A scoping study of early childhood research in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries for improved well-being worldwide through collaboration and knowledge transfer / ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Research evidence strongly supports the influence of quality nutrition, cognitive stimulation and nurturing care on the extent that a child reaches full development. Reaching developmental milestones results in positive outcomes for individual health and well-being as well as communal stability and prosperity. Interventions to improve early childhood development are not a recent concept; however, the interaction of one early childhood development outcome on others form a complex, often interdependent, relationship. The complexity of a child's development also includes the child's family, home environment, community and national context. The complex and dynamic setting for implementing early childhood interventions requires more than efficiency or knowledge. It requires patience, cultural competency and a compassion to engage and support a child's family, society and nation. Interventions that are effective in multiple cultures or can be scaled up to a regional or global level are rare and usually focus on one aspect of early childhood development (ECD), like protein intake to prevent stunting. Context does matter, and ECD research is dispersed over vastly different political systems and often focused on specific people groups or subcultures. The scope and intensity of ECD research in the world has not been described and is often unknown to English-speaking researchers who are not personally connected by relationship or literacy to other languages and cultures. PURPOSE: The purpose of this scoping study is to answer the research question: "What is being researched related to early childhood development interventions with children six years old and younger in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries?” A scoping study of published, peer-reviewed literature on interventions in early childhood development in English, Spanish and Portuguese was performed to understand the concepts in research on early childhood development (ECD). The thesis presents interventions in early childhood development and their usage in Mexico, Central and South America in particular and also in Europe and Africa because of the Spanish and Portuguese languages spoken there. The thesis highlights risk factors, assessment tools and interventions from peer-reviewed research providing a scope of ECD interventions for this world area. SEARCH METHODS
: Databases searched were related to global health, health sciences, nursing and allied health, psychology and education. They were Global Health, Embase, Medline with PubMed e-ahead of print, PsycInfo, CINAHL, ERIC, LILACS and IBECS. The search strategy and data collection was guided by the research question to be thorough and methodical. Exclusion criteria were utilized to screen more than seven hundred articles to retrieve eighty-six articles that included the correct populations, relevant countries, ECD interventions and early childhood outcomes. FINDINGS: Macro and micro-context risk factors in early childhood development were highlighted across the literature. They were lower maternal education, informal maternal employment, larger household size, lower wealth index and rural residence. Findings related to child or home-centered interventions revealed varied but some positive outcomes in national programmes in Mexico, Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Colombia and Portugal. The research across all countries in literature found positive impact on early childhood development from age-dependent nutrition, higher socio-economic status and education in mothers, stimulating parent-child interactions and nurturing home environment. CONCLUSIONS: 
While a scoping study of ECD provides an overview of the work happening and of the relevant key concepts, the eighty-six included studies can hardly be considered representative of all childhood development interventions being implemented or researched. Some state or national governments and non-government organizations implement early childhood interventions without publishing in a peer-reviewed journal. Many more interventions are not evaluated or monitored. Increased collaboration and networking between researchers and countries is needed. Necessary partnerships between educators, researchers and policy-makers based on national strengths across the globe can facilitate better sharing of knowledge and assessment of appropriate interventions for a population's needs. Further monitoring, evaluation and publishing of interventions in this region of the world is required. M.Sc. Thesis - Brandon James Chapman; McMaster University - Global Health / Thesis / Master of Science (MS) / Development during the earliest years of life includes physical, mental and social development. This thesis is a study on the research for early childhood development in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries and describes what is happening with a global health perspective. The thesis discusses how research can impact knowledge and what is done to support and improve development for children, their families and their country.

A description of the developmental characteristics of adolescents and the effect of deafness, on the cognitive emotional and social development of the Deaf adolescent boy is given. At a stage, when the parents influence is crucial in any child's upbringing, the Deaf child, mainly because of his/her need for special educational services is placed in a school hostel at an early age. The aim of the investigation was two-fold: • Firstly, from thl! literature study, to analyze and describe the educational distress of the Deaf adolescent boy residing in the school hostel. Secondly, to conduct an empirical survey consisting of structured questionnaires in order to ascertain the kind of support rendered to the Deaf adolescent boy in the hostel. From the literature study and the empirical survey a training/educational programme was designed to promote the educational skills of hostel parents at schools for Deaf adolescent boys. / Inclusive Education / M.Ed.(Orthopedagogics)

A description of the developmental characteristics of adolescents and the effect of deafness, on the cognitive emotional and social development of the Deaf adolescent boy is given. At a stage, when the parents influence is crucial in any child's upbringing, the Deaf child, mainly because of his/her need for special educational services is placed in a school hostel at an early age. The aim of the investigation was two-fold: • Firstly, from thl! literature study, to analyze and describe the educational distress of the Deaf adolescent boy residing in the school hostel. Secondly, to conduct an empirical survey consisting of structured questionnaires in order to ascertain the kind of support rendered to the Deaf adolescent boy in the hostel. From the literature study and the empirical survey a training/educational programme was designed to promote the educational skills of hostel parents at schools for Deaf adolescent boys. / Inclusive Education / M.Ed.(Orthopedagogics)

The prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in the US is estimated at 3.5 million with 18,153 deaths in 2016. It is the most common bloodborne infection, with a higher age-adjusted mortality rate than Hepatitis B Virus or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Without treatment, nearly 1.1 million people will die from HCV by 2060. About 41,200 new cases of HCV were reported in 41 states in the US in 2016. The reported cases of acute HCV in 2016 is 2.3 per 100,000 in Tennessee, which is more than twice the national goal set by Healthy People 2020. This is a descriptive study to ascertain the HCV prevalence and usefulness of screening in medical outreach settings (MO) compared to indigent healthcare clinics (IHC) in northeast Tennessee. This study period was from April 2017 – February 2019. Participants (n=250), were adults, who engaged in routine, opt-out HCV testing at 4 IHC and 3 MO sites in the Tri-Cities, TN region. During the screening, demographic information- age, gender, race- were collected and the de-identified data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS 9.3) to perform a descriptive analysis. Also, several discrete Chi-Square tests of independence between the demographic variables, screening locations, and HCV antibody prevalence was conducted. A total of 250 clients were screened for HCV. The majority of clients screened were non-Hispanic whites 228 (91.20%); females 136 (54.40%); young adults 131 (52.40%) and at IHC clinics 187 (74.80%). Screening showed HCV antibody prevalence of 14.8%. The majority of positive cases were non-Hispanic whites 36 (97.30%; P=0.1561); females 19 (51.35%; P=0.6867) and young adults 23 (62.16%; P=0.286). The prevalence at the IHC clinics and MO settings were 36 (97.30%; P=0.0006) and 1(2.70%) respectively. This analysis shows the higher yield of targeted HCV screening at IHC clinics. Focused HCV screening is critical in the era of opioid epidemic, particularly when direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) which offer a Sustained Virologic Response (SVR) rate of more than 90% are available. The use of case control or cohort study designs to establish causality is recommended for improving focused HCV screening.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) include childhood exposure to abuse or violence, a parents' divorce, mental illness, substance use disorder, and are identified as risk factors for negative life outcomes. While ACEs screenings are commonly used in mental health and pediatric settings, screening for ACEs in primary care settings is less prevalent. The purpose of this project is to integrate screening for ACEs into a primary care setting and make appropriate referrals for follow-up, thus reducing potential negative life outcomes. The process was designed for a primary care practice located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Part one assessed level of awareness and screening history which determined training focus. Each provider and staff member received 30-45 minutes of training on ACEs screening algorithm, a detailed approach to guide treatment. The training was followed by question-and-answer sessions to address concerns. Part two, involved screening using the Center for Youth Wellness, Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire for Children (CYW ACE-Q Child) which was initiated by the front office employee. Front office employee identified patients present for an annual well visit, briefly explained the screening tool, and handed it to the patient on a clipboard. The patient returned the completed form to the Certified Medical Assistant (CMA) when called in from the waiting room. The provider reviewed the ACEs screening and made referrals as appropriate. Part three involved data collection and analysis. Responses were collected weekly for nine weeks. The responses collected will be analyzed using quantitative statistics. The expected outcome is to note progressive increase in screening activities and when appropriate, followed by referrals to community agencies and organizations. The project educated clinicians about ACEs and created awareness among clinicians in a primary care setting to mitigate potential negative life outcomes. Barriers to integrating ACEs screening included employees' absence of training, lack of confidence in the subject matter, limited time frame to complete the screening, and fear of damaging patient-provider relationships. Barriers were mitigated through employee training, repetitive implementation of ACEs screening, and therapeutic communication with patients. The CYW ACE-Q was reserved for those arriving early or on time for their annual wellness visit to allow adequate time for completion. Recommendations include incorporating the CYW ACE-Q into all primary care visits to further intervene with referrals thereby enhancing patients' overall quality of life.

This qualitative study was aimed at exploring and describing the theoretical and practical experiences of second-year critical care nursing students. Purposive sampling was done, and unstructured interviews and narrative descriptions were used as data collection tools. An adaptation of Johns's Framework, the Guideline for the Facilitation of Reflection as Teaching Strategy, was used during interviews to guide participants in reflecting on theory-practice integration. Multiple strategies were used to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Concerning patient data, communication, and the administration of life-saving medications, theory-practice integration did occur. Regarding treatment and the outcome of nursing interventions, it seemed that knowledge deficiencies and a lack of exposure to practical situations contributed to the inability to apply theory to practice. This apparent inability evoked negative feelings, such as guilt. Discrepancies between practice and theory taught led to confusion. Guided reflection assisted students in gaining a new perspective on nursing and theory-practice integration. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

This qualitative study was aimed at exploring and describing the theoretical and practical experiences of second-year critical care nursing students. Purposive sampling was done, and unstructured interviews and narrative descriptions were used as data collection tools. An adaptation of Johns's Framework, the Guideline for the Facilitation of Reflection as Teaching Strategy, was used during interviews to guide participants in reflecting on theory-practice integration. Multiple strategies were used to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Concerning patient data, communication, and the administration of life-saving medications, theory-practice integration did occur. Regarding treatment and the outcome of nursing interventions, it seemed that knowledge deficiencies and a lack of exposure to practical situations contributed to the inability to apply theory to practice. This apparent inability evoked negative feelings, such as guilt. Discrepancies between practice and theory taught led to confusion. Guided reflection assisted students in gaining a new perspective on nursing and theory-practice integration. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA HUMANITNÍCH STUDIÍ Pracoviště historické sociologie Bc. Karolína Vyčichlová Každodenní život žen na rodičovské dovolené ve středních Čechách (2015 - 2020) Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Bohuslav Šalanda, CSc. Praha 2021 Abstract Thesis Everyday life of women on parental leave in Central Bohemia deals with the study of everyday life of mothers on maternity and parental, what they face and what is hidden under this "vacation-work". It deals with how they look for information needed for care and education, including food preparation, vaccinations and illness. Furthermore, a study of the financial side of women and families in the transition from employment / self-employed to income from the state. How women cope with changing their life biorhythm. I also deal with the transition of mothers from clearly defined working hours and time in the team, to stay at home. The last task of my work is the influence of technologies and social networks on the upbringing of a child and the life of the mother, the whole family. The aim is to find out if there are now new phenomena in the group of mothers. I am interested in the influence of social networks that were not previously available to mothers on the life not only of women but also of children (upbringing) (artificial...