This study examined the acute and chronic responses of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cathepsin B (CatB), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and if changes in these biomarkers were correlated during resistance training. Fourteen resistance trained men performed resistance training 3 days per week for 6 weeks in two groups. The only difference between groups was the proximity to failure of each set (4-6 repetitions in reserve or 1-3 repetitions in reserve). Serum was collected immediately before and after training on day 1 of weeks 1 and 6. There were no significant group interactions for any of the biomarkers assessed, there were no main effects for time (p>0.05), and no significant correlations were observed between any of the biomarkers. However, a significant main effect for exercise for BDNF (p=0.03) and IL-6 (p=0.003) was observed. For CatB, a significant exercise × time (p=0.002) interaction was observed, indicating differences in the acute change of CatB in week 6 (+15.78%; g=0.25) vs. week 1 (-7.46%; g=0.13). In summary, these results suggest that multi-joint resistance exercise far from failure can confer a BDNF response. This investigation is the first to demonstrate the potential for acute resistance exercise to elicit a transient increase in CatB. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2021. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This study examined the effect of resistance training proximity to failure on strength, muscle hypertrophy, and fatigue. Fourteen men were randomized into two groups (4-6 rating of perceived exertion-RPE per set or 7-9 RPE per set) and completed an eight-week program. Squat and bench press strength, muscle thickness, subjective fatigue, muscle soreness, and biomarkers (creatine kinase-CK and lactate dehydrogenase-LDH) were assessed. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the rate of strength gains and equivalence testing revealed hypertrophy was not statistically similar nor different. All results for indirect markers of muscle damage and fatigue indicated similar recovery between groups within 48 hours; however, a small between group effect size (g=0.39) existed indicating higher session RPE in the 7-9 RPE group across the entire training program. These results suggest that strength and possibly hypertrophy outcomes are similar when training each set to 4-6 RPE or 7-9 RPE in trained men. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2021. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This study examined the accuracy of predicting back squat and bench press one repetition maximum (1RM) from submaximal average concentric velocity (ACV).Seventeen resistance trained men performed a warm-up and 1RM test on the squat and bench press, in which ACV was assessed on all repetitions. The ACVs during the warmup closest to 1.0 and 0.5 m.s-1 were used in a 2-point linear regression forecast of 1RM and the ACVs established at the loads closest to 20, 50, 70, and 80% of 1RM were used in a 4-point 1RM prediction. An ANOVA indicated significant differences between predicted and actual 1RM for all predictions (p<0.001). Both Bland-Altman and Mountain plots confirmed the findings of the ANOVA as data were not tightly conformed to the respective zero difference lines. Therefore, these results suggest that a linear regression forecast using submaximal ACV does not accurately predict 1RM in the ¬back squat and bench press. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This study examined the relationship between average concentric velocity (ACV) and repetitions in reserve (RIR) in the back squat, bench press, and deadlift. Fourteen resistance-trained men performed three experimental sessions (one for each exercise), which was comprised of 4 sets to failure at 80% of one-repetition maximum. The ACV was recorded on every repetition of every set and cross-referenced with RIR. The main findings of this study were that RIR was a significant predictor of ACV for all three exercises; the mean set ACV was significantly different between exercises (p<0.001); and the relationship between RIR and ACV was set-dependent (p<0.001). However, the within-exercise difference in ACV from set-to-set is unlikely to be practically significant as all of these ACV differences were below the threshold of 0.06 m.s-1, which is the smallest worthwhile change in ACV. Therefore, these results suggest that the RIR/ACV relationship is exercise-specific, and is stable from set-to-set. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The molecular events that promote or inhibit specific training adaptations (i.e. skeletal muscle hypertrophy or mitochondrial biogenesis) are not completely understood. Accordingly, there is a need to better define both the acute and chronic responses to divergent exercise stimuli in order to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms that ultimately determine skeletal muscle phenotype. Therefore, the primary aims of the studies undertaken for this thesis were to examine the acute molecular adaptation responses in skeletal muscle following resistance and endurance training. In order to determine the acute molecular events following repeated bouts of exercise, the study described in Chapter Two compared a high-frequency stacked training regimen designed to generate a summation of transient exercise-induced signalling responses with a conventional-frequency resistance training protocol. Groups (n= 6) of Sprague-Dawley rats performed either high-frequency training (four exercise bouts consisting of 3 - 10 repetitions separated by 3 h) or conventional-frequency training (three exercise bouts consisting of 4 - 10 repetitions with 48 h between sessions). Protocols were matched for total work, and repetitions were performed at 75% one-repetition maximum with 3 min recovery between sets. White quadriceps muscle was extracted 3 h after every training bout, and 24 and 48 h following the final exercise session of each protocol. AKT phosphorylation was significantly decreased 3 h following the 2nd bout of high-frequency training, an effect that persisted until 48 h after the final exercise bout (P less than 0.05), while the phosphorylation state of this kinase was unchanged with conventional training. These results suggest that high-frequency training suppressed IGF-1 mediated signalling. Furthermore, high-frequency training generated sustained and coordinated increases in TNFá and IKK phosphorylation (P less than 0.05), indicating an extended response of inflammatory signalling pathways. Conversely, and irrespective of an initial increase after the first bout of exercise, TNFá signalling ultimately returned to control Abstract values by DAY 5 of conventional-frequency training, indicative of a rapid adaptation to the exercise stimulus. Notably, despite differential AKT activation there were similar increases in p70 S6K phosphorylation with both training protocols. These results indicate high-frequency resistance training extends the transient activation of inflammatory cytokine-mediated signalling and results in a persistent suppression of AKT phosphorylation, but these events do not appear to inhibit kinase activity proximal to translation initiation. The aim of the study described in Chapter Three was to determine the effect of prior training history on selected signalling responses after an acute bout of resistance and endurance exercise. Following 24 h diet / exercise control 13 male subjects (7 strength-trained and 6 endurance-trained) performed a random order of either resistance (8 x 5 maximal leg extensions) or endurance exercise (1 h cycling at 70% peak O2 uptake). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at rest, immediately and 3 h post-exercise. AMPK phosphorylation increased after cycling in strength-trained, but not endurance-trained subjects (P less than 0.05). Conversely, AMPK was elevated following resistance exercise in endurance-, but not strength-trained subjects (P less than 0.05). Thus, AMPK was elevated only when subjects undertook a bout of exercise in a mode of training to which they were unaccustomed. Surprisingly, there was no change in AKT phosphorylation following resistance exercise regardless of the training background of the subjects. In the absence of increased AKT phosphorylation, resistance exercise induced an increase in p70 S6K and ribosomal S6 protein phosphorylation in endurance-trained but not strength-trained subjects (Pless than 0.05). AKT phosphorylation was increased in endurance-trained, but not strength-trained subjects after cycling (P less than 0.05). These results show that a degree of signalling

Orientador: Angelina Zanesco / Banca: Cláudio Alexandre Gobatto / Banca: Gilberto de Nucci / Banca: Vilma Baldissera / Banca: Edson Antunes / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito agudo dos exercícios resistidos com pesos sobre os níveis basais de leptinas adiponectina, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, perfil lipídico, variáveis antropométricas, glicemia, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, frequência cardíaca, duplo produto e creatina cinase em adultos não treinados. Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de de Ética do Instituto de Biociências da UNESP de Rio Claro. Vinte e cinco indivíduos foram selecionados dentro dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, sendo 11 homens e 14 mulheres (idade 29,54§2,7 e 23,61§2,02 anos), respectivamente. Avaliação antropométrica para obtenção do IMC, da relação cintura-quadril e da composição corporal foram realizadas. O protocolo de exercícios consistiu de duas sessões, com 48 horas de intervalo, com nove exercícios para os principais grupos musculares, sendo utilizado um regime de 3 séries de 12 repetições com a carga determinada em testes prévios. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi de 26,5 e 22 kg/m2, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O somatório dos pesos utilizados nos exercícios do protocolo foi signicativamente maior (P < 0,05) para o grupo masculino do que para o feminino (352,81§25,79 kg versus 185,69§12,96 kg). O percentual de gordura corporal foi signicativamente menor para o grupo masculino em relação ao feminino. Houve diminuição signicativa nos níveis de glicose para ambos os grupos, em torno de 40% (masculino: de 104§3 para 61§1 mg/dL, e feminino: de 99§2 para 61§2 mg/dL) e colesterol total (12%) para ambos os grupos (masculino: de 174§10 para 152§12 mg/dL, e feminino: de 200§8 para 175§10 mg/dL) / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efect acute of resistance training on the blood pressure, percentage of body fat, creatine kinase, glycemia, lipid profile, leptin, adiponectin, and tumour necrosis factor levels in healthy volunteers. This study was approved by the policies and ethical Committee of the Institute of Bioscience from UNESP. Twenty five volunteers, 11 men (age 29§33 years) and 14 women (23§2 years) were eligible. The training protocol consisted of 2 bouts with 9 different exercises: leg press 45l, supine bench press, lat pull down, bilateral knee-extension, bilateral knee flexion, triceps pulley, standing free-weight biceps curl, dumbbell side shoulders raise and abdominal. Resistance exercises were performed at 12RM with 3 sets of 12 repetitions, resting time of 2 minutes between one exercise and the next. The body mass index (BMI) was 26.5 and 22 kg/m2, for men and women, respectively. The work load was signicantly higher in men (P < 0,05) as compared to women (352,81§25,79 kg versus 185,69§12,96 kg). Men exhibited lesser values for percentage of body fat and skinfold thickness than women. Blood glucose and total cholesterol levels were signicantly reduced in both groups approximately 40% and 12% after resistive exercise (glucose men: from 104§3 to 61§1 mg/dL, and women from 99§2 to 61§2 mg/dL and total cholesterol men from 174§10 to 152§12 mg/dL, and women from 200§8 to 175§10 mg/dL). On the other hand, triglycerides levels were reduced only in men group (31% from 125§19 to 86§10 mg/dL), whereas LDL cholesterol (from 129§7 to 102§11 mg/dL) and serum leptin (from 20.20§2.99 to 15.55§2.55 ng/mL) was diminished in women group. In both groups, the resistive exercise provokes increase in creatine kinase (men from 152,12§45,55 to 727,84§287,64 U/L and women from 51,54§3,57 to 1192§404,83 U/L) / Doutor

With the aging of the baby boom population and an increased life expectancy, individuals aged 65 years and older are the fastest growing segment of our population. Aging brings about changes in skeletal muscle such as reduced muscle strength and mass, as well as cellular deficits such as increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) deletions and mutations. Muscle mass declines at a rate of 1-2% each year after the age of 50, leading to muscle weakness, functional impairments, loss of independence, and an increase in falls. Additional declines in muscle mass and reduced muscle strength may result in a lower resting metabolic rate, reduced lipid oxidative capacity, increased adiposity, and insulin resistance. The rising number of individuals aged 65+ will increase demands on health care and health care costs, possibly leading to inadequate public resources and less care for the aged. This large societal impact, coupled with the aging of our population, suggests a clear need for methods that will improve the aging phenotype to enhance functionality, quality of life, and overall health for our aging population. This investigation aspires to delve into a relatively unexplored area of aging research and evaluate potential means that could help improve the aging phenotype. The associated mitochondrial impairments, mitochondrial mediated apoptosis, and mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) deletions and mutations that accompany aging lead to a decline in physical fitness and oxidative capacity, and exercise has been shown to reverse or help prevent many of these disturbances. Resistance exercise training (RT) is currently the most effective known strategy to stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increase strength. Strength gains after RT lead to an improvement in activities of daily living and quality of life. There is some evidence suggesting that RT may lead to increased antioxidant enzyme capacity, decreased ROS production and increased electron transport chain (ETC) function in older individuals. The present study will lay a foundation for future research and further developments in the area of RT, mitochondrial function and aging. / Ph. D.

This study examined the longitudinal relationship between repetitions in reserve (RIR) and average concentric velocity (ACV) in the back squat and bench press exercises. Fourteen resistance-trained men were randomized into two groups (4-6RIR or 1-3RIR) and completed a six-week program. The RIR/ACV slope was significantly greater (p<0.001) in the bench press (0.027±}0.001m.s-1) than squat (0.020±}0.001m.s-1), and was steeper in 1-3RIR than 4-6RIR (p<0.001). The RIR/ACV relationship varied from set-to-set (p=0.001); however, the largest difference in ACV at the same RIR from set-to-set was only 0.044 m.s-1; likely not practically meaningful. The RIR/ACV relationship changed over time (p=0.004); however, since training was not to failure, it is unclear if this longitudinal change was due to improved RIR accuracy or a true change in the RIR/ACV relationship. Therefore, the RIR/ACV relationship is exercise-specific and practically stable from set-to-set; however, future research is needed to determine the long-term stability of this relationship. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2021. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Eight men and 8 women trained 3 days/ week for 16 weeks by doing attempted ballistic unilateral ankle dorsiflexions against resistance which either rendered the resultant contraction isometric (one limb) or allowed a relatively high velocity (joint angular velocity of 5.23 rad.s- 1 ) isokinetic concentric contraction (other limb). Training sessions consisted of 5 sets of 10 contractions of each type. Pre and post-training tests of peak torque at 0, 0.26, 0.52, 1.04, 1.55, 3.02, 4.19, 5.23 rad.s-1 indicated a velocity specific training response (p<0.01), with increases of -5.9, 5.6, 8.6, 15.3, 13.9, 14.1, 19.3, and 27.4% respectively. In a separate test, maximal voluntary isometric peak torque (6 .1%) and maximum rates of torque development (20.4%) and relaxation (31.5%) increased after training (p<0.01). Electrically evoked isometric tetanic peak torque and rate of torque relaxation did not change but rate of torque development increased 12. 6% ( p<0. 01). Evoked peak twitch torque did not change but time to peak torque and 1/2 relaxation time decreased 6.2 and 11.9% respectively (p<0.01). Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the agonist tibialis anterior (TA) during test contractions showed no change in integrated EMG, but there was an increase (14.6%, p<0.05) in antagonist soleus (S) EMG from mid-test to post-test. The velocity specific response to the isometric and isokinetic concentric training modes was the same, indicating that it was the intent to make a ballistic contraction, rather than the resultant velocity of contraction, that determined the velocity specific response. The data also suggest that both neural and muscular adaptations contributed to the velocity specific training response / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

This research investigated the relationship between exercise training and cathepsin B expression in the 3xTg-AD murine model of Alzheimer’s disease. 3xTg-AD mice were assigned to control (Tg, n=10), aerobic training (Tg+AT, n=10), or resistance training (Tg+RT, n=10). RotaRod peak latency and grip strength were assessed as preand post-measurements. Skeletal muscle was collected after training and analyzed for cathepsin B protein. Tg+RT showed greater grip strength than Tg and Tg+AT at posttesting (p ≤ 0.05). Only Tg+AT showed an improvement in RotaRod peak latency (p ≤ 0.05). Gastrocnemius weight was greater in Tg+RT compared to Tg (p ≤ 0.05), and no differences were observed in cathepsin B or procathepsin B expression (p > 0.05). This data suggests that cathepsin B was not induced by either mode of exercise training, however, physical function and muscle mass were improved, therefore inclusion of both training modalities may address peripheral comorbidities in Alzheimer’s disease. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection