The Goldstrike property, located in northern Nevada within the Carlin Trend, contains one of the largest Carlin-type Au deposits in the world. The vast majority of this mineralization, formed in the Eocene, is in the form of Au-bearing, trace element-rich arsenian pyrite, either as very fine grains, overgrowths on earlier pyrite, or as reported in this study, patchy zones with high As values. Eight samples characteristic of Ore I and Ore II - ore types defined by Almeida et al. (2010) - were selected and analysed using electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and synchrotron !-XRF. !-XRF is a non-destructive technique for the elemental analysis of these samples with additional structural analysis capability. Although Ore I and Ore II yield similar Au values in whole rock analyses, and in the samples selected in this study, Ore II yielded much lower Au and trace element values in pyrite than Ore I. However, free gold was found in an Ore II sample, which explained their similar gold grade in whole rock. Two compositional trends were identified based on the ratio of Au and As in auriferous pyrite from both Ore I and Ore II: 1) those above an Au/As ratio of 0.007, characterized by elevated Ag, Au, As, Cu, Hg, Sb, and Tl that trend positively with respect to Au. The maximum value of Au ranges from 0.12 to 0.15at% (0.56 to 0.68wt%), occurring at an As concentration of 2.5 to 4.3at% (5 to 7.4wt%), and 2) those below an Au/As ratio of 0.007, characterized by As above the optimal range associated with lower Au and lower trace element concentrations. The peak in As corresponds well with the theoretical maximum amount of As that can be incorporated as a solid solution in pyrite (~6wt%) before the structure changes to a two-phase pyrite-arsenopyrite system. The less structurally stable solid solution has a more reactive surface that is more amenable to adsorption of other trace elements, including Au, especially with increased As. / Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-27 14:03:12.542

abstract: The Santa Gertrudis Mining District of Sonora, Mexico contains more than a dozen purported Carlin-like, sedimentary-hosted, disseminated-gold deposits. A series of near-surface, mostly oxidized gold deposits were open-pit mined from the calcareous and clastic units of the Cretaceous Bisbee Group. Gold occurs as finely disseminated, sub-micron coatings on sulfides, associated with argillization and silicification of calcareous, carbonaceous, and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks in structural settings. Gold occurs with elevated levels of As, Hg, Sb, Pb, and Zn. Downhole drill data within distal disseminated gold zones reveal a 5:1 ratio of Ag:Au and strong correlations of Au to Pb and Zn. This study explores the timing and structural control of mineralization utilizing field mapping, geochemical studies, drilling, core logging, and structural analysis. Most field evidence indicates that mineralization is related to a single pulse of moderately differentiated, Eocene intrusives described as Mo-Cu-Au skarn with structurally controlled distal disseminated As-Ag-Au. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Geological Sciences 2011

This paper presents the results of a mineralogical and metallurgical study of supergene ores at the Mike Cu-Au(-Zn) deposit on the Carlin trend of Nevada, USA, currently held by Newmont Gold Corporation. With a metal endowment totaling >8.5 M oz. Au, 1027 M lbs. Cu, and 809 M lbs. Zn, Mike is one of the largest deposits on the Carlin trend, but it is currently uneconomic to develop. It contains an unusual and complicated suite of metals and ore minerals. This study was undertaken as a first step to investigate process options for recovering both its Cu and Au by 1) comparing the metal recoveries achieved from the supergene ores by six different lixiviants, and 2) identifying which minerals failed to dissolve in each lixiviant. The reagents selected were sulfuric, sulfurous, and methanesulfonic acids, to recover Cu, and cyanide, thiourea, and glycine, to recover Cu and Au. QEMSCAN and SEM study of six samples of different ore types and grades indicate that the Au occurs as varieties of native gold, including auricupride and electrum. Major Cu minerals are native Cu, cuprite, malachite, chrysocolla, and conichalcite (Ca-Cu arsenate), with locally significant Cu in jarosite and goethite. Gangue mineralogy is dominated by quartz, sericite, chlorite, alunite, smectite and kaolinite, K-feldspar, jarosite, and iron oxides. Bottle roll testing indicates that no single-step leaching process is likely to provide economic recovery of both Cu and Au. Sulfuric and methanesulfonic acid both recovered > 70% of the Cu except from the samples dominated by conichalcite, which was not leached effectively by any of the reagents tested. Only cyanide and thiourea recovered significant Au. Reagent consumption for cyanide, sulfuric acid, and methanesulfonic acid was generally within acceptable levels. Glycine and sulfurous acid are both uneconomic based on low recovery. Further work will focus on developing an economic process in two steps. Mineralogical study of QEMSCAN residue indicates that the non-leaching ore minerals are conichalcite and Cu-bearing Fe oxides. In addition, native Cu and cuprite do not leach well in glycine and chrysocolla does not leach well in thiourea or cyanide. Other observed mineralogical changes include the total loss of dolomite and partial loss of alunite and iron oxide from all samples, with apparent gains in jarosite.

This is a novel about the way individuals can and do operate in a world controlled by larger power structures. It is interested in how people can effect change in this world, often in ways they do not plan. It explores the inability of the individual to control the world around them. The novel features a large cast of characters moving through a world that is dying. Earth’s climate is warming at a rate that will make it uninhabitable for humans. The specifics of this catastrophe are never explored. Rather, the novel concerns itself with people who are reacting to it, and how their reactions ultimately do more harm than good.

I Vänern, Sverige, fångades årligen ca 75 ton lax och öring av yrkesfisket, sportfisket och fritidsfisket under 1990-talet och början av 2000-talet. Fångsterna av lax och öring verkar ha sjunkit under de senaste åren men det råder stor osäkerhet över fångstuppskattningar. För en ökad förståelse över smolts mortalitet släpps varje år ett visst antal Carlin-märkta laxar och öringar ut i Vänern och Klarälven. Syftet med studien var att sammanställa och analysera databasen för Carlin-märkt lax och öring i Vänern under åren 1965 till 2005. Målet var att åskådliggöra långsiktiga tendenser över återfångster av Carlin-märkt lax och öring i både Vänern och Klarälven samt bedöma om återfångster varierar beroende på utsättningsplats (Vänern eller Klarälven). Microsoft Excel användes för att sammanställa och analysera återfångad och inrapporterad lax och öring från 1965 till 2005. För att bedöma trender för återfångster av de fyra stammarna, Gullspångs- och Klarälvs-, lax och öring, användes linjär regression. Totalt 299 165 Carlin-märkta fiskar fördelade över 388 utsättningsgrupper har släppts ut i Vänern med tillflöden under 40 års tid. Sammanlagt återfångades 14 504 fiskar, vilket motsvarar knappt 5 % av antalet Carlin-märkta och utsläppta fiskar. Återfångsterna har varierat genom åren (<1 % - >20 %), högst var återfångsterna under 1970-och 1980-talet, sedan 1990-talet har de minskat betydligt. Dessa tendenser är liknande för alla fyra stammar. De flesta återfångsterna sker i Vänern. Fisk utsläppt i Vänern återfångas som regel i något högre grad i Vänern än fisk utsläppt i Klarälven. Slutligen framkom att ingen lax eller öring utsläppt i Vänern återfångades i Klarälven. / In Lake Vänern, Sweden, commercial, sport, and subsistence fisheries in the 1990s and the beginning of 2000 caught about 75 tons of salmon and trout. Catches of salmon and trout appeared to have declined in recent years, although there is much uncertainty in catch estimates. In order to better understand smolt-adult mortality, a number of Carlin-tagged salmon and trout are released in Vänern and Klarälven each year. The aim of the study was to assemble and analyze the Carlin-tag database for salmon and trout in Vänern during the years 1965 to 2005. My objectives were to identify long-term trends in tag returns rates in both Vänern and Klarälven, and to assess whether return rates varied by release location (Vänern or Klarälven). Microsoft Excel was used to compile and analyze reported recoveries of Carlin-tagged salmon and trout from 1965 to 2005. Linear regression was used to assess trends in return rates of four stocks, Gullspångsälven and Klarälven salmon and trout. Total 299 165 tagged fish in 388 release groups have been released in Vänern over the 40-year period. Total recaptures were 14 504, which equates to just under 5 % of the number of Carlin-tagged and released fish. Recapture rates have varied throughout the years (<1 % - >20 %), the highest return rates were in the 1970s – 1980s, but they have decreased significantly since the 1990s. These trends are similar for all four stocks. Most of the recaptures occur in the lake, return rates of fish released in the lake are most often caught in the lake than are fish released in Klarälven. Finally, revealed that no salmon or trout that were released in the lake were recaptured in the Klarälven.

The Goldstrike property is located in northern Nevada and contains one of the largest and highest-grade Carlin-type gold deposits. The majority of the Eocene Au mineralization (e.g., Ore I) is hosted in intensely altered Paleozoic lower-plate impure carbonate rocks, and is characterized by strong to moderate silicification, higher calculated pyrite and ore-related element concentrations (e.g., As, Cu, Hg, Ni, Tl, Sb, W, and Zn) than Ore II, which is weakly altered. However, both ore types contain similar Au concentration in whole rock and pyrite chemistry analyses. Lithogeochemical and microprobe data suggest that the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks may have been a major source of Cd, Mo, Ni, U, V, and Zn and minor As, Cu, Hg, and Se. The Jurassic lamprophyre dikes might have been a significant source of Ba, Co, and Se, and minor Au, and some of the Jurassic and Eocene intrusive rocks may have provided some Fe. Moreover, the Eocene magmas are interpreted to be the main source of auriferous mineralizing fluids and ore-related elements. Trace element abundances and ratios of the Jurassic intrusive rocks suggest that they are shoshonitic and formed from a metasomatized mantle-derived magma, crystal fractionation, and crustal contamination. The Eocene dikes, also shoshonitic, are considerably more evolved and contaminated than the studied Jurassic rocks. Furthermore, Ar-Ar results show that the Jurassic intrusive rocks were negligibly affected by the Eocene thermal event, and that temperature of mineralizing fluids were below the closure temperature of biotite (> 3500C). A magmatic-related model is proposed to explain the formation of the Carlin-type gold deposits at the studied area. In this model, Au and the ore-related elements were exsolved along with volatiles by degassing of a deep and large plutonic complex during its early stage of crystallization. As these magmatic-hydrothermal fluids moved upward along major conduits (e.g., NNW-striking faults), they may have interacted with a Fe-rich fluid, pervasively altering the Paleozoic impure carbonate rocks (e.g., carbonate dissolution, silicification, pyritization) and forming Ore I. Subsequently, these fluids moved laterally further away from the major conduits, became cooler, less acidic, and depleted in ore-related elements and interacted with the Fe-bearing host rocks (e.g., sulfidation), favoring the precipitation of Ore II. / Thesis (Ph.D, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-25 21:37:33.76

Oxidized hydrous intermediate composition magmas are responsible for porphyry copper (Cu ±Mo ±Au) deposits and epithermal Au ore deposits formed globally in the shallow crust (Sillitoe, 2010; Seedorff et al., 2005). Recently, zircon geochemistry has been used to characterize both productive and barren intrusions associated with porphyry Cu-Au ore deposits. Zircon composition differs slightly between the two intrusive groups, and researchers have proposed that zircon in productive intrusions has crystallized from a relatively more oxidized melt compared to barren intrusions (Ballard et al., 2002; Muñoz et al., 2012). Zircon rare earth elements record anomalies in Ce and Eu contents that allow estimation of the ratio of oxidized versus reduced species, i.e. Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ (Ce[superscript IV]/Ce[superscript III]) and Eu³⁺/Eu²⁺ (Eu/Eu*)[subscript CN]. This study focuses on understanding the compositions of Eocene magmas associated with sediment hosted Carlin gold deposits and the gold-copper ores of the Battle Mountain porphyry Cu-Au-skarn district in northern Nevada. Zircon trace element composition was analyzed using LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP-RG to determine differences between mineralizing and non-mineralizing intrusions in northern Nevada and to compare these compositions with known porphyry Cu-Au type magmas. These zircon and rock compositional data was then used to test the hypothesis of a magmatic origin of the Carlin type gold deposits (Muntean et al., 2011). Zircon U-Pb ages were calculated using multiple SHRIMP-RG spot analyses of each sample for two Carlin biotite porphyry dikes, two Battle Mountain porphyry dikes and the granodiorite of the Copper Canyon stock. The new U-Pb age dates for Carlin porphyry dikes are 38.7 ± 0.5 Ma and 38.8 ± 0.4 Ma. The age of the Copper Canyon stock is 38.0 ± 0.7 Ma, and the age of the Battle Mountain porphyry dikes are 40.2 ± 0.4 Ma and 41.3 ± 0.4 Ma. The Carlin dike ages are the same age, within uncertainty, with previous studies conducted (Mortensesn et al., 2000). The productive porphyry dikes from the Battle Mountain district have Ce(IV)/Ce(III) ratios of 500 to 10000 and a wide range of (Eu/Eu*)[subscript CN] values between 0.3 and 0.7 respectively. Carlin porphyry dikes have Ce(IV)/Ce(III) values between 100 and 1000, and a more limited (Eu/Eu*)[subscript CN] range of 0.5 to 0.7. Barren Eocene intrusions at Harrison Pass and Caetano have much lower Ce(IV)/Ce(III) ratios that range from 20 to 500, and have a very large span of (Eu/Eu*)[subscript CN] from 0.03 to 0.6. Calculated Ce(IV)/Ce(III) and (Eu/Eu*)[subscript CN] of zircon of this study illustrate a distinction between productive and barren intrusions in northern Nevada, and demonstrate a geochemical link between porphyry type magmas and dikes associated with Carlin type gold deposits. These ratios may provide a useful means of evaluating potentially economic geologic terranes and serving as a method to infer relative oxidation state of zircon bearing intrusive rocks. / Graduation date: 2013

In response to the drastic decline of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla (L.)) fisheries have been reduced and elvers are stocked in areas where natural abundances are low. Are these measures adequate? To answer different aspects of this question, we have analysed more than a century of eel tagging, using both traditional and more novel capture – recapture analyses. Based on these long-term data, we have evaluated the impact of the Swedish eel coastal fisheries using Survival analysis. Our analysis indicates that the fishing mortality just prior the 2009 fishing restrictions were in the order of 10%. More recent tagging programs have focused on issues related to the fate of stocked fish. If and how they migrate out of the Baltic Sea and further on towards the Atlantic Ocean. Both earlier and our new studies reveal that all eels recaptured on the Swedish East Coast, no matter of their origin, migrate at a reasonable speed and direction towards the outlets of the Baltic Sea. Even though it is sometimes difficult to determine their origin, our analyses indicate that stocked fish were scarce among the recaptures. In an experiment on the Swedish West Coast, we knew the individuals’ origin (stocked or wild) and they had similar migration patterns. In contrast, silver eel in Lake Mälaren – assumed to have been stocked as elvers or bootlace eels – seemed to have difficulties in finding the outlets. Instead they overwintered and lost weight. However, weight losses are also significant among non-stocked individuals in the Baltic Sea, both if they overwinter and if they appear to be on their way out from the area. It remains an open question whether eels from the Baltic region in general, and whether the overwintered fish in particular, manage to reach the spawning area in the Atlantic Ocean. Based on current knowledge, I advocate invoking the precautionary approach and to concentrate Swedish eel stockings to the West Coast and allow the young fish to spread out on their own. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

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