No description available.

No description available.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de 32 espÃcies de algas marinhas das divisÃes Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta e Phaeophyta como fontes de α-, β-caroteno e α-tocoferol. Todas as Chlorophyta apresentaram α- e β-caroteno. O teor de α-caroteno variou de 0,814 Â 0,256 a 71,378 Â 3,550 μg.g -1 peso fresco, sendo mais elevado no gÃnero Caulerpa e mais baixo em Codium decorticatum. O teor de β-caroteno variou de 2,322 Â 0,736 a 26,705 Â 7,398 μg.g -1 peso fresco, sendo mÃnimo em C. mexicana e mÃximo em Ulva fasciata. Com relaÃÃo ao retinol equivalente (RE), as algas verdes apresentaram mÃnimo em C. mexicana (0,962 Â 0,256 μg.g -1 ) e mÃximo em Caulerpa prolifera (9,014 Â 0,442 μg.g -1 ). Considerando a ingestÃo de 100 g de alga fresca por dia, uma porÃÃo de Caulerpa prolifera forneceria 100% da ingestÃo diÃria recomendada (IDR). Todas as Chlorophyta apresentaram α-tocoferol, exceto Cladophora prolifera. Os teores mÃnimo e mÃximo foram 15,650 Â 2,634 e 383,047 Â 85,254 μg.g -1 peso fresco em Codium decorticatum e Caulerpa prolifera, respectivamente. Com relaÃÃo ao tocoferol equivalente (TE), a ingestÃo diÃria de 100 g de Caulerpa prolifera fresca forneceria quase quatro vezes mais que a IDR e a mesma porÃÃo de Codium decorticatum seria responsÃvel por apenas 1 /6 da IDR. Dentre as Rhodophyta estudadas, nove nÃo apresentaram α-caroteno. Nas outras onze, o seu teor oscilou de 0,487 Â 0,267 μg.g -1 em Solieria filiformis a 3,055 Â 0,278 μg.g -1 peso fresco em Botryocladia occidentalis. β-Caroteno foi encontrado em todas as espÃcies de algas vermelhas com valores mÃnimo e mÃximo de 0,336 Â 0,209 e 4,284 Â 0,607 μg.g -1 de peso fresco em Gracilaria caudata e Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectivamente. Com relaÃÃo ao RE, foi observado valor mÃnimo em Gracilaria caudata (0,056 Â 0,035 μg.g -1 ) e mÃximo em Bryothamnion triquetrum (0,764 Â 0,109 μg.g -1 ). Uma porÃÃo de 100 g de Bryothamnion triquetrum fresca forneceria um pouco mais de 1 /10 da IDR. Oito espÃcies de Rhodophyta estudadas nÃo apresentaram α-tocoferol. Nas outras doze, seu conteÃdo oscilou entre 4,809 Â 1,058 e 31,872 Â 5,883 μg.g -1 peso fresco, em Gracilaria ferox e Enantiocladia duperreyi, respectivamente. Em relaÃÃo ao TE, a ingestÃo diÃria de 100 g da alga E. duperreyi fresca forneceria 1 /3 da IDR. As Phaeophyta estudadas apresentaram apenas β-caroteno, com valores mÃnimo e mÃximo em Dictyopteris delicatula e Padina gymnospora, iguais a 0,266 Â 0,198 e 12,230 Â 2,859 μg.g -1 peso fresco, respectivamente. Com relaÃÃo ao RE, o teor mÃnimo foi observado em Dictyopteris delicatula (0,044 Â 0,033 μg.g -1 ) e mÃximo em Padina gymnospora (2,038 Â 0,476 μg.g -1 ). Considerando a ingestÃo diÃria de 100 g de alga fresca, uma porÃÃo de P. gymnospora seria responsÃvel por 1 /4 da IDR. As Phaeophyta apresentaram α-tocoferol, com valor mÃnimo em Lobophora variegata igual a 4,722 Â 2,062 μg.g -1 peso fresco e mÃximo em Dictyota dichotoma, igual a 42,817 Â 31,012 μg.g -1 peso fresco. Considerando a ingestÃo de 100 g de alga fresca por dia, uma porÃÃo de Dictyota dichotoma forneceria 1 /2 da IDR de TE / The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of 32 marine macroalga species belonging to Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta as sources of α-carotene, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Both α-carotene and β-carotene were found in all species of green macroalgae analyzed. The content of α-carotene varied from 0.814 Â 0.256 to 71.378 Â 3.550 μg.g -1 fresh weight, being maximum in algae belonging to Caulerpa genus and minimum in Codium decorticatum. The amount of β-carotene varied from 2.322 Â 0.736 to 26.705 Â 7.398 μg.g -1 fresh weight, being minimum in C. mexicana and maximum in Ulva fasciata. Green macroalgae showed lowest retinol equivalents (RE) content in C. mexicana (0.962 Â 0.256 μg.g -1 ) and highest in Caulerpa prolifera (9.014 Â 0.442 μg.g -1 ). A 100 g portion of fresh Caulerpa prolifera would provide 100% of the Recommended Daily Ingestion (RDI) of RE. α-Tocopherol was found in all green macroalgae analyzed but Cladophora prolifera. Minimum and maximum content were observed in Codium decorticatum (15.650 Â 2.634 μg.g -1 fresh weight) and Caulerpa prolifera (383.047 Â 85.254 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Regarding tocopherol equivalents (TE), a 100 g portion of fresh Caulerpa prolifera would provide almost four times the RDI and the same amount of Codium decorticatum would provide only 1 /6 RDI. There was no α-carotene in nine Rhodophyta species. The other eleven showed values between 0.487 Â 0.267 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Solieria filiformis and 3.055 Â 0.278 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Botryocladia occidentalis. β-Carotene was found in all red macroalgae analyzed, exhibiting values of 0.336 Â 0.209 and 4.284 Â 0.607 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Gracilaria caudata and Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectively. The lowest RE was observed in G. caudata (0.056 Â 0.035 μg.g -1 ) and the highest in B. triquetrum (0.764 Â 0.109 μg.g -1 ). A 100 g portion of fresh B. triquetrum would provide less than 1 /10 RDI of RE. α-Tocopherol was not detected in eight species of Rhodophyta. In the other twelve, the content varied from 4.809 Â 1.058 to 31.872 Â 5.883 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Gracilaria ferox and Enantiocladia duperreyi, respectively. A 100g portion of fresh E. duperreyi would provide 1 /3 RDI of TE. Species of Phaeophyta contained β-carotene but no α-carotene. The lowest value for β-carotene was found in Dictyopteris delicatula (0.266 Â 0.198 μg.g -1 fresh weight) and the highest in Padina gymnospora (12.230 Â 2.859 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Regarding RE, the content varied from 0.044 Â 0.033 μg.g -1 to 2.038 Â 0.476 μg.g -1 for D. delicatula and P. gymnospora, respectively. A 100 g portion of fresh P. gymnospora would provide 1 /4 RDI of RE. α-Tocopherol was detected in all Phaeophyta species analyzed. The amount of α-tocopherol was 4.722 Â 2.062 μg.g -1 Lobophora variegata fresh weight and 42.817 Â 31.012 μg.g -1 Dictyota dichotoma fresh weight. A 100 g portion of fresh D. dichotoma would provide 1 /2 RDI of TE

The problems of waste disposal in the tanning industry are unique in that the effluents are highly saline, have a high organic loading and contain heavy metals. Methods are available for the safe treatment and disposal of the latter two components, but the saline component requires the expensive outlay of evaporation ponds. This study has identified a possible use for the saline effluents, turning a problematic waste product into a potentially valuable by-product. A range of tannery effluents were identified and tested for their suitability for the mass cultivation of Dunaliella salina (bardawil strain). The bardawil strain was preferred over a local isolate because of its higher production of β-carotene. Ponded tannery effluents and combined processes effluent proved unsuitable for realistic propagation of the alga. Anaerobic digestion of combined processes effluent did not improve its suitability significantly. Anaerobic digestion of hide-soak effluent may remove persistent antimicrobial agents which influence algal growth, but its contribution to enhancing algal growth is equivocal. Undigested hide-soak effluent lacking in persistent antimicrobial agents was found to be an ideal culture medium, as no additional nutrients needed to be added. Significantly higher biomass was obtained in this effluent compared to chemically defined media. Induction of β-carotene was achieved in nitrogen-deficient defined media after culture in tannery effluent. This suggests that a two-stage system using hide-soak effluent for cell propagation and nitrogen deficient media for β-carotene induction, could be possible for the mass cultivation of D. salina for β-carotene production.

M.S.

Two groups of cows were fed a ration in which three pounds of a grain mixture was used to every four pounds of hay. Two cows (Test Tube and Deborah) were fed Timothy hay with a grain mixture containing yellow corn. The other three cows (Dolly, Connie and Dot) were fed Alfalfa hay with a grain mixture containing white corn. The grain was also modified for protein balance. Relationships of carotene and Vitamin A concentrations in the blood, milk and feed were then studied. An attempt was made to correlate the various factors involved, the variables being: period of gestation; time after calving; intake of the vitamin and its precursor in the feed; milk produced; percent of the concentration of Vitamin A activity of blood and milk represented by carotene; total Vitamin A activity of the same; and, the efficiency of the secretion in the milk of the Vitamin A activity of the feed ration. The methods of determination of the carotene and Vitamin A (together constituting the Vitamin A activity) are given with details of the calculations. Milk was collected on the first, third and fifth day after calving and at approximately monthly intervals thereafter. Having begun the experiment with the cows in various stages of gestation, it was possible to obtain only six samples from Dot while ten were collected from others. The blood samples also were taken monthly. The feeds were analyzed at three monthly intervals and the rate of loss of Vitamin A activity observed. Minimum values were used in all calculations. / M.S.

No description available.

SOUSA, Márcia Barbosa de. Extração e quantificação de α-Caroteno, β-Caroteno e α-Tocoferol em macroalgas marinhas utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa. 2005. 75 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-Ce, 2005 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-19T14:26:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsousa.pdf: 522874 bytes, checksum: 4c3c5e46b154d052d5b541a5f9541f73 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-19T14:26:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsousa.pdf: 522874 bytes, checksum: 4c3c5e46b154d052d5b541a5f9541f73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T14:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsousa.pdf: 522874 bytes, checksum: 4c3c5e46b154d052d5b541a5f9541f73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of 32 marine macroalga species belonging to Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta as sources of α-carotene, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Both α-carotene and β-carotene were found in all species of green macroalgae analyzed. The content of α-carotene varied from 0.814 ± 0.256 to 71.378 ± 3.550 μg.g -1 fresh weight, being maximum in algae belonging to Caulerpa genus and minimum in Codium decorticatum. The amount of β-carotene varied from 2.322 ± 0.736 to 26.705 ± 7.398 μg.g -1 fresh weight, being minimum in C. mexicana and maximum in Ulva fasciata. Green macroalgae showed lowest retinol equivalents (RE) content in C. mexicana (0.962 ± 0.256 μg.g -1 ) and highest in Caulerpa prolifera (9.014 ± 0.442 μg.g -1 ). A 100 g portion of fresh Caulerpa prolifera would provide 100% of the Recommended Daily Ingestion (RDI) of RE. α-Tocopherol was found in all green macroalgae analyzed but Cladophora prolifera. Minimum and maximum content were observed in Codium decorticatum (15.650 ± 2.634 μg.g -1 fresh weight) and Caulerpa prolifera (383.047 ± 85.254 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Regarding tocopherol equivalents (TE), a 100 g portion of fresh Caulerpa prolifera would provide almost four times the RDI and the same amount of Codium decorticatum would provide only 1 /6 RDI. There was no α-carotene in nine Rhodophyta species. The other eleven showed values between 0.487 ± 0.267 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Solieria filiformis and 3.055 ± 0.278 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Botryocladia occidentalis. β-Carotene was found in all red macroalgae analyzed, exhibiting values of 0.336 ± 0.209 and 4.284 ± 0.607 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Gracilaria caudata and Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectively. The lowest RE was observed in G. caudata (0.056 ± 0.035 μg.g -1 ) and the highest in B. triquetrum (0.764 ± 0.109 μg.g -1 ). A 100 g portion of fresh B. triquetrum would provide less than 1 /10 RDI of RE. α-Tocopherol was not detected in eight species of Rhodophyta. In the other twelve, the content varied from 4.809 ± 1.058 to 31.872 ± 5.883 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Gracilaria ferox and Enantiocladia duperreyi, respectively. A 100g portion of fresh E. duperreyi would provide 1 /3 RDI of TE. Species of Phaeophyta contained β-carotene but no α-carotene. The lowest value for β-carotene was found in Dictyopteris delicatula (0.266 ± 0.198 μg.g -1 fresh weight) and the highest in Padina gymnospora (12.230 ± 2.859 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Regarding RE, the content varied from 0.044 ± 0.033 μg.g -1 to 2.038 ± 0.476 μg.g -1 for D. delicatula and P. gymnospora, respectively. A 100 g portion of fresh P. gymnospora would provide 1 /4 RDI of RE. α-Tocopherol was detected in all Phaeophyta species analyzed. The amount of α-tocopherol was 4.722 ± 2.062 μg.g -1 Lobophora variegata fresh weight and 42.817 ± 31.012 μg.g -1 Dictyota dichotoma fresh weight. A 100 g portion of fresh D. dichotoma would provide 1 /2 RDI of TE / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de 32 espécies de algas marinhas das divisões Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta e Phaeophyta como fontes de α-, β-caroteno e α-tocoferol. Todas as Chlorophyta apresentaram α- e β-caroteno. O teor de α-caroteno variou de 0,814 ± 0,256 a 71,378 ± 3,550 μg.g -1 peso fresco, sendo mais elevado no gênero Caulerpa e mais baixo em Codium decorticatum. O teor de β-caroteno variou de 2,322 ± 0,736 a 26,705 ± 7,398 μg.g -1 peso fresco, sendo mínimo em C. mexicana e máximo em Ulva fasciata. Com relação ao retinol equivalente (RE), as algas verdes apresentaram mínimo em C. mexicana (0,962 ± 0,256 μg.g -1 ) e máximo em Caulerpa prolifera (9,014 ± 0,442 μg.g -1 ). Considerando a ingestão de 100 g de alga fresca por dia, uma porção de Caulerpa prolifera forneceria 100% da ingestão diária recomendada (IDR). Todas as Chlorophyta apresentaram α-tocoferol, exceto Cladophora prolifera. Os teores mínimo e máximo foram 15,650 ± 2,634 e 383,047 ± 85,254 μg.g -1 peso fresco em Codium decorticatum e Caulerpa prolifera, respectivamente. Com relação ao tocoferol equivalente (TE), a ingestão diária de 100 g de Caulerpa prolifera fresca forneceria quase quatro vezes mais que a IDR e a mesma porção de Codium decorticatum seria responsável por apenas 1 /6 da IDR. Dentre as Rhodophyta estudadas, nove não apresentaram α-caroteno. Nas outras onze, o seu teor oscilou de 0,487 ± 0,267 μg.g -1 em Solieria filiformis a 3,055 ± 0,278 μg.g -1 peso fresco em Botryocladia occidentalis. β-Caroteno foi encontrado em todas as espécies de algas vermelhas com valores mínimo e máximo de 0,336 ± 0,209 e 4,284 ± 0,607 μg.g -1 de peso fresco em Gracilaria caudata e Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectivamente. Com relação ao RE, foi observado valor mínimo em Gracilaria caudata (0,056 ± 0,035 μg.g -1 ) e máximo em Bryothamnion triquetrum (0,764 ± 0,109 μg.g -1 ). Uma porção de 100 g de Bryothamnion triquetrum fresca forneceria um pouco mais de 1 /10 da IDR. Oito espécies de Rhodophyta estudadas não apresentaram α-tocoferol. Nas outras doze, seu conteúdo oscilou entre 4,809 ± 1,058 e 31,872 ± 5,883 μg.g -1 peso fresco, em Gracilaria ferox e Enantiocladia duperreyi, respectivamente. Em relação ao TE, a ingestão diária de 100 g da alga E. duperreyi fresca forneceria 1 /3 da IDR. As Phaeophyta estudadas apresentaram apenas β-caroteno, com valores mínimo e máximo em Dictyopteris delicatula e Padina gymnospora, iguais a 0,266 ± 0,198 e 12,230 ± 2,859 μg.g -1 peso fresco, respectivamente. Com relação ao RE, o teor mínimo foi observado em Dictyopteris delicatula (0,044 ± 0,033 μg.g -1 ) e máximo em Padina gymnospora (2,038 ± 0,476 μg.g -1 ). Considerando a ingestão diária de 100 g de alga fresca, uma porção de P. gymnospora seria responsável por 1 /4 da IDR. As Phaeophyta apresentaram α-tocoferol, com valor mínimo em Lobophora variegata igual a 4,722 ± 2,062 μg.g -1 peso fresco e máximo em Dictyota dichotoma, igual a 42,817 ± 31,012 μg.g -1 peso fresco. Considerando a ingestão de 100 g de alga fresca por dia, uma porção de Dictyota dichotoma forneceria 1 /2 da IDR de TE

abstract: A clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels is solar energy. For efficient use of solar energy to be realized, artificial systems that can effectively capture and convert sunlight into a usable form of energy have to be developed. In natural photosynthesis, antenna chlorophylls and carotenoids capture sunlight and transfer the resulting excitation energy to the photosynthetic reaction center (PRC). Small reorganization energy, λ and well-balanced electronic coupling between donors and acceptors in the PRC favor formation of a highly efficient charge-separated (CS) state. By covalently linking electron/energy donors to acceptors, organic molecular dyads and triads that mimic natural photosynthesis were synthesized and studied. Peripherally linked free base phthalocyanine (Pc)-fullerene (C60) and a zinc (Zn) phthalocyanine-C60 dyads were synthesized. Photoexcitation of the Pc moiety resulted in singlet-singlet energy transfer to the attached C60, followed by electron transfer. The lifetime of the CS state was 94 ps. Linking C60 axially to silicon (Si) Pc, a lifetime of the CS state of 4.5 ns was realized. The exceptionally long-lived CS state of the SiPc-C60 dyad qualifies it for applications in solar energy conversion devices. A secondary electron donor was linked to the dyad to obtain a carotenoid (Car)-SiPc-C60 triad and ferrocene (Fc)-SiPc-C60 triad. Excitation of the SiPc moiety resulted in fast electron transfer from the Car or Fc secondary electron donors to the C60. The lifetime of the CS state was 17 ps and 1.2 ps in Car-SiPc-C60 and Fc-SiPc-C60, respectively. In Chapter 3, an efficient synthetic route that yielded regioselective oxidative porphyrin dimerization is presented. Using Cu2+ as the oxidant, meso-β doubly-connected fused porphyrin dimers were obtained in very high yields. Removal of the copper from the macrocycle affords a free base porphyrin dimer. This allows for exchange of metals and provides a route to a wider range of metallporphyrin dimers. In Chapter 4, the development of an efficient and an expedient route to bacteriopurpurin synthesis is discussed. Meso-10,20- diformylation of porphyrin was achieved and one-pot porphyrin diacrylate synthesis and cyclization to afford bacteriopurpurin was realized. The bacteriopurpurin had a reduction potential of - 0.85 V vs SCE and λmax, 845 nm. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemistry 2014

No description available.