriktors führt zu einer additiven Verbesserung der Oxygenierung. Die Anzahl der NO-Responder ist bei vorliegender Sepsis reduziert. Es ist bekannt, dass hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOC) durch NO-Scavenging einen pulmonalarteriellen Druckanstieg bewirken und dass dieser Effekt durch iNO antagonisierbar ist. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob eine generalisierte Vasokonstriktion durch ein HBOC die Effektivität einer iNO-Therapie in einem Modell von ARDS mit LPS-induziertem Schock erhöht. Hierzu wurde bei 40 narkotisierten und instrumentierten Ratten mittels VILI und alveolärer Lavage ein stabiles ARDS etabliert und anschließend 1,5mg/kg LPS i.v. verabreicht. Es wurden 4 Versuchsgruppen gebildet: 1) und 3) erhielten 5ml/h HES10%, 2) und 4) 5ml/h Hämoglobin-glutamer 200 (Oxyglobin HBOC 301), 3) und 4) erhielten anschließend iNO. Die bekannten hämodynamischen Effekte eines HBOC und die Reduktion dieses Blutdruckanstiegs durch iNO wurden erstmals im ARDS mit LPS-induziertem Schock nachgewiesen. Zum Versuchsende zeigte keine Gruppe eine signifikante Änderung des MAP im Vergleich zum Ausgangspunkt. Bei alleiniger iNO-Therapie fiel der RVP (36,2 [30,0; 41,1] vs. 30,6mmHg [18,4; 36,3], p<0,05) und der PaO2 stieg von 82,6 [65,1; 107,3] auf 176,5mmHg [89,4; 207,5] (p<0,05). Die Kombination aus HBOC und iNO zeigte einen nicht signifikanten Abfall des RVP (32,8mmHg [28,5; 47,2] vs. 29,4mmHg [17,6; 49,1]) und Anstieg des PaO2 (65,76mmHg [61,0; 86,6] vs. 86,8mmHg [54,2; 203,0]). Es ergab sich kein additiver Effekt auf die Oxygenierung, wie er für pulmonale Vasokonstriktoren beschrieben ist. Eine Ursache dafür könnte die hohe endogene NO-Produktion nach LPSGabe sein, sodass die NO-Scavanging Kapazität im kombinierten Modell nicht ausreicht. Zukünftig sollte untersucht werden, ob dieser Effekt mit einer höheren Dosierung des HBOC erreichbar ist.
5

Effects of Isovolemic Hemodilution on Tissue Oxygen Consumption Using a Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier and Human Serum Albumin

Song, Bjorn Kyungsuck 01 January 2007 (has links)
This microcirculatory study compared the effects on oxygen transport of two hemodilution fluids: HBOC-201 (Biopure Corp., Cambridge, MA) a Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier (HBOC), and 5.9% Human Serum Albumin (HSA) an iso-oncotic non-oxygen carrying colloid solution. Measurements using intravital microscopy were made on the spinotrapezius muscle of male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Interstitial PO2 was measured using phosphorescence quenching microscopy, and recorded before and after isovolemic hemodilutions (HD) at hematocrits of 40% (baseline), 30% (moderate HD) and 15% (severe HD). Oxygen consumption (VO2) of the spinotrapezius muscle was derived from PO2 recordings following the rapid inflation of a plastic bag placed around the objective. When the bag was inflated, blood flow in the muscle was arrested and PO2 rapidly fell over several seconds; the rate of decline of PO2 was proportional to VO2. For moderate HD (Hct ~ 30%) with HBOC-201, interstitial PO2 did not change from baseline conditions (Hct ~ 40%), while HD with HSA showed a decrease. For severe HD (Hct ~ 15%) both PO2 and VO2 were significantly lower for the HSA group than for the HBOC-201 group. These findings indicate that HBOC-201 maintains both a higher PO2 and VO2 during hemodiluted states compared with a non-oxygen carrying colloid solution (HSA). Furthermore, 5.9% HSA does not affect the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and vessel diameters, whereas HBOC-201 causes vasoconstriction, and consequently an increase in MAP. However, the vasoconstriction is not uniform among different branches of the arteriolar network, and most of the changes occur in the larger vessels, i.e., feed and arcade arterioles, while minimal in smaller vessels, i.e., transverse arterioles. In addition, findings show that MAP and vessel diameters return to baseline within 1-3 hours, implying that vasoconstriction and hypertension caused by HBOC-201 are acute responses.
6

The Effects of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers On Mean Arterial Pressure, Arteriolar Diameter, and Nitric Oxide in the Microcirculation

Hionis, Veronique C. 01 January 2006 (has links)
In the US today, blood transfusion is safer than ever. Nevertheless, the century-old quest for a suitable blood substitute persists. The elimination of unwanted side effects, especially transfusion-transmitted diseases, the problems and high cost factor involved in collecting and storing human blood, the pending worldwide shortages, and the need for compatibility testing are the driving forces contributing towards the development of blood substitutes. The leading research is focusing on hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), which are limited in clinical application due to the pressor effect they induce. In this study, the mechanisms through which HBOCs affect mean arterial pressure (MAP), arteriolar diameter, and nitric oxide levels in the microcirculation were investigated, using Oxyglobin (HBOC-301), a third generation glutaraldehyde-polymerized bovine hemoglobin. The spinotrapezius muscle of female Sprague-Dawley rats was exteriorized for microcirculatory observations. HBOC in doses of 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 μM i.v., LNAME (30 mg/kg, i.v.), and papaverine (100 μM, topically) were given to the rat. Heparinized saline (0.1 ml and 0.5 ml, i.v.) served as control. MAP was monitored continuously through a cannula in the right carotid artery. Images of the feed, arcade and transverse arterioles were captured using a Zeiss Axioplan microscope, equipped with a digital camera, and imaging software. All doses of HBOC produced an overall vasoconstriction of the arterioles leading to an elevated MAP. Following L-NAME pretreatment, HBOC administration alone and with papaverine produced no significant elevation in MAP, indicating that the increase in resistance required basal amounts of nitric oxide (NO). This study concludes that the constriction of the arterioles correlated with the level of hypertension, and that these effects occur in a dose-dependent manner as a consequence of NO scavenging.
7

Relations cellules endothéliales/substituts sanguins : implication des contraintes de cisaillement ou de l'hypoxie, et évaluation de la cytotoxicité d'hémoglobines de nouvelle génération / Relationship between EC/blood substitutes : implication of shear stress or hypoxia, and evaluation of new generation hemoglobin cytotoxicity

Gaucher, Caroline 14 December 2007 (has links)
Les substituts sanguins à base d’hémoglobine (HBOC) en cours de développement et d’évaluation, sont susceptibles, selon leur formulation et le protocole d’évaluation envisagé, d’induire des modifications du comportement des cellules endothéliales (CE). Nous avons développé des protocoles visant à évaluer le rôle de trois paramètres : les contraintes de cisaillement, l’hypoxie et la présence d’HBOC au contact des CE. Plusieurs facteurs, comme le stress oxydatif, la vasomotricité et l’inflammation ont été étudiés par qPCR, RPE, cytométrie en flux et dosage des métabolites. Dans un premier temps, nous avons observé l’action simultanée des contraintes de cisaillement et des HBOC (Hb-Dex-BTC, Oxyglobin®, aa-Hb) sur le comportement des CE. Nos résultats montrent combien le cisaillement influence la réponse des CE en présence d’HBOC. Pour se rapprocher de la situation clinique d’un usage potentiel d’HBOC, nous avons élaboré un protocole d’hypoxie/réoxygénation des CE par ces Hb. Au travers des deux protocoles d’hypoxie développés (brève et chronique), nous avons montré des mécanismes différents de réponse cellulaire : après 4 h, la réoxygénation avec les substituts induit une diminution de l’inflammation engendrée par l’hypoxie. Alors qu’après 24 h, nous constatons son induction quel que soit le substitut utilisé. D’une façon générale, la présence de dextran dans l’Hb-Dex-BTC rend celle-ci plus furtive vis-à-vis des mécanismes de détection de la présence d’Hb par les CE. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons effectué des tests de cytotoxicité sur des Hb de nouvelle génération (PEG-Hb et Hb octamérique produite par génie génétique) par mesure de la viabilité cellulaire et du taux d’apoptose-nécrose, Ces résultats encourageants confirment l’intérêt de poursuivre les évaluations. / Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOC), under development and evaluation, are potentially able to induce modifications of endothelial cells (EC) behaviour. We developed protocols to evaluate the role of three different parameters, like shear stress, hypoxia and HBOC presence on EC. Several factors, like oxidative stress, vasomotion and inflammation were studied using qPCR, EPR, flow cytometry and metabolites quantification. At first, we observed simultaneously the action of shear stress and HBOC (Dex-BTC Hb, Oxyglobin®, aa-Hb) on EC behaviour. Our results show how shear stress influences EC response face to HBOC. Then, we elaborated a hypoxia/reoxygenation protocol with HBOC. Using two different protocols of hypoxia (brief and chronic) we demonstrated that different mechanisms drive cell response. After 4 h of hypoxia, reoxygénation with blood substitutes induces a diminution of the inflammation engender by hypoxia. However, after 24 h of hypoxia, we observed an over inflammation whatever was the blood substitute used. In conclusion, among the three HBOC tested, we highlighted that the presence of dextran in Dex-BTC-Hb solutions makes Hb furtive for EC Hb detection mechanisms. Finally, we developed cytotoxicity tests on new Hb generation (PEG-Hb, octameric Hb) based on cellular viability and apoptosis-necrosis. These tests were encouraging for both Hb.
8

Ethical issues surrounding access to care for BRCA mutations

Huang, Caroline January 2017 (has links)
Harmful BRCA (breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2) mutations greatly increase women's risks of breast and/or ovarian cancer but are found in less than 1 per cent of the general population. Thus, care is targeted at women with strong family histories of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Genetic testing can determine if these high-risk women carry harmful mutations; if so, they may pursue care that facilitates cancer prevention, detection, and/or treatment. In this thesis, I examine in which cases it is problematic that some British and American women do not access this potentially life-saving care. In recognition of the difficulty in measuring access, a view informed by preliminary interviews and a literature review, I use three complementary approaches to illustrate different aspects of access. First, a critical review surveys how British and American clinical guidelines, laws, policies, and legal rulings govern service availability. Second, a scoping study describes the US and UK literature on barriers and facilitators to access. Third, an empirical study involving focus groups with UK and US genetics professionals and support group members details how women provide and pursue care. Using Beauchamp and Childress's 'four principles' framework, I analyse how these approaches inform four elements of access: availability of services, barriers to care, relevance and effectiveness of services, and equity of access. I distinguish between cases in which women do not want and/or need care and cases in which women are denied care they want and need, and I propose strategies to redress current inequities in access. I further suggest that offering Ashkenazi Jewish population screening alongside family history-based screening may be appropriate. I conclude that whilst most problematic cases are country-neutral, only US women are problematically constrained by insurance and legal loopholes, and only UK women are problematically constrained by regional variations in health authority funding.
9

Reactions to receiving family health information via infographic video

Aeilts, Amber 04 June 2019 (has links)
No description available.
10

Oxygenation Potential of Tense and Relaxed State Polymerized Hemoglobin Mixtures:A Potential Therapeutic to Accelerate Chronic Wound Healing

Richardson, Kristopher Emil January 2017 (has links)
No description available.

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