There have been many attempts at answering the question of whether the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from aerobic exercise training of a particular muscle group are transferable when exercise is performed with the untrained muscles? Through the use of power spectral analysis (PSA) of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) the present study investigated this question in terms of a training induced modification of neurocardiac control. Fifteen healthy subjects (7 arm trainers & 8 leg trainers) aerobically exercise trained for 9 weeks, 3 sessions/week for 45 minutes/session. Training workload intensities were selected individually to obtain a target training heart rate (HR) between 75-80% HR maximum as determined from the initial pre-training V0₂ₘₐₓ. of the respective limbs. The exercise training program had no effect on supine rest HR, HR V or BPV, or standing HR and HRV. Following training, the arm group demonstrated a significant increase in V0₂ₚₑₐₖ (30.0 ± 1.4 to 34.2 ± 1.8 ml/kg/min.; p<0.05) during arm exercise and a significant reduction in leg exercise V0₂ₚₑₐₖ ( 44.8 ± 2.1 to 41.2 ± 1.6 ml/kg/min.; p<0.05). The leg training group demonstrated a slight post-training increase in leg exercise V0₂ₚₑₐₖ (43.5 ± 1.7 to 44.2 ± 2.4 ml/kg/min.; N.S.) and no change in arm exercise V0₂ₚₑₐₖ. Post-training changes in the maximum power produced during the respective limb group exercise tests corresponded to those of V0₂ₚₑₐₖ results. Mean HR values obtained from the arm trained group during the progressive maximal arm exercise test demonstrated significant post-training reductions at 50 percent (Δ-13 ±3.0 b.p.m.;p<0.05) and 75 percent (Δ-16 ± 5.8 b.p.m.;p<0.05) of the pre-training maximum workload. No change in mean HR was observed during progressive leg exercise in the arm trained group. The leg training group demonstrated non-significant HR reductions in both arm (Δ-3 ± 3.1 b.p.m. at 50% & Δ-6 ± 2.8 b.p.m. at 75%; N.S.) and leg (Δ -6 ± 4.5 b.p.m. at 50% & Δ -9 ± 3.5 b.p.m. at 75%; N.S.) progressive exercise tests. Mean HR and indices of HRV and BPV measured over 15 minutes of recovery following maximal exercise of both limb groups, were unaffected as a result of either training modality. The leg trained group demonstrated non-significant reductions in mean HR during both arm and leg steady-state submaximal exercise tests following training. No significant changes in any HRV components were observed in concordance with these non-significant mean HR reductions. Similarly, the arm trained group failed to demonstrate any significant changes in mean HR or HRV indices during either arm or leg submaximal exercise. Results from the present investigation indicated that a positive exercise training effect had occurred in the arm trained group, while the leg training group demonstrated smaller improvements in exercise performance compared to the arm trainers. Findings from the incremental exercise test further demonstrated the post-training improvements in the arm training group, and negligible improvements within the leg trained group. These improvements, or lack of, were all demonstrated in the mean HR measure with no significant changes in HRV patterns. This would suggest that non-neural factors contributed to most of the post-training adaptations. The discrepancies in results between the two training groups may be attributed firstly to the arm muscles greater potential for peripheral adaptations. Secondly, an inadequate training stimulus for the leg training group probably resulted in their poor post-training improvements. Lastly, the low submaximal exercise test intensities may have limited a clear observation in training improvements of either limb training group. The examination of post-maximal arm and leg exercise recovery failed to disclose any new information on the neurocardiac influences during exercise recovery subsequent to upper or lower limb training. The question of whether training induced neurocardiac control modifications may be transferable between the trained and untrained limbs may still be relevant, but requires more vigorous training of either muscle group. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Orientador: Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco / Banca: Osvaldo Kohlmann Junior / Banca: Paulo Henrique Waib / Banca: Claudia Forjaz / Banca: Beatriz B. Matsuhara / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo, controlado e aleatorio e investigar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento aerobio supervisionado sobre a pressao arterial, funcao vascular, e perfil metabolico-hormonal de hipertensos naomedicados, durante tres meses. Hipertensos sedentarios, com idade de 50(9) anos, foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos na proporcao 2/1, intervencao e controle, respectivamente. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado para 10% erro ƒÀ e 5% erro ƒ¿, para detectar uma diferenca de 3 mL/kg/min no consume pico de oxigenio, com desvio padrao de 3 mL/kg/min, ao teste ergoespirometrico. Apos 3 meses de exercicios, o treinamento aerobio (n = 55, esteira eletrica, 50-75% VO2max, 3-5 sessoes/sem, 45 min/sessao) promoveu um aumento de 12% no VO2max (p = 0,0001), enquanto no grupo controle (n = 24, protocolo isometrico/postural, 3 sessoes/sem, 45 min/sessao) nao se observou mudanca no condicionamento aerobio. O consumo de sal dietetico durante o estudo provavelmente nao se alterou, como indicado pelo sodio urinario de 24 horas. A massa corporal diminuiu nos dois grupos ao final do estudo (p = 0,001 para aerobio e p = 0,03 para controle), assim como o colesterol plasmatico (p = 0,002 para aerobio e p = 0,0498 para controle). Isso pode sugerir uma mudanca voluntaria na dieta, visto nao ter havido orientacao nutricional previa. Ao final do estudo, nos dois grupos, a pressao arterial de 24 horas nao variou significativamente, assim como a elasticidade arterial (tonometria de aplanamento, HDI/PulseWave CR-2000), renina e aldosterona plasmaticos, e metanefrinas urinarias. Somente no grupo aerobio foi observado: diminuicao da resistencia insulinica (HOMA-IR, p = 0,036), diminuicao do cortisol plasmatico (p = 0,006), aumento na hiperemia reativa pos-isquemica (como indice de funcao endotelial, pletismografia de oclusao venosa, p = 0,009), e aumento no fluxo arterial basal de antebraco (pletismografia de oclusao venosa, p = 0,001) / Abstract:The aim of this prospective controlled randomized study was to investigate the effects of 3 months of a supervisioned aerobic training program on blood pressure profile, vascular function, plasma and urine hormones, and metabolic parameters, including HOMA-RI estimation. Sedentary non-medicated hypertensive subjects, aged 50 (9) years, were randomized to intervention/control groups on a 2/1 proportion. The sample size was estimated to provide 90% power at alpha = 0,05 (one-tailed) to detect a 3-mL/kg/min difference in peak oxygen consumption, with a standard deviation of 3 mL/kg/min, at the treadmill ergospyrometric test. After 3 months, the aerobic training (n =55, eletronic treadmill, 50-75% VO2max, 3-5 sessions/wk, 45 min/session) was effective to promote a 12% increase in VO2max (p = 0,0001), while no significant variation was observed in the control (n = 24, postural/isometric protocol) group. As indicated by urinary sodium, dietary sodium probably did not vary during the study. BMI (aerobic p = 0,001 and control p = 0,03) and total cholesterol (aerobic p = 0,002 and control p = 0,0498) decrease both in intervention and control groups, suggesting a voluntary modification in dietary habits during the study, even nutritional orientation was not given. In intervention and control groups, 24-hours blood pressure profile did not significantly modify, as well as arterial compliance (HDI/PulseWave CR-2000 radial tonometry), plasma renin, aldosterone, C-peptide, and urine metanephrines. At the end of this study, in the intervention but not in the control group, was observed: a decrease in insulin resistance (p = 0,036), a decrease in plasma cortisol (p = 0,006), an increase in postischaemic hyperaemia (as an index of endothelial function, p = 0,009), and an increase in basal muscle forearm blood flow (p = 0,001). A significant correlation was found between changes in insulin resistance and endothelial function (R = -0,51, p < 0,04) / Doutor

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 can compromise pulmonary function at all stages of the disease. The present study examined whether there were differences in resting and exercising pulmonary function among sedentary, resistance-trained and aerobically-trained, early symptomatic, HIV-1+ men. Forty five subjects, 15 per group, were enrolled. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed differences in demographics for age [F (2, 42) = 5.14, p<0.01)], weight [F (2, 42) = 4.84, p<0.01)], body mass index [F (2, 42) = 9.50, p<0.01)] and average years HIV-1+ [F (2, 42) = 4.78, p<0.01)]. A multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed differences in resting pulmonary function [F (8, 72) = 7.164, P = 0.01]. Univariate ANOVA's and Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons showed the aerobically-trained group had higher forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) than the resistance-trained and sedentary groups (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively), higher forced vital capacity (FVC) (p<0.01, for both), higher maximum voluntary ventilation (p<0.01, for both) and higher FEV1/FVC ratios than the sedentary group only (p<0.01). The resistance-trained group also showed higher FEV1 (p<0.01) and FEV1/FVC (p<0.01) than the sedentary group. For exercising pulmonary function, significant differences in our MANCOVA were found [F (12, 68) = 12.73, P = 0.001]. Univariate ANOVA's and Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons showed that the aerobically-trained group had higher dyspnea index than the resistance-trained and sedentary groups (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), higher ventilatory efficiency (RR/VE max) than the resistance-trained and sedentary groups (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively), higher maximum minute ventilation (VE max) (p<0.01, for both), higher peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) (p<0.01, for both) and lower dead space (VD/VT) (p<0.01, for both). The resistance-trained group also showed higher peak VO2 (p<0.01), lower VD/VT (p<0.01) and lower RR/VE max (p<0.01) than the sedentary group. Results suggest that aerobically-trained, and to a lesser extent, resistance-trained seropositives possessed superior resting and exercising pulmonary function compared to sedentary seropositive males.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_mi_dr_botfm.pdf: 902862 bytes, checksum: 001613f0a5340b1581c25e832b4433c8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo, controlado e aleatorio e investigar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento aerobio supervisionado sobre a pressao arterial, funcao vascular, e perfil metabolico-hormonal de hipertensos naomedicados, durante tres meses. Hipertensos sedentarios, com idade de 50(9) anos, foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos na proporcao 2/1, intervencao e controle, respectivamente. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado para 10% erro À e 5% erro ¿, para detectar uma diferenca de 3 mL/kg/min no consume pico de oxigenio, com desvio padrao de 3 mL/kg/min, ao teste ergoespirometrico. Apos 3 meses de exercicios, o treinamento aerobio (n = 55, esteira eletrica, 50-75% VO2max, 3-5 sessoes/sem, 45 min/sessao) promoveu um aumento de 12% no VO2max (p = 0,0001), enquanto no grupo controle (n = 24, protocolo isometrico/postural, 3 sessoes/sem, 45 min/sessao) nao se observou mudanca no condicionamento aerobio. O consumo de sal dietetico durante o estudo provavelmente nao se alterou, como indicado pelo sodio urinario de 24 horas. A massa corporal diminuiu nos dois grupos ao final do estudo (p = 0,001 para aerobio e p = 0,03 para controle), assim como o colesterol plasmatico (p = 0,002 para aerobio e p = 0,0498 para controle). Isso pode sugerir uma mudanca voluntaria na dieta, visto nao ter havido orientacao nutricional previa. Ao final do estudo, nos dois grupos, a pressao arterial de 24 horas nao variou significativamente, assim como a elasticidade arterial (tonometria de aplanamento, HDI/PulseWave CR-2000), renina e aldosterona plasmaticos, e metanefrinas urinarias. Somente no grupo aerobio foi observado: diminuicao da resistencia insulinica (HOMA-IR, p = 0,036), diminuicao do cortisol plasmatico (p = 0,006), aumento na hiperemia reativa pos-isquemica (como indice de funcao endotelial, pletismografia de oclusao venosa, p = 0,009), e aumento no fluxo arterial basal de antebraco (pletismografia de oclusao venosa, p = 0,001) / The aim of this prospective controlled randomized study was to investigate the effects of 3 months of a supervisioned aerobic training program on blood pressure profile, vascular function, plasma and urine hormones, and metabolic parameters, including HOMA-RI estimation. Sedentary non-medicated hypertensive subjects, aged 50 (9) years, were randomized to intervention/control groups on a 2/1 proportion. The sample size was estimated to provide 90% power at alpha = 0,05 (one-tailed) to detect a 3-mL/kg/min difference in peak oxygen consumption, with a standard deviation of 3 mL/kg/min, at the treadmill ergospyrometric test. After 3 months, the aerobic training (n =55, eletronic treadmill, 50-75% VO2max, 3-5 sessions/wk, 45 min/session) was effective to promote a 12% increase in VO2max (p = 0,0001), while no significant variation was observed in the control (n = 24, postural/isometric protocol) group. As indicated by urinary sodium, dietary sodium probably did not vary during the study. BMI (aerobic p = 0,001 and control p = 0,03) and total cholesterol (aerobic p = 0,002 and control p = 0,0498) decrease both in intervention and control groups, suggesting a voluntary modification in dietary habits during the study, even nutritional orientation was not given. In intervention and control groups, 24-hours blood pressure profile did not significantly modify, as well as arterial compliance (HDI/PulseWave CR-2000 radial tonometry), plasma renin, aldosterone, C-peptide, and urine metanephrines. At the end of this study, in the intervention but not in the control group, was observed: a decrease in insulin resistance (p = 0,036), a decrease in plasma cortisol (p = 0,006), an increase in postischaemic hyperaemia (as an index of endothelial function, p = 0,009), and an increase in basal muscle forearm blood flow (p = 0,001). A significant correlation was found between changes in insulin resistance and endothelial function (R = -0,51, p < 0,04)

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett folkhälsoproblem som sprider sig alltmer i samhället. Vida diskuterat och efterforskat så uppstår nya metoder konstant för att förhindra denna spridning. Den mängd med olika träningsformer och dieter som finns kan anses vara oändlig. I denna litteraturöversikt undersöks en träningsform, styrketräning, om denna kan vara en metod att hjälpa förhindra ytterligare spridning av övervikt och fetma. Syfte: Syftet med den här litteraturöversikten är att beskriva effekten av styrketräning som medel för viktminskning. Effekten av både styrketräning som enskild faktor och styrketräning i kombination med förbättrade kostvanor och konditionsträning kommer beskrivas. Metod: Metoden är en litteraturöversikt där tidigare forskning används för att uppnå syftet med studien. 10 artiklar har analyserats och sammanställts för att uppnå syftet.Resultat: I enstaka studier visade styrketräning ingen effekt alls i syftet att uppnå viktminskning, dock i majoriteten av artiklarna påvisades positiva resultat, ofta jämlika med andra populära träningsformer såsom konditionsträning. Bästa resultaten i syfte att uppnå viktminskning uppnåddes då styrketräning kombinerades med konditionsträning och ändrade kostvanor. Dessa resultat var dock oftast endast marginellt bättre än när de olika träningsmetoderna utfördes enskilt.Slutsats: Styrketräning som medel för viktminskning är ofta jämlikt med konditionsträning som är en av de vanligare träningsformerna för att uppnå viktminskning. Större effekt uppstår om dessa träningsmetoder kombineras med varandra och med ändrade kostvanor. Att kombinera konditionsträning med styrketräning kan vara ett starkt komplement för bryta ett monotont träningsmönster och öka motivationen. / Background: Overweight and obesity is a public health problem that is spreading in our society. Being greatly discussed and researched there is new methods being developed constantly in an attempt to hinder the spreading. The vast amount of different training programs and diets can seem endless. In this literature review a form of training, resistance training, is examined if it can be a method of hindering the spread of overweight and obesity. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to describe the effect of resistance training as a mean to achieve weight loss. The effect of both resistance training alone and resistance training combined with aerobic training and changed dietary habits will be described. Method: The method is a literature review where previous research is examined to achieve the aim of this literature review. Results: In some few articles there was no sign of any effect on weight loss using resistance training, although, in the majority of the articles there were positive results, often equal those of the more popular forms of training such as aerobic training. The best results for the cause of achieving weight loss were shown when resistance training was combined with aerobic training and changed dietary habits. These results were however only marginally better than when the different methods of training were performed individually. Conclusion: Resistance training as a mean to achieve weight loss is often equal to theuse of aerobic training, which is one of the more popular methods of training to achieve weight loss.The greatest effect is given if these training methods are combined with each other and with changed dietary habits. Combining aerobic training with resistance training can be a strong complement to break a monotonous training habit and increasing the motivation.

Há evidências que o treinamento induz alterações plásticas e funcionais na alça suprabulbar do controle autonômico cardiovascular, mediados pelos barorreceptores arteriais. O presente estudo objetivou verificar os efeitos da desnervação sino-aórtica associada ou não ao treinamento (T) na expressão de neurônios noradrenérgicos, ocitocinérgicos e vasopressinérgicos, assim como o efeito temporal induzido pelo T. Foi possível constatar que o T aumenta a expressão de dopamina beta-hidroxilase e ocitocina, sem alteração a expressão de vasopressina, e que essas alterações neuropeptídicas precedem ao surgimento das alterações benéficas induzidas pelo T como o aumento da sensibilidade barorreflexa e bradicardia de repouso. Foi possível observar que a desnervação sino-aórtica bloqueia todos esses efeitos benéficos induzidos pelo T, diminuindo a expressão de dopamina beta hidroxilase, vasopressina e ocitocina no PVN. Contudo, esses dados sugerem que a via aferente Noradrenérgica, via barorreceptor, é essencial para ajustes benéficos cardiovasculares. / There is evidence aerobic training (T) determines plastic and functional changes in the suprabulbar modulatory loop of the cardiovascular autonomic control, many of them mediated by arterial baroreceptors. The present study aim to investigate the effects of sinoaortic denervation associated or not to T on noradrenergics, oxitocinergics, vasopressinergics neurons expression, as temporal effects induced by T. It was possible find augment on dopamine beta-hydroxilase and oxytocin expression, without changes on vasopressin expression, and that neuropeptidergic changes preceding appearance of beneficial training-induced, as well the increases baroreflex sensitivity and resting bradycardia. Data also indicate that sinoaortic denervation blocks all of these effects training-induced, decreases of dopamine beta-hidroxylase, vasopressin and oxytocin on the PVN. Therefore, those data suggests that noradrenergic afferents driven by barorreceptors are essencial to trigger beneficial training-induced cardiovascular adjustments.

Nos últimos anos, o treinamento aeróbio vem sendo empregado como forma de recuperação da marcha em pessoas pós-acidente vascular cerebral. O objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio em piscina e em esteira rolante na marcha de indivíduos hemiparéticos crônicos. Participaram 12 pessoas, randomizadas por sorteio para Grupo Piscina e Grupo Esteira. Para as avaliações funcionais, os testes e escalas foram divididos de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde: Avaliação Fugl-Meyer; a Escala de equilíbrio de Berg, Escala de avaliação do controle postural para pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral, Timed Up and Go Test e o Questionário de qualidade de vida SF-36. Na avaliação biomecânica foram avaliados os parâmetros cinemáticos de amplitude de movimento, ângulo mínimo e máximo da articulação do joelho e tornozelo e parâmetros eletromiográficos (EMG) dos músculos tibial anterior, gastrocnêmio lateral, reto da coxa, vasto lateral, bíceps da coxa, semitendíneo. Foi realizada análise de variância para inferir o efeito do treinamento aeróbio em ambos os grupos. Para estudar o comportamento das variáveis eletromiográficas em função das avaliações funcionais foi realizada a análise de regressão linear múltipla. O treinamento aeróbio melhorou o comprometimento sensório-motor, equilíbrio, agilidade e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde dos participantes de ambos os grupos, como alterações nos padrões eletromiográficos dos músculos na locomoção dos participantes de ambos os grupos. Não houve efeito do treinamento aeróbio para os parâmetros cinemáticos das articulações analisadas. Houve a fraca relação entre os parâmetros EMG e as variáveis funcionais. Os participantes foram beneficiados pela prática do treinamento aeróbio que propiciou a melhora da funcionalidade dos participantes, independente do meio o qual foi realizado / Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in the world. Clearly, walking retraining is a major goal in a rehabilitation program for person with stroke. Our study was designed to evaluate the effect of a training program involving both treadmill and aquatic walking to reduce the disability due to poor walking performance in chronic stroke persons. Twelve participants were randomly assigned to treadmill group and aquatic group for the 9 week program (3 days/week) progressive graded, high-intensity aerobic treadmill exercise or aquatic exercise. Data from functional assessments were selected according to levels of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Fulg-Meyer scale to body function, Brazilian Berg balance scale, Timed and up & go test and The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients to activity and Medical Outcomes Study short-form 36-item questionnaire (SF-36) to participation. Biomechanical data were the lower limb kinematic variables (peak and minimal angle and maximal range) and surface electromyogram signals was recorded from tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and semitendinosus bilaterally during gait. A five-way analysis of variance was performed to test for differences among groups, phases, muscles, sides and gait phases. Multiple linear regression models were ran to examine the relationships between functional assessment and the electromyography variables. The aerobic training improved the functional variables in both groups. The electromyography variables showed influence of the training program in both groups. Weak relationship exists between functional assessment and the electromyography variables. The aerobic training programs in chronic hemiparetic stroke were beneficial and improving functional status in stroke person for both groups

INTRODUÇÃO: O modelo ideal de treinamento para promover melhores adaptações metabólicas e cardiopulmonares em crianças obesas permanece incerto. Em adultos, evidências sugerem que o exercício intermitente de alta intensidade e baixo volume seja uma estratégia eficiente na promoção dessas adaptações quando comparado ao exercício contínuo de grande volume e moderada intensidade. OBJETIVO: Comparar duas modalidades de treinamento físico (Treinamento Contínuo [TC] e Treinamento Intermitente de Alta Intensidade [TI]) nos parâmetros relacionados à saúde de crianças obesas entre 8 e 12 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Trinta crianças obesas foram aleatoriamente alocadas em dois grupos: TC ou TI. O grupo TC realizou exercício contínuo com duração de 30 a 60 minutos a 80% da frequência cardíaca correspondente ao VO2 pico. O grupo TI realizou 3 a 6 sprints de 60 segundos de duração a 100% da velocidade pico atingida no teste, intercalados por 3 minutos de recuperação ativa a 50% da velocidade pico. A sessão do TI foi aproximadamente 70% mais curta do que a sessão do TC. Antes do iniciar o treinamento e após 12 semanas de intervenção, foram avaliados os parâmetros metabólicos, a composição corporal e a capacidade aeróbia dos voluntários. RESULTADOS: O VO2 absoluto (TC: 26,0%; TI: 19,0%) e o VO2 pico (TC: 13,1%; TI: 14,6%) foram significantemente maiores em ambos os grupos após a intervenção. Além disso, o tempo total de exercício (TC: 19,5%; TI: 16,4%) e a velocidade pico durante o teste cardiopulmonar (TC: 16,9%; TI: 13,4%) aumentaram significantemente com os treinamentos. Houve redução significante, em ambos os grupos, nos níveis de insulina (TC: 29,4%; TI: 30,5%) e no índice HOMA (TC: 42,8%; TI: 37,0%). A massa magra foi significantemente reduzida no grupo TI (2,6%), porém não foi observada a mesma redução no grupo TC (1,2%). Os dois grupos apresentaram uma redução significante do IMC após a intervenção (TC: 3,0%; TI: 5,0%). A análise de responsividade revelou um padrão similar de resposta para a maioria das variáveis em ambos os grupos, sendo as variáveis relacionadas à aptidão cardiovascular as mais responsivas. CONCLUSÃO: TI e TC foram igualmente eficazes na melhora dos parâmetros relacionados à saúde em crianças obesas. / INTRODUCTION: The optimal training model that elicits greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations in obese children remains unclear. In adults, there is evidence suggesting that low-volume sprint interval training (HIT) is a time-efficient strategy to induce metabolic adaptations that are comparable to high-volume traditional endurance training (ET). PURPOSE: To compare two modalities of exercise training (i.e., Endurance Training [ET] and High- Intensity Interval Training [HIT]) on health-related parameters in obese children aged between 8 and 12 years. METHODS: Thirty obese children were randomly allocated into either the ET or HIT group. The ET group performed a 30 to 60-minute continuous exercise at 80% of the peak heart rate (HR). The HIT group training performed 3 to 6 sets of 60-s sprint at 100% of the peak velocity interspersed by a 3-min active recovery period at 50% of the exercise velocity. HIT sessions last ~70% less than ET sessions. At baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention, aerobic fitness, body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Both the absolute (ET: 26.0%; HIT: 19.0%) and the relative VO2 peak (ET: 13.1%; HIT: 14.6%) were significantly increased in both groups after the intervention. Additionally, the total time of exercise (ET: 19.5%; HIT: 16.4%) and the peak velocity during the maximal graded cardiorespiratory test (ET: 16.9%; HIT: 13.4%) were significantly improved across interventions. Insulinemia (ET: 29.4%; HIT: 30.5%) and HOMA-index (ET: 42.8%; HIT: 37.0%) were significantly lower for both groups at POST when compared to PRE. Body mass was significantly reduced in the HIT (2.6%), but not in the ET group (1.2%). A significant reduction in BMI was observed for both groups after the intervention (ET: 3.0%; HIT: 5.0%). The responsiveness analysis revealed a very similar pattern of the most responsive variables among groups. CONCLUSION: HIT and ET were equally effective in improving important health related parameters in obese youth.

O treinamento aeróbio de forma crônica está correlacionado com menor grau de inflamação e pode ser considerado um dos principais responsáveis por criar condições favoráveis para o equilíbrio intestinal. A mucosa do intestino consiste em uma monocamada de células epiteliais com função principal de absorção de nutrientes e formação de barreira contra entrada de potenciais antígenos que podem prejudicar sua função. A permeabilidade da barreira intestinal pode ser controlada por diferentes processos. Um aumento de antígenos luminais como lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) pode gerar um aumento na permeabilidade paracelular através de quebra das principais proteínas de função barreira, claudina e ocludina, ativando o sistema imune local, levando a um processo de inflamação e dano do tecido. Essas alterações da função barreira estão ligadas com algumas doenças como a doença inflamatória intestinal e o câncer. Por essa razão, faz-se necessário entender o papel do exercício físico na regulação da integridade da mucosa intestinal e seu efeito terapêutico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito do treinamento aeróbio sobre a morfologia e função barreira da mucosa intestinal em ratos wistar. Na primeira etapa, os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 1 - controle sedentário (CTRL), grupo 2 - treinado (T) e desenvolvido um treinamento aeróbio durante 8 semanas com uma carga correspondente a 65% da velocidade máxima atingida no teste de exercício físico progressivo até a exaustão, por 60 minutos durante 5 vezes por semana. 9 O treinamento físico promoveu uma maior perda de peso nos animais treinados sem aumento do consumo de ração comparado com animais sedentários. A segunda etapa ocorreu após o período de treinamento para um tratamento com 3 dias de injeção de LPS intraperitoneal. Os animais foram divididos em 4 subgrupos: grupo 1 - controle sedentário (CTRL), grupo 2 - treinado (T), grupo 3 - controle sedentário com LPS (CTRL + LPS) e grupo 4 - treinado com LPS (treinado + LPS). Os animais sedentários com LPS apresentaram uma maior perda de peso e menor consumo de ração além de maior perda de altura das vilosidades intestinais em detrimento ao maior grau de inflamação com aumento também de infiltrados no cólon. Em contrapartida, o treinamento físico apresentou um efeito protetor sobre a perda de peso e as vilosidades intestinais observados nos animais treinados com LPS. Além disso, foi analisado a expressão gênica de algumas interleucinas pró e anti-inflamatórias (IL 1?, IL 6, IL 10 e IL 23) e os genes para claudina 1 e ocludina. O principal aumento foi observado no perfil gênico da IL23 uma citocina pró inflamatória e da claudina 1 nos animais sedentários com LPS em comparação ao controle como uma ação compensatória para reparação da permeabilidade intestinal e função barreira. Juntos, esses resultados apoiam a hipótese de que o treinamento físico é um fator importante para proteção da integridade da mucosa e função barreira intestinal / Chronic aerobic training correlates with low level of inflammation and is considered one of the main factors in creating favorable conditions for intestinal balance. The intestinal mucosa consists of a monolayer of epithelial cells whose the main function is to absorb nutrients and form a barrier against entry of potential antigens that may impair its function. Different processes control the permeability of the intestinal barrier. An increase in luminal antigens such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) may lead to an increase in paracellular permeability through the breakdown of the main barrier proteins, claudin and occludin, activating the local immune system, leading to a process of inflammation and tissue damage. These changes in barrier function are linked to some pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. For this reason, it is necessary to understand the role of physical exercise in regulating the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and its therapeutic effect. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on the morphology and barrier function of the intestinal mucosa in wistar rats. For the first stage of this project, animals were separated into 2 groups: group 1 - sedentary control (CTRL), group 2 - trained (T) which involved 8 weeks of aerobic training, five sessions of one hour, with a load corresponding to 65% of the maximum speed attained in a progressive exercise test to exhaustion. Physical training promoted weight loss in trained animals without increased 11 feed intake compared to sedentary animals. The second stage of this project was performed after the training period and involved 3 days of intraperitoneal LPS injections. The animals were separated into 4 subgroups: group 1 - sedentary control (CTRL), group 2 - trained (T), group 3 - sedentary control with LPS (CTRL + LPS) and group 4 - trained with LPS (trained + LPS). Sedentary LPS animals presented greater weight loss and lower feed intake, as well as greater height loss of intestinal villi, a higher degree of inflammation and also increased colon infiltrates. In contrast, physical training had a protective effect on weight loss and intestinal villi in animals who trained and received LPS. In addition, gene expression of some pro and anti-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1?, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-23) and the genes for claudin 1 and occludin were analyzed. The main increase was shown in the gene profile of IL23 a proinflammatory cytokine and claudin 1 in sedentary with LPS animals as a compensatory action for repair of intestinal permeability and barrier function. Together, these results support the hypothesis that physical training is an important factor for protection of mucosal integrity and intestinal barrier function