Partindo do pré-suposto que o tratamento crônico de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) com ouabaína (OUA) amplifica a hipertensão arterial (HA) e aumenta a sensibilidade à fenilefrina em anéis de artéria caudal, buscou-se avaliar se esse tratamento modifica a reatividade vascular em artérias mesentéricas de resistência (AMR) e os mecanismos envolvidos. SHR foram tratados por 5 semanas com: veículo (CT) ou OUA (30 mg/kg/dia) ou co-tratados com ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS 100 mg/kg/dia) ou nimesulida (NID 20 mg/kg/dia). OUA aumenta a contração à noradrenalina (NOR) nas AMR dos SHR quando comparado aos CT. Na presença dos inibidores da ciclooxigenase 2 (COX-2), da sintase do tromboxano A2 (TXA2), e do antagonista do receptor TP a contração à NOR foi reduzida apenas nas AMR do grupo OUA. Os co-tratamentos com AAS e NID preveniram a potencialização da HA e a hiper-reatividade à NOR nas AMR dos SHR tratados com OUA. Conclui-se que a OUA via ativação da COX-2 aumenta a síntese de TXA2, o qual via receptor TP potencializa a contração à NOR em AMR e eleva a HA em SHR. / It is well known that chronic ouabain (OUA) treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) increases hypertension (HA) and the sensitivity to phenylephrine in caudal artery rings, thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate if OUA modifies vascular reactivity in mesenteric resistance (MRA) from SHR as well as the possible mechanisms involved. Male, SHR were treated for 5 weeks with: vehicle (CT) or OUA (30 mg/kg/day) or co-treated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA 100 mg/kg/day) or nimesulide (NID 20 mg/kg/day). OUA increased norepinephrine (NOR)-induced contraction in the MRA when compared to CT. In the presence of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and thromboxane A2 synthase (TXA2) inhibitors, and the TP-receptors antagonist NOR-induced contraction was reduced only in the MRA of OUA group. Co-treatment with ASA and NID prevented the increase in HA and the hyperreactivity to NOR in MRA of OUA treated SHR. The results suggested that OUA activates COX-2 that through TXA2/TP-receptors increases NOR-induced contraction and potentiates HA in SHR.

Há evidências que o treinamento induz alterações plásticas e funcionais na alça suprabulbar do controle autonômico cardiovascular, mediados pelos barorreceptores arteriais. O presente estudo objetivou verificar os efeitos da desnervação sino-aórtica associada ou não ao treinamento (T) na expressão de neurônios noradrenérgicos, ocitocinérgicos e vasopressinérgicos, assim como o efeito temporal induzido pelo T. Foi possível constatar que o T aumenta a expressão de dopamina beta-hidroxilase e ocitocina, sem alteração a expressão de vasopressina, e que essas alterações neuropeptídicas precedem ao surgimento das alterações benéficas induzidas pelo T como o aumento da sensibilidade barorreflexa e bradicardia de repouso. Foi possível observar que a desnervação sino-aórtica bloqueia todos esses efeitos benéficos induzidos pelo T, diminuindo a expressão de dopamina beta hidroxilase, vasopressina e ocitocina no PVN. Contudo, esses dados sugerem que a via aferente Noradrenérgica, via barorreceptor, é essencial para ajustes benéficos cardiovasculares. / There is evidence aerobic training (T) determines plastic and functional changes in the suprabulbar modulatory loop of the cardiovascular autonomic control, many of them mediated by arterial baroreceptors. The present study aim to investigate the effects of sinoaortic denervation associated or not to T on noradrenergics, oxitocinergics, vasopressinergics neurons expression, as temporal effects induced by T. It was possible find augment on dopamine beta-hydroxilase and oxytocin expression, without changes on vasopressin expression, and that neuropeptidergic changes preceding appearance of beneficial training-induced, as well the increases baroreflex sensitivity and resting bradycardia. Data also indicate that sinoaortic denervation blocks all of these effects training-induced, decreases of dopamine beta-hidroxylase, vasopressin and oxytocin on the PVN. Therefore, those data suggests that noradrenergic afferents driven by barorreceptors are essencial to trigger beneficial training-induced cardiovascular adjustments.

Existem evidências sobre a queda na síntese de melatonina, principal hormônio produzido pela glândula pineal, associada ao diabetes tipo I. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou verificar se a administração de insulina em animais diabéticos tipo I levaria a normalização na síntese de melatonina. Foi possível constatar a reversão na queda da síntese de melatonina nos animais diabéticos tratados com insulina, enquanto diabéticos sem tratamento revelaram queda na síntese hormonal e no ganho de peso e elevada glicemia. A normalização glicêmica em função do tratamento com insulina parece ser o fator fundamental para o reestabelecimento do nível de AMPc pineal, da proteína e da atividade da AANAT e, por conseqüência, da produção de melatonina na glândula pineal já constatada após 2 dias do início do tratamento com insulina. De tal maneira, a hiperglicemia aparece como o fator responsável pelas alterações observadas na síntese da melatonina. Ainda, essa desregulação pode estar atrelada ao funcionamento inadequado da Na+/K+ATPase na glândula pineal. / There is evidence about the decrease in melatonin, the main hormone produced by pineal gland, production associated with type I diabetes. The aim of the present study was to verify whether the administration of insulin to type I diabetic animals would lead to reversal in the synthesis of melatonin. It was possible to verify the restoration in melatonin synthesis in insulin-treated diabetic animals, while diabetic animals without treatment exhibited a severe reduction in melatonin synthesis, lower weight gain and high blood glucose. The glycemic adjustment due to insulin replacement appears to be crucial for appropriated pineal glands physiology, since insulin-treated animals showed normal AMPc content, AANAT protein levels and activity and, consequently, regular melatonin production, as observed after 2 days from the beginning of insulin treatment. Pineal cell culture corroborates the prejudicial effect of high glucose concentration evaluated in vivo. Such effect might be associated with inappropriate function of Na+/K+ pump.

Há evidências que o treinamento induz alterações plásticas e funcionais na alça suprabulbar do controle autonômico cardiovascular, mediados pelos barorreceptores arteriais. O presente estudo objetivou verificar os efeitos da desnervação sino-aórtica associada ou não ao treinamento (T) na expressão de neurônios noradrenérgicos, ocitocinérgicos e vasopressinérgicos, assim como o efeito temporal induzido pelo T. Foi possível constatar que o T aumenta a expressão de dopamina beta-hidroxilase e ocitocina, sem alteração a expressão de vasopressina, e que essas alterações neuropeptídicas precedem ao surgimento das alterações benéficas induzidas pelo T como o aumento da sensibilidade barorreflexa e bradicardia de repouso. Foi possível observar que a desnervação sino-aórtica bloqueia todos esses efeitos benéficos induzidos pelo T, diminuindo a expressão de dopamina beta hidroxilase, vasopressina e ocitocina no PVN. Contudo, esses dados sugerem que a via aferente Noradrenérgica, via barorreceptor, é essencial para ajustes benéficos cardiovasculares. / There is evidence aerobic training (T) determines plastic and functional changes in the suprabulbar modulatory loop of the cardiovascular autonomic control, many of them mediated by arterial baroreceptors. The present study aim to investigate the effects of sinoaortic denervation associated or not to T on noradrenergics, oxitocinergics, vasopressinergics neurons expression, as temporal effects induced by T. It was possible find augment on dopamine beta-hydroxilase and oxytocin expression, without changes on vasopressin expression, and that neuropeptidergic changes preceding appearance of beneficial training-induced, as well the increases baroreflex sensitivity and resting bradycardia. Data also indicate that sinoaortic denervation blocks all of these effects training-induced, decreases of dopamine beta-hidroxylase, vasopressin and oxytocin on the PVN. Therefore, those data suggests that noradrenergic afferents driven by barorreceptors are essencial to trigger beneficial training-induced cardiovascular adjustments.

Existem evidências sobre a queda na síntese de melatonina, principal hormônio produzido pela glândula pineal, associada ao diabetes tipo I. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou verificar se a administração de insulina em animais diabéticos tipo I levaria a normalização na síntese de melatonina. Foi possível constatar a reversão na queda da síntese de melatonina nos animais diabéticos tratados com insulina, enquanto diabéticos sem tratamento revelaram queda na síntese hormonal e no ganho de peso e elevada glicemia. A normalização glicêmica em função do tratamento com insulina parece ser o fator fundamental para o reestabelecimento do nível de AMPc pineal, da proteína e da atividade da AANAT e, por conseqüência, da produção de melatonina na glândula pineal já constatada após 2 dias do início do tratamento com insulina. De tal maneira, a hiperglicemia aparece como o fator responsável pelas alterações observadas na síntese da melatonina. Ainda, essa desregulação pode estar atrelada ao funcionamento inadequado da Na+/K+ATPase na glândula pineal. / There is evidence about the decrease in melatonin, the main hormone produced by pineal gland, production associated with type I diabetes. The aim of the present study was to verify whether the administration of insulin to type I diabetic animals would lead to reversal in the synthesis of melatonin. It was possible to verify the restoration in melatonin synthesis in insulin-treated diabetic animals, while diabetic animals without treatment exhibited a severe reduction in melatonin synthesis, lower weight gain and high blood glucose. The glycemic adjustment due to insulin replacement appears to be crucial for appropriated pineal glands physiology, since insulin-treated animals showed normal AMPc content, AANAT protein levels and activity and, consequently, regular melatonin production, as observed after 2 days from the beginning of insulin treatment. Pineal cell culture corroborates the prejudicial effect of high glucose concentration evaluated in vivo. Such effect might be associated with inappropriate function of Na+/K+ pump.

The desert-adapted frogs Cyclorana platycephala and Cyclorana maini survive long periods of inhospitably hot and dry conditions by retreating underground and aestivating. While aestivating they suspend food and water intake as well as physical activity, depress their metabolic rate by ~80 %, and form cocoons that protect them against desiccation. How these frogs function during this exceptional state is largely unknown. This work characterized a number of physiological parameters in three metabolic states spanning their natural metabolic range: during aestivation (depressed metabolism), at rest (normal metabolism), and where possible, during exercise (elevated metabolism). The primary objective was to identify by comparison, physiological adjustments in these parameters to metabolic depression, as well as the scope of these parameters in frogs capable of aestivation. The parameters measured for C. maini were (a) the glucose transport kinetics and (b) the fluid balance of an extensive number of their individual organs. For C. platycephala, the parameters measured were (a) the activity of the cardiovascular system as indicated by heart rate and blood pressure and (b) the roles of pulmonary and cutaneous respiratory systems in gas exchange

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 156 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Partindo do pré-suposto que o tratamento crônico de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) com ouabaína (OUA) amplifica a hipertensão arterial (HA) e aumenta a sensibilidade à fenilefrina em anéis de artéria caudal, buscou-se avaliar se esse tratamento modifica a reatividade vascular em artérias mesentéricas de resistência (AMR) e os mecanismos envolvidos. SHR foram tratados por 5 semanas com: veículo (CT) ou OUA (30 mg/kg/dia) ou co-tratados com ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS 100 mg/kg/dia) ou nimesulida (NID 20 mg/kg/dia). OUA aumenta a contração à noradrenalina (NOR) nas AMR dos SHR quando comparado aos CT. Na presença dos inibidores da ciclooxigenase 2 (COX-2), da sintase do tromboxano A2 (TXA2), e do antagonista do receptor TP a contração à NOR foi reduzida apenas nas AMR do grupo OUA. Os co-tratamentos com AAS e NID preveniram a potencialização da HA e a hiper-reatividade à NOR nas AMR dos SHR tratados com OUA. Conclui-se que a OUA via ativação da COX-2 aumenta a síntese de TXA2, o qual via receptor TP potencializa a contração à NOR em AMR e eleva a HA em SHR. / It is well known that chronic ouabain (OUA) treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) increases hypertension (HA) and the sensitivity to phenylephrine in caudal artery rings, thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate if OUA modifies vascular reactivity in mesenteric resistance (MRA) from SHR as well as the possible mechanisms involved. Male, SHR were treated for 5 weeks with: vehicle (CT) or OUA (30 mg/kg/day) or co-treated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA 100 mg/kg/day) or nimesulide (NID 20 mg/kg/day). OUA increased norepinephrine (NOR)-induced contraction in the MRA when compared to CT. In the presence of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and thromboxane A2 synthase (TXA2) inhibitors, and the TP-receptors antagonist NOR-induced contraction was reduced only in the MRA of OUA group. Co-treatment with ASA and NID prevented the increase in HA and the hyperreactivity to NOR in MRA of OUA treated SHR. The results suggested that OUA activates COX-2 that through TXA2/TP-receptors increases NOR-induced contraction and potentiates HA in SHR.

Abstract Knowledge of the effects of maternally administered vasopressors on human fetal and placental haemodynamics is sparse and limited to elective Caesarean deliveries in uncomplicated pregnancies. We hypothesized that, after short-term fetal hypoxaemia, which activates fetal cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms, treatment of maternal hypotension with ephedrine or phenylephrine results in divergent responses in fetal and placental haemodynamics. Chronically instrumented near-term sheep fetuses with either normal placental function or increased placental vascular resistance following placental embolization were exposed to two subsequent periods of decreased fetal oxygenation caused by maternal hypoxaemia and epidural-induced hypotension. The fetuses that underwent placental embolization were also chronically hypoxaemic. Fetal and placental haemodynamics were assessed by invasive techniques and by noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography. Our results show that umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveforms cannot be used to derive information of fetal cardiac function. Furthermore, the changes in placental volume blood flows and vascular resistances caused by maternal vasopressor treatment cannot be reliably recognized based on uterine and umbilical artery pulsatility index values. In response to acute hypoxaemia, a fetus with normal placental function redistributes its right ventricular cardiac output from the pulmonary to the systemic circulation and is able to increase its combined cardiac output, with a concomitant relative decrease in the net forward flow through the aortic isthmus. However, fetal haemodynamic responses to subsequent hypoxaemic insults may vary. Furthermore, the compensatory responses of fetuses with increased placental vascular resistance differ from those of normal fetuses. In these fetuses, repeated episodes of a further decrease in oxygenation lead to lactataemia. The effects of ephedrine on uteroplacental and umbilicoplacental circulations were more favourable than those of phenylephrine. Ephedrine restored the changes in fetal cardiovascular haemodynamics caused by maternal hypotension to the baseline conditions in both embolized and nonembolized fetuses. Phenylephrine did not reverse fetal pulmonary vasoconstriction or the relative decrease in the net forward flow through the aortic isthmus. Moreover, fetal left ventricular function was impaired by phenylephrine. Although no significant differences in fetal acid-base status were observed in fetuses with normal placental function, the lactate concentrations of the embolized fetuses increased further when maternal hypotension was treated with phenylephrine.

O estudo dos aspectos fisiológicos da corrida é importante não somente pela popularidade dessa atividade como também pelo seu papel na manutenção da saúde. Dessa maneira, é interessante identificar marcadores sensíveis aos efeitos agudos e crônicos desse exercício e capazes de, potencialmente, trazer informações sobre o estado fisiológico dos corredores. Nesse contexto, estimadores do controle cardíaco, como a variabilidade cardíaca (VC) e a complexidade cardíaca (CC) (cujos valores, quando baixos, estão associados à problemas de saúde), parecem ser particularmente importantes. No entanto, existem diversas controvérsias e lacunas no estudo da associação desses estimadores com a corrida. Para abordar esse problema, o presente estudo foi dividido em diversas etapas. Em um primeiro momento, foi necessário elaborar uma análise de complexidade cardíaca capaz de consistentemente caracterizar séries temporais. Dessa maneira, foi desenvolvida a a1ApEn, a qual é capaz de corrigir problemas identificados em outras análises não lineares; sendo robusta, consistente e com um tempo computacional adequado. Em seguida, investigou−se o efeito agudo da corrida na VC e na CC em 3 protocolos experimentais (velocidades constantes, crescentes e decrescentes). Foi possível observar que a VC e a CC se correlacionam positivamente com a frequência cardíaca (FC) e que essa relação é melhor observada no protocolo de velocidades crescentes. Nesse protocolo, foi observado, ainda, que uma correlação negativa entre a1ApEn−CC e FC está associada com sedentarismo. Essa correlação foi aprofundada sob a óptica do histórico de treinamento em maratonistas. Nesse contexto, foi possível concluir que a complexidade cardíaca obtida via a1ApEn é capaz de discernir maratonistas em função do tempo treinando para provas de longa duração. Finalmente, em experimentos realizados em velocidade constante, foi observado um componente oscilatório nos resultados tanto de VC quanto de CC. Esse componente é mais proeminente em resultados de CC e está, potencialmente, associado com fatores termorregulatórios. Dessa maneira, as abordagens propostas foram capazes de não apenas trazer diversas informações novas sobre as alterações associadas com a corrida no controle cardíaco mas, também, introduzir metodologias com grande potencial em outros contextos. / A better understanding of the physiological aspects of running is important due to the increasing popularity of this activity and, also, for its role in maintaining health. Therefore, it is interesting to identify markers capable of detecting the acute and chronic effects of this exercise and, potentially, bring additional information about the physiological status of runners. In this context, heart rate control estimators, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate complexity (HRC) (both indexes, when low, are associated with health disorders), appears to be particularly important. Nevertheless, there are several controversies and missing information regarding the association between these estimators and running. To approach these issues, the present study was divided in four parts. First of all, it was necessary to create a HRC analysis capable of consistently characterizing time series. Thereunto, the a1ApEn was developed; a robust, consistent analytical tool with an adequate computational time that is capable of correcting problems that arose in other nonlinear analyses. Next, the acute effect of running in HRV and HRC was investigated utilizing three experimental protocols (constant, increasing and decreasing speeds). HRV and HRC are positively correlated with heart rate (HR), a relationship better observed in the protocol with increasing speeds. In this protocol, it was observed that a negative correlation between a1ApEn−HRC and HR is associated with sedentary. This correlation was further studied under the scope of the training background of marathoners. In this context, it was possible to conclude that the heart rate complexity, obtained through a1ApEn, is capable of discriminating marathoners in regard to the number of years training for long distance running. Finally, in experiments performed at constant speed, it was detected an oscillatory component in the HRV and HRC results. This component is more prominent in the HRC results and is, potentially, associated with termorregulatory factors. To conclude, the proposed approaches are capable of bringing several new information to the study of the effects of running in heart rate control and, moreover, to introduce new methodologies of great potential in other contexts.