<p>I denna litteraturstudie granskades 4 vetenskapliga artiklar med syfte att undersöka patienters upplevelser av hyperbar oxygenbehandling (HBO behandling) för att lyfta fram vad man som omvårdnadspersonal bör ha i åtanke inför initiala behandlingar. HBO behandling är en behandlingsmetod där koncentrerad oxygen administreras till patienter. Behandling med HBO får ofta pågå under längre tid för att uppnå läkande effekter i exempelvis fall av hypoxiska svårläkta sår. Ett av de initiala problem som kan ge obehagskänslor är att behandlingen tar plats i tryckkammare, vilket för många är en främmande miljö. Flertalet patienter har av denna anledning valt att avstå ifrån behandling. Inför behandling är även oro vanligt hos omkring hälften av tillfrågade patienter. Väl under behandling beskrivs tristess och ovissheten av behandlingens resultat som problem. Fortsatta studier om HBO behandling skulle kunna öka kunskapen om patienters upplevelser och eventuell oro. Denna kunskap skulle i sin tur omvårdnadspersonalen kunna använda för att genom omvårdnadshandling minska eventuella obehag av HBO behandling.</p>

I denna litteraturstudie granskades 4 vetenskapliga artiklar med syfte att undersöka patienters upplevelser av hyperbar oxygenbehandling (HBO behandling) för att lyfta fram vad man som omvårdnadspersonal bör ha i åtanke inför initiala behandlingar. HBO behandling är en behandlingsmetod där koncentrerad oxygen administreras till patienter. Behandling med HBO får ofta pågå under längre tid för att uppnå läkande effekter i exempelvis fall av hypoxiska svårläkta sår. Ett av de initiala problem som kan ge obehagskänslor är att behandlingen tar plats i tryckkammare, vilket för många är en främmande miljö. Flertalet patienter har av denna anledning valt att avstå ifrån behandling. Inför behandling är även oro vanligt hos omkring hälften av tillfrågade patienter. Väl under behandling beskrivs tristess och ovissheten av behandlingens resultat som problem. Fortsatta studier om HBO behandling skulle kunna öka kunskapen om patienters upplevelser och eventuell oro. Denna kunskap skulle i sin tur omvårdnadspersonalen kunna använda för att genom omvårdnadshandling minska eventuella obehag av HBO behandling.

Der ischämische Schlaganfall ist ein akutes Krankheitsbild mit großer medizinischer und sozioökonomischer Bedeutung. Eine zentrale Rolle in der Pathophysiologie spielt hierbei die Neurovaskuläre Einheit (NVU), deren wichtigste Funktion in der Gewährleistung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BBB) besteht. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der weiteren immunhistochemischen Charakterisierung vaskulärer und zellulärer Komponenten der NVU und der Analyse der BBB-Permeabilität beim thrombembolischen Schlaganfallmodell der Ratte. Darüber hinaus wird ein immunhistochemisches Verfahren entwickelt, mit dem FITC-Albumin und biotinyliertes Ratten-IgG in dauerhaft stabile Diaminobenzidin-Addukte überführbar sind, was anschließend die lichtmikroskopische Analyse in Serienschnitten und dadurch eine einfache volumetrische Quantifizierung permeabilitätsgestörter Areale erlaubt. 25 Stunden nach Induktion der Ischämie kann so im direkten Vergleich von ausgetretenem biotinylierten Ratten-IgG mit FITC-Albumin gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die qualitativ als auch quantitativ ermittelten Verteilungsmuster für beide Markersubstanzen identisch sind. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt gilt der Fragestellung, ob bekannte negative Effekte der systemischen Thrombolyse mit rekombinantem Gewebsplasminogenaktivator (rtPA) auf die Integrität der BBB durch eine simultane Hyperbare Sauerstofftherapie (HBO) abgeschwächt werden können. Dabei wird durch die gezielte Untersuchung einzelner Gefäße im permeabilitätsgestörten Areal erstmalig demonstriert, dass HBO zu keiner Stabilisierung einer erhöhten BBB-Permeabilität beim thrombembolischen Schlaganfall der Ratte führt.

Die systemische Thrombolyse mit rekombinantem Gewebeplasminogenaktivator (rtPA) stellt das einzige pharmakologisch evidente und kausale Therapiekonzept für die Behandlung der akuten zerebralen Ischämie dar. Dieses Be-handlungskonzept ist nur in einem kurzen therapeutischen Zeitfenster anwendbar und birgt das Risiko unerwünschter zum Teil lebensbedrohlicher Nebenwirkungen. Darüber hinaus ist rtPA potenziell neurotoxisch. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten am thrombembolischen Schlaganfallmodell der Ratte die Effekte der hyperbaren Sauerstofftherapie (HBO) nach induzierter fokaler zerebraler Ischämie in Kombination mit rtPA erstmals im Langzeitverlauf von 4 Wochen untersucht werden. Grundlage hierfür waren die in früheren Studien nachgewiesenen potenziell neuroprotektiven Effekte der HBO. In 4 verschiedenen Infarkt-assoziierten Arealen wurden durch Immunperoxidasemarkierung Neuronale Nuklei (NeuN) im Gehirn von Ratten detektiert und durch den Vergleich mit der kontralateralen Hemisphäre der Neuronenverlust erfasst. Mithilfe einer Dreifach-immunfluoreszenzfärbung und konfokaler Laserscanningmikroskopie wurden neben dem Neuronenverlust sowohl Astrogliose als auch Mikrogliaaktivierung, als wesentliche Bestandteile der neurovaskulären Einheit (NVU), qualitativ analysiert. Für die Ischämie-assoziierten Gebiete ergab sich ein über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum konstantes und mit dem Penumbramodell korres-pondierendes schalenförmiges Muster des Neuronenverlusts. Die Hypothese einer Neuroprotektion durch HBO in Kombination mit rtPA konnte im Vergleich zu früheren experimentellen Studienergebnissen nicht bestätigt werden.

This thesis deals with the position of the cable television Home Box Office in the contemporary digital world. Work explores the history of television since its inception to the present time. The fundamental subject of investigation are the pillars of programming, that helped HBO create the unique program concept. This concept is called edgy. HBO also focuses on its own production, and edgy concept works especially for the original production, which represents a milestone in the history of HBO (but also in the history of television broadcasting) . Television production is for the first time accepted as artistic work. Thus HBO strengthens its unique position and holds it till now. The second part of this diploma focuses on the current situation of broadcasting. The main mover of today is Internet and so-called on-demand services (video on demand - VOD). The US market offers many more options for watching audiovisual content via VoD then Europe market. Vital service is then Netflix, which represents the fastest-expanding on-demand service. Diploma thesis in the second part deals with on-demand services - the development of these services, and the limitations of the current situation. The thesis also deals with HBO position in relation to the video-on-demand. The cable television offers to its subscribers a complementary service HBO GO, and since 2015 also a stand-alone service called HBO Now, which is for the first time available for non-subscribers of cable television. The final part is therefore devoted to the future outlook of HBO. The author sees a successful future of cable television in combination of linear broadcast, VOD service with a friendly user interface and original production, in which is necessary to keep the edgy concept and follow the pattern of previous years, in which HBO actually offered in comparison to other broadcasters truely different production.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-01T17:12:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_AntônioMartinsdeFreitasJúnior.pdf: 2899136 bytes, checksum: 18ad7305e58831a962efc422131640b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-28T21:31:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_AntônioMartinsdeFreitasJúnior.pdf: 2899136 bytes, checksum: 18ad7305e58831a962efc422131640b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T21:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_AntônioMartinsdeFreitasJúnior.pdf: 2899136 bytes, checksum: 18ad7305e58831a962efc422131640b8 (MD5) / Um dos grandes desafios da atualidade é a substituição dos combustíveis derivados do petróleo por combustíveis de fontes renováveis e menos poluentes. Entretanto, os biocombustíveis hoje mais utilizados, o bioetanol e o biodiesel, apresentam significativas diferenças de composição em relação aos combustíveis fósseis. Como exemplo, pode-se citar a presença de grupos oxigenados, o que resulta, por exemplo, em um menor poder calorífico, incompatibilidades com motores projetados para operar com os combustíveis fósseis e maiores acidez e susceptibilidade à deterioração microbiana. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um procedimento que possibilite obter, a partir de óleos vegetais, biocombustíveis líquidos parafínicos para substituição ao bioquerosene para aviação e/ou óleo diesel. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo acerca da hidrodesoxigenação (HDO), em presença do catalisador NiMoS2/Al2O3, dos óleos de coco e de soja e de compostos modelo (ácidos láurico e oleico). Em primeiro lugar, esse estudo propiciou importantes constatações acerca das reações e mecanismos envolvidos nos processos de hidropirólise não catalítica e de HDO de triacilglicerídeos e ácidos carboxílicos. Verificou-se, também, que a temperatura de 340 ºC e uma pressão inicial de H2 de 30 bar propiciam uma eficiente e adequada desoxigenação das moléculas. Em temperaturas mais elevadas, acentua-se o indesejado craqueamento térmico das cadeias; em temperaturas mais baixas, além das reações tornarem-se mais lentas, ocorre pronunciada polimerização térmica do material. Análises cromatográficas mostram que os produtos obtidos a partir da HDO dos óleos de coco e de soja apresentam distribuições de tamanho de cadeias carbônicas na mesma faixa do bioquerosene de aviação e do óleo diesel, respectivamente, mas com menor teor de alcanos ramificados. Entretanto, foi possível aumentar consideravelmente o teor de isômeros nas misturas por meio de um tratamento posterior de hidroisomerização catalisada por Pt/SAPO-11. Assim, o trabalho realizado demonstrou a viabilidade técnica de se preparar bioquerosene e biodiesel parafínicos a partir de óleos vegetais. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The development of renewable and environmentally friendly fuels aimed to substitute petroleum derivatives is one of the biggest current challenges. However, the main biofuels employed nowadays, biodiesel and bioethanol, present significant differences in composition as compared to fossil fuels. For example, they have a high oxygen content, which results in a lower calorific power and in a limited compatibility with engines projected to operate with fossil fuels. Besides, it increases the fuel acidity and susceptibility to the microbial deterioration. In this context, the aim of the present work is to develop a protocol to prepare paraffinic liquid biofuels intendd to substitute jet fuel and diesel oil. For that, it was carried out a study about the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), in the presence of the NiMoS2/Al2O3 catalyst, with of coconut and soybean oils, besides model compounds. Foremost, the study lead to important findings about the reactions and mechanisms involved in non-catalytic hydropyrolysis and HDO of triacylglycerol and carboxylic acids. It was observed that, at 340 oC and an initial pressure of 30 bar of H2, an efficient and appropriate deoxygenation of the molecules occurs. At higher temperatures, the undesired thermic cracking of the chains is favored. In turn, at lowest temperature, the reaction rate is too low and thermic polymerization takes place. Chromatography analysis showed that the products obtained from the HDO of coconut and soybean oils present molar mass distributions in the same range of jet fuel and and diesel, respectively, but with a lower content of branched alkane. Nonetheless, it was possible to increase the isomer content through hydroisomerization catalyzed by Pt/SAPO-11. This way, the work shows the feasibility of producing biokerosene and paraffinic biodiesel from vegetable oils.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The auteur theory argues for the possibility that films produced within the highly regimented American studio system of the 1930's and 40's could be considered art, and their makers, auteurs (authors). This new theory, that both argued for the presence of a singular guiding intentionality behind a film, and for the critical canonization of films made in classic Hollywood changed the critical imagination of future film scholars. When Thomas Schatz took on the theory in his book, The Genius of the System, he argued that the collaborative nature of filmmaking in general and Hollywood filmmaking in particular complicated the existing theory, at least as it had been interpreted in America. Schatz's exhaustive study seeks to account for the masterworks of classical Hollywood through a systematic examination of the studio system, which he believed played a fundamental role in the films' success. While Schatz rails against some of the tenets of the auteur theory he simultaneously co-opts its critical system, and seems to make the argument for the studio as auteur. The idea that popular narrative entertainment produced within a highly regimented system can be taken as serious achievement, and that the large organization behind it can act as auteur, leads to the implied conclusion that a television network can function as an auteur as well. The television network is built on a studio-based production system much like classic Hollywood, and its directors of original programming provide the same guiding intentionality as the studio production chiefs of the past. To provide this hypothesis two case studies are performed on television networks, its products and its personnel. Section one discusses HBO as a prime example of a television auteur as its original programs are distinct and seem endemic to the networks overall style of presentation. Section two discusses FX as an example of a cable competitor who employs some of the same strategies as HBO, but with different programming executive who inflect the series with a distinct coherency and style of its own. / 2031-01-02

Der ischämische Schlaganfall ist ein akutes Krankheitsbild mit großer medizinischer und sozioökonomischer Bedeutung. Eine zentrale Rolle in der Pathophysiologie spielt hierbei die Neurovaskuläre Einheit (NVU), deren wichtigste Funktion in der Gewährleistung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BBB) besteht. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der weiteren immunhistochemischen Charakterisierung vaskulärer und zellulärer Komponenten der NVU und der Analyse der BBB-Permeabilität beim thrombembolischen Schlaganfallmodell der Ratte. Darüber hinaus wird ein immunhistochemisches Verfahren entwickelt, mit dem FITC-Albumin und biotinyliertes Ratten-IgG in dauerhaft stabile Diaminobenzidin-Addukte überführbar sind, was anschließend die lichtmikroskopische Analyse in Serienschnitten und dadurch eine einfache volumetrische Quantifizierung permeabilitätsgestörter Areale erlaubt. 25 Stunden nach Induktion der Ischämie kann so im direkten Vergleich von ausgetretenem biotinylierten Ratten-IgG mit FITC-Albumin gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die qualitativ als auch quantitativ ermittelten Verteilungsmuster für beide Markersubstanzen identisch sind. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt gilt der Fragestellung, ob bekannte negative Effekte der systemischen Thrombolyse mit rekombinantem Gewebsplasminogenaktivator (rtPA) auf die Integrität der BBB durch eine simultane Hyperbare Sauerstofftherapie (HBO) abgeschwächt werden können. Dabei wird durch die gezielte Untersuchung einzelner Gefäße im permeabilitätsgestörten Areal erstmalig demonstriert, dass HBO zu keiner Stabilisierung einer erhöhten BBB-Permeabilität beim thrombembolischen Schlaganfall der Ratte führt.

As a result of changing cultural, economic and technological factors, television always exists in a perpetual state of transformation. The fragmentation of the mass audience and the disintegration of the network oligarchy catalyzed the emergence of a multi-channel universe and niche cable markets in the post-network era. HBO, perhaps the most successful premium cable channel to emerge during the changing TV landscape, implemented a subscription-service economic model, enabling it to produce uncensored, commercial free content unavailable on broadcast television. HBO has since been labeled as the leading purveyors of quality, auteurist-centered TV. For this report, I analyze how HBO has been constructed in the realm of academic discourse. Using Enlightened and showrunner Mike White as a case study, I examine how the series conforms to and deviates from HBO's established brand and reflects the network's struggle to redefine itself in the post-network era. Ultimately, I aim to reveal the mythologized, idealized and manufactured culture of production at HBO and examine how journalistic discourse surrounding the series presents the HBO brand identity in a state of crisis and transition. / text

The thesis offers a revised institutional history of US cable network Home Box Office that expands on its under-examined identity as a monthly subscriber service from 1972 to 1994. This is used to better explain extensive discussions of HBO’s rebranding from 1995 to 2007 around high-quality original content and experimentation with new media platforms. The first half of the thesis particularly expands on HBO’s origins and early identity as part of publisher Time Inc. from 1972 to 1988, before examining how this affected the network’s programming strategies as part of global conglomerate Time Warner from 1989 to 1994. Within this, evidence of ongoing processes for aggregating subscribers, or packaging multiple entertainment attractions around stable production cycles, are identified as defining HBO’s promotion of general monthly value over rivals. Arguing that these specific exhibition and production strategies are glossed over in existing HBO scholarship as a result of an over-valuing of post-1995 examples of ‘quality’ television, their ongoing importance to the network’s contemporary management of its brand across media platforms is mapped over distinctions from rivals to 2007. Suggesting much longer institutional continuities and influences for understanding HBO’s success, the thesis outlines the development and influence of these strategies through a critical chronology of the network’s history. In doing so, the thesis aligns with trends for rigorous media histories that consider the origins, long-term precedent and cyclical institutional strategies that govern contemporary industry practices.