No description available.

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of orally applied praziquantel on the treatment efficacy against most abundant tapeworms (Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958 and Khawia sinensis Hsü, 1935) of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus). Naturally infected fish (one-year-old; K1+) were divided into 3 trial groups containing 17 specimens and administered with praziquantel mixed in heat-treated amyloid vehicle (in doses of 50 mg.kg-1 body weight). In 3 groups of control, the fish were administered amyloid vehicle only. Fish were examined by using of gut dissection 2, 4 and 6 days after administration. At 48 hours post-treatment, significantly lower prevalence of both parasites was found. The invasion of A.huronensis was fully eliminated in all fish after 96 hours whereas some specimens of K.sinensis still persisted in the gut of few fish. The full elimination of both parasites was observed 6 days after administration. Our results showed that elimination of K. sinensis takes longer than elimination of A.huronensis. The dose of 50 mg kg-1 of orally applied praziquantel is effectual to control A.huronensis and K sinensis infections in common carp successfully. The effect of oral applied praziquantel on the hematology and biochemical parameters blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), infected by the tapeworms Atractolytocestus huronensis and Khawia sinensis was the object of analyse. It was the partial goal of the work. The infected fishes were divided to the six groups. The praziquantel was applied stirred in amyloid vehicle in dose 30 mg/kg of quick materiality for two groups and for two to other groups in dose 50mg/kg of quick materiality. Only clean amyloid vehiculum was applied to two control groups. Blood taking and resulting patoanatomic investigation was effected 24 and 96 hours after application of praziquantel. Results of hematology investigation of blood obtained 24 hours after the application point on significant fall (p< 0,01) of the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit in both groups E1 and E3, which achieved the original surface after 96 hours. The significant upsurge (p<0,05) of the surface serum hepatic enzyme ALT was recorded after 96 hours.

The contamination of the aquatic environment by pesticides is a problem of global importance because of their toxic effect on non-target organisms. These products may affect toxicological parameters and oxidative stress in fish. The carp is cultivated in southern of Brazil and has great comercial interest. There are few studies in our country regarding the use of pesticides and their toxicity in these fish. The aim of this study was to determine if the insecticides used in rice farming alter these parameters in juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio). Throught obtained results toxicity biomarkers to insecticides were determinated. The carps were exposed to insecticides for seven, 30 or 90 days in rice field condition. After the experimental periods, toxicological parameters and oxidative stress were evaluated in liver, brain and muscle. The parameters analyzed were the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Furthermore, parameters of oxidative stress,such as protein carbonyl in the liver and levels of TBARS in the liver, brain and muscle were examined. The results showed that after exposure to the comercial formulation of the insecticide carbofuran the CAT increased its activity in hepatic tissue after 30 days of exposure. The enzyme activity was not changed in the liver of carp exposed to carbofuran for seven or 90 days. The GST decreased after seven and 90 days of exposure. On the other hand, after 30 days its activity increased in the liver of fish exposed to this insecticide. The protein carbonyl levels reduced in the liver of carp exposed for seven, 30 or 90 days to carbofuran. The TBARS levels increased in almost all tissues and periods considered, except the liver and brain that showed TBARS levels unchanged at seven days of exposure. Exposure to comercial formulation of insecticide fipronil showed that the activity of CAT reduced in all periods and tissues tested. The protein carbonyl levels increased after 30 days of exposure fipronil, while at seven and 90 days there was no change in the levels of protein carbonyl. The TBARS levels increased in all periods and tissues in carp exposed to fipronil. These results indicate that the measured parameters can be indicators of contamination to insecticides in Cyprinus carpio after prolonged exposure. According to the results obtained we consider the determination of protein carbonyl in hepatic tissue and TBARS in liver, brain and muscle tissue as biomarkers of carbofuran toxicity in carp after 90 days of exposure. For fipronil the results found in the activity of the CAT in liver and TBARS levels in all tissues studied, allow us to consider them biomarkers of insecticide toxicity. / A contaminação do ambiente aquático por agrotóxicos é um problema de importância mundial, devido ao seu efeito tóxico em organismos não-alvo. Estes produtos podem afetar parâmetros toxicológicos em peixes. As carpas são peixes cultivados na região Sul do Brasil e possuem grande interesse comercial. Existem poucos estudos em nosso país relacionando o uso de agrotóxicos e sua toxicidade nestes peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se inseticidas utilizados na lavoura de arroz alteram parâmetros toxicológicos em juvenis de carpas (Cyprinus carpio). Através dos resultados obtidos foram determinados biomarcadores de toxicidade para estes inseticidas. As carpas foram expostas a dois tipos de inseticidas por sete, 30 ou 90 dias em condição de lavoura de arroz. Após os períodos experimentais foram avaliados parâmetros toxicológicos e de estresse oxidativo nos tecidos hepático, cerebral e muscular. Os parâmetros enzimáticos analisados foram: atividade da catalase (CAT) e glutationa S-transferase (GST). Além disso, analisaram-se parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, como a carbonilação de proteínas no tecido hepático e níveis de TBARS em fígado, cérebro e músculo. Os resultados mostraram que após exposição à formulação comercial do inseticida carbofuran a catalase apresentou sua atividade aumentada no tecido hepático após 30 dias de exposição. A atividade da enzima não foi alterada aos sete ou 90 dias em fígado de carpas expostas ao inseticida carbofuran. A enzima GST diminuiu após sete e 90 dias de exposição. Por outro lado, em 30 dias sua atividade aumentou no fígado de peixes expostos ao inseticida. Os níveis de proteína carbonil diminuiram em fígado de carpas expostas por sete, 30 ou 90 dias ao carbofuran. Os níveis de TBARS foram aumentados em praticamente todos os períodos e tecidos considerados, com exceção do tecido hepático e muscular, que aos sete dias de exposição mostrou os níveis de TBARS inalterados. A exposição à formulação comercial do inseticida fipronil diminuiu atividade da catalase em todos os períodos e tecidos testados. Os níveis de proteína carbonil foram aumentados após 30 dias de exposição ao fipronil, enquanto que aos sete ou 90 dias não houve alteração nos níveis de proteína carbonil. Os níveis de TBARS aumentaram em todos os períodos e tecidos em carpas expostas ao fipronil. Estes resultados indicam que os parâmetros medidos podem ser bons indicadores da contaminação destes pesticidas em tecidos de carpa após exposição prolongada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, podemos considerar a determinação de proteína carbonil no tecido hepático e TBARS em cérebro, músculo e fígado como biomarcadores de toxicidade em carpas para o carbofuran. Para o fipronil os resultados encontrados na atividade da enzima catalase em fígado e nos níveis de TBARS em todos os tecidos estudados, permitem-nos considerá-los biomarcadores de toxicidade.

The pesticides are substances widely used in agriculture, because it enhances productivity. However, its excessive and disordered use has caused different impacts on the environment. Therefore, this study investigated the effects in carps (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to carbofuran (two agricultural years) and fipronil (one agricultural years) in rice field condition for 7, 30 and 90 days, as in laboratory condition for 30 days. In addition, evaluation of growth fish parameters and pesticides concentrations in the experimental water. The SOD activity in liver increased after 7, 30 and 90 days of exposure to 50.0 μg/L of carbofuran under rice field condition in the years 1 and 2. A decrease in hepatic CAT activity was showed after 30 days of exposure in both experimental years. GST activity in liver showed a significant increase after 30 days of exposure, and decrease after 7 and 90 days in both experimental years. Protein carbonyl levels decreased after 90 days in the first experimental year. During the second experimental year the protein carbonyl levels were reduced in all the periods of exposure. In both experimental years TBARS increased significantly in the brain after all periods studied, while in liver and muscle significant increase occurred only after 30 and 90 days of exposure. The carbofuran did not affect fish growth compared to control group in both experimental years. The SOD activity in liver increased whereas the hepatic activity of CAT was inhibited at 7, 30 and 90 days of exposure to fipronil. There were no changes in GST activity in all experimental periods. The protein carbonyl levels increased after 30 and 90 days of exposure, as TBARS levels increased in all the analyzed tissues (muscle, liver and brain) and periods analyzed. Regarding the growth of carp during the experimental period, no significant differences were observed in fish treated with fipronil when compared with the control group. In a third study were performed evaluations in carp exposed to the carbofuran and fipronil for 30 days in laboratory conditions. An increased in TBARS liver, muscle and brain of fish as the protein carbonyl levels in the liver after exposure to both insecticides tested. Liver CAT activity remained unaltered, as GST in liver, muscle and brain after exposure to carbofuran fipronil. The antioxidant enzymatic system showed an increase of GSH in the liver after exposure to both insecticides, whereas in the brain and muscle are not altered. Acid ascorbic levels demonstrated increased in liver, muscle and brain after exposure to carbofuran. After exposure to fipronil this parameter were increased only in the brain. The AChE activity was inhibited in brain and muscle of fish after exposure to both insecticides. The results from these studies show that carbofuran and fipronil cause disturbances in biochemical parameters of fish exposed in rice field as in laboratory condition. These studies revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress, without affecting the survival of fish, but can be harmful to your health. / Os pesticidas são substâncias amplamente usadas na agricultura, pois os mesmos possibilitam o aumento da produtividade. Entretanto, seu uso desordenado e excessivo vem provocando diversos impactos sobre o meio ambiente. Em razão disso neste estudo investigaram-se os efeitos da exposição de carpas (Cyprinus carpio) aos inseticidas carbofuran (2 anos agrícolas) e fipronil (1 ano agrícola) em condição de lavoura de arroz irrigado por 7, 30 e 90 dias, bem como em condição de laboratório por 30 dias. Além de avaliações de parâmetros de crescimento e de resíduos dos pesticidas na água. A atividade SOD em fígado aumentou após 7, 30 e 90 dias de exposição a 50,0 μg/L de carbofuran sob condições de lavoura de arroz irrigado nos anos 1 e 2. Uma diminuição na atividade da CAT hepática foi observada após 30 dias de exposição em ambos os anos experimentais. Na atividade da GST em fígado ocorreu um aumento significativo após 30 dias de exposição, e uma diminuição após 7 e 90 dias em ambos os anos experimentais. Os níveis de proteína carbonil diminuíram após 90 dias no primeiro ano experimental. Durante o segundo ano experimental, os níveis de proteína carbonil foram reduzidos em todos os períodos de exposição. Em ambos os anos experimentais, os níveis de TBARS aumentaram significativamente em cérebro após todos os períodos analisados, enquanto que no fígado e músculo um aumento significativo ocorreu apenas após 30 e 90 dias de exposição. O carbofuran não influenciou significativamente o crescimento dos peixes quando comparado ao grupo controle em ambos os anos experimentais. A atividade da SOD em fígado aumentou enquanto a atividade hepática da CAT foi inibida nos períodos de 7, 30 e 90 dias de exposição ao fipronil em condições de lavoura de arroz irrigado. Não foram observadas alterações na atividade da GST em todos os períodos experimentais. O conteúdo de proteína carbonil aumentou após 30 e 90 dias de exposição, ao passo que, os níveis TBARS aumentaram em todos os tecidos analisados (músculo, fígado e cérebro) e períodos analisados. Em relação ao crescimento das carpas durante o período experimental, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos peixes tratados com fipronil em relação ao grupo controle. Em um terceiro estudo realizaram-se avaliações em carpas expostas aos inseticidas carbofuran e fipronil por 30 dias em condições de laboratório. Ocorreu um aumento nos níveis de TBARS em fígado, músculo e cérebro dos peixes, assim como da carbonilação de proteínas em fígado após exposição a ambos os inseticidas testados. A atividade da CAT hepática permaneceu inalterada assim como a GST em fígado, músculo e cérebro tanto na exposição ao carbofuran como ao fipronil. O sistema antioxidante não enzimático apresentou aumento dos níveis de GSH em fígado após exposição a ambos inseticidas, enquanto que, em músculo e cérebro não se alteraram. Assim como, demonstrou aumento nos níveis de ácido ascórbico em fígado, músculo e cérebro após exposição ao inseticida carbofuran. Após exposição ao fipronil somente ocorreu aumento dos níveis deste parâmetro em cérebro. A atividade da enzima AChE mostrou-se inibida em cérebro e músculo dos peixes após exposição a ambos os inseticidas. Os resultados obtidos nestes estudos mostram que os inseticidas carbofuran e fipronil provocam desordens em parâmetros bioquímicos nos peixes expostos em condições de campo bem como, em condições de laboratório. Evidenciou-se a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo, sem afetar na sobrevivência dos peixes, mas podendo ser prejudicial para a saúde destes.

Different cryoprotectant media for cryopreservation of embryos has been tested on model species, i.e. common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and common tench (Tinca tinca). The aim of the study was to obtain such cryoprotectants, which will be acceptable for freezing embryos up to the temperature {--}196 oC. Cryoprotectants of 10 % and 20 % methanol or 10 % and 20 % glycerin have been tested on the tench for 21 minutes of incubation on embryos of four stages, meaning at 11, 17, 23 and 29-hrs after activation of gametes. The results showed that the tench embryos were most resistant either to low temperature and or to the application of cryoprotectants in the stage of 29-hrs post gametes activation. On the other hand lower resistances were obtained in the stage of 11-hrs post gamete activation. Embryos of carp 2, 6, 22, 24 and 42-hrs after gametes activation at temperature 18 and 22 oC have been used for testing of concentration series of cryoprotectant methanol and two solutions marked VS1 and VS2 after previous disruption of egg envelope in enzyme alcalaze solution. Results showed linear decreasing resistance of embryos depending on increasing concentration of cryoprotectant methanol. Hatching success even at highest concentration of solution VS1 and VS2 has not declined below 70 %. Achieved results with solution VS2 have been subsequently used for freezing of carp embryos by special methods in cryobiology {--} vitrification. First results showed up to 4 % success of survival after freezing of embryos at {$-$}196 oC.

<p>Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi u kojoj meri dodavanje lanenog ulja u peletirane krmne<br />smje&scaron;e i ishrana tovnog &scaron;arana tako obogaćenom hranom utječe na količinu masti i<br />kompoziciju masnih kiselina u mesu ribe. Krmne smje&scaron;e u svim grupama istraživanja su bile<br />istog sirovinskog sastava, osim dodatka lanenog ulja koje se menjalo (2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0% i 6%<br />u drugom ogledu) i masti (Magnapac) koja je smanjivana za istu postotnu vrednost dodatkom<br />lanenog ulja. Većim delom istraživanog razdoblja fizičko-hemijski parametri vode su u svim<br />ekspermentalnim ribnjacima varirali u pogodnim vrednostima za uzgoj toplovodnih riba. Udio<br />C18:1 cis-9 statistički je značajno najniži u kontrolnoj grupi i iznosi 35,43%. Povećanjem<br />vrednosti lanenog ulja povećava se i udio C18:1 cis-9. Statistički najvi&scaron;a vrednost C20:0 je kod<br />uzoraka hranjenih s dodatkom 5% lanenog ulja. Najniža vrednost C20:3 &omega;-3 je u kontrolnoj<br />grupi i iznosi 0,22% a značajno najvi&scaron;a u grupi koja se hrani s dodatkom 5% lanenog ulja. S<br />obzirom na dodatak lanenog ulja u hrani, nema značajnih razlika kod ukupnih zasićenih,<br />mononezasićenih, polinezasićenih i omega-6 masnih kiselina. Najveći udio &omega;-3 masnih<br />kiselina utvrđen je u uzorcima &scaron;arana kojima je u hranu dodano 5% lanenog ulja (5,41%) U<br />drugom ogledu utvrđena je opravdanost upotrebe lanenog ulja u hrani za ribe u odnosu na<br />efekte koji su dobijeni u mesu. Omjer &omega;-3/&omega;-6 masnih kiselina značajno se povećao u grupama<br />kojima je u hranu dodat veći dio lanenog ulja (0,21 u kontrolnoj grupi do 0,30% u grupi s<br />dodatkom 5% lanenog ulja). Vrednostiholesterola se nisu značajno menjale dodavanjem<br />lanenog ulja u ishrani &scaron;arana.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to determine to what extent adding flaxseed oil to pellet diet and<br />fattening carp so enriched food affects the amount of fat and the composition of fatty acids in<br />fish meat. Feed mixtures in all the studied groups were the same composition, except for the<br />addition of linseed oil to be changed (2.0; 3.0; 4.0; 5.0% and 6%) and fat (Magnapac), which<br />was reduced by the same percentage value addition linseed oil. During substantial period of<br />research physico-chemical parameters of water in all experimental ponds ranged in values<br />suitable for the cultivation of warm-water fish. Share C18:1 cis-9 was statistically significantly<br />lowest in the control group and amounted 35.43%. By increasing the value of flaxseed oil<br />increases the proportion of C18:1 cis-9. Statistical highest value of C20:0 in the samples fed<br />with the addition of 5% linseed oil. The lowest value of C20:3 &omega;-3 in the control group is<br />0.22% and significantly highest in the group that feeds supplemented with 5% linseed oil. Due<br />to the addition of linseed oil in the food, there is no significant difference in total saturated,<br />monounsaturated, polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acids. The largest proportion of &omega;-3 fatty<br />acids found in samples of carp which was in food supplemented with 5% linseed oil (5.41%).<br />The experimental results of the second experiment show the usefulleness of using of linseed oil<br />in fish food regearging the meat quality. The ratio &omega;-3/&omega;-6 fatty acid increased significantly in<br />the group that is added to food in a higher proportion of linseed oil (0.21 in the control group<br />to 0.30% in the group with addition of 5% linseed oil). The value of cholesterol was not<br />significantly changed by adding linseed oil to the diet of carp.<br />Accepted on Senate on:<br />AS</p>

The aim of the study was to compare the yield of scaly carp and mirror carp, two major representatives of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), predominantly bred in the Czech Republic. The yield comparisons were performed in a newly created company store, where it was important to assess the suitability of fish for different products. A partial objective was, through a questionnaire survey, to determine the popularity and frequency of the consumption of carp. Finally, the intensity of individual forms of carp was monitored. The experiment was conducted in the years 2012-2013 during the four seasons spring, summer, autumn and after relaying. The evaluation took place for two types of carp, the mirror carp and the scaly carp. Another reference subject was two ponds, the naturally fed Vrbský Pond and the feeding pond Musik. Both carp are characterized by distinct developmental and life cycles. The mirror carp, the body structure of which is smaller than the scaly carp, demonstrated a higher yield in all monitored aspects at the end of the evaluation. At the same time, the fillet yield of both representatives achieved similar values and ranged from about 43-48%. The carp from the feeding pond Musik gave a surprising result, where a lower yield was expected due to the lower amount of plankton and zoobenthos, a natural food for fish. During the monitored period, the highest yield was recorded in the period after relaying, while the lowest yield in the spring, due to the selected increased fish stock for the given year.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pesticides can affect toxicological parameters and cause oxidative stress in fish. In Brazil there are few studies linking pesticide toxicity with fish. For this reason, two experiments were conducted to evaluate possible effects of herbicides on some toxicological parameters in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were exposed to two commercial herbicides, one composed of a mixture formulated imazetapir and imazapic and the second composed of clomazone. The periods of exposure were seven days in the laboratory and seven, 30 or 90 days on rice field condition. After the experimental period, metabolic and toxicological parameters in the liver, brain and muscle tissues were evaluated. The enzymatic parameters analyzed in different tissues of this species were acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Also, oxidative stress parameters, such as carbonyl protein and TBARS levels in hepatic tissue, were analyzed. The metabolic parameters analyzed in liver and muscle of carp were glucose, glycogen, lactate, protein, amino acids and ammonia. Moreover, metabolic assessments were made (glucose, lactate and protein) in carp plasma. The results showed that AChE activity was increased in carp brain after seven days of exposure to a commercial formulation containing imazethapyr and imazapic herbicides both under field and laboratory conditions. In the same period of exposure, muscle tissue showed reduced activity of AChE after exposure to all herbicides (imazetapir and imazapic and clomazone) under laboratory conditions. At 30 days, in the field, AChE activity was reduced in brain and enhanced in muscle of carps exposed to imazethapyr and imazapic. Fish exposed to clomazone herbicide did not show any change in the activity of this enzyme in this period. On the other hand, at 90 days of exposure, only the fish exposed to the herbicide clomazone, showed a reduction in muscle AChE activity. The antioxidant enzyme catalase showed increased activity in liver tissue after seven days of exposure under both experimental conditions. At 30 days of exposure, catalase activity showed no further changes and after 90 days of exposure activity was reduced in liver of carp exposed to clomazone herbicide. The enzyme glutathione S-transferase was altered only after 30 and 90 days of exposure in the field. GST activity was reduced in liver tissue after exposure to both herbicides tested. TBARS levels were increased in almost all periods, terms of exposure and tissues considered, with the exception of brain tissue, which presented a decrease in TBARS levels at 30 days of exposure. Protein carbonyl was reduced in liver of carp exposed to clomazone herbicide after seven days under laboratory conditions. Moreover, at 30 and 90 days of exposure, the protein carbonyl levels were increased in the liver of fish exposed to both herbicides. After exposure to both herbicides, the carp showed metabolic disorders. In general, protein and amino acid levels were reduced and the amount of glycogen was enhanced in liver and muscle of carp exposed to both herbicides at all times tested. However, ammonia, lactate and glucose levels were increased and reduced according to the tissue considered, time of exposure and herbicide tested. These results indicate that the parameters measured may be good indicators of contamination of these commercial herbicides in Cyprinus carpio. / Os pesticidas podem afetar parâmetros toxicológicos e ainda causar estresse oxidativo em peixes. No Brasil existem poucos estudos relacionando toxicidade de pesticidas com peixes. Por esta razão foram conduzidos dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar possíveis efeitos dos herbicidas sobre alguns parâmetros toxicológicos em carpas (Cyprinus carpio). Os peixes foram expostos a dois herbicidas comerciais, um composto pela mistura formulada de imazetapir e imazapic e o segundo composto por clomazone. Os períodos de exposição foram de sete dias em laboratório e por sete, 30 ou 90 dias em condição de lavoura de arroz. Após os períodos experimentais, nos tecidos hepático, cerebral e muscular foram avaliados parâmetros metabólicos e toxicológicos. Os parâmetros enzimáticos analisados foram a atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT) e glutationa S-transferase (GST) em diferentes tecidos desta espécie. Além disso, analisaram-se parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, como a carbonilação de proteínas e níveis de TBARS no tecido hepático. Os parâmetros metabólicos analisados foram glicose, glicogênio, lactato, proteína, amônia e aminoácidos em fígado e músculo de carpas. Ademais, foram feitas avaliações metabólicas (glicose, lactato e proteína) em plasma de carpas. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade da AChE foi aumentada em cérebro de carpas, após sete dias de exposição a formulação comercial contendo os herbicidas imazetapir e imazapic, em condições de campo e laboratório. Neste mesmo período de exposição, o tecido muscular mostrou redução da atividade da AChE após exposição as duas formulações comerciais em laboratório. Aos 30 dias em campo, a atividade da enzima AChE foi reduzida em cérebro e aumentada em músculo de carpas expostas a formulação contendo a mistura dos herbicidas imazetapir e imazapic. Os peixes expostos ao herbicida clomazone não mostraram alteração na atividade desta enzima, neste período. Já aos 90 dias de exposição, somente os peixes expostos ao herbicida clomazone, mostraram uma redução na atividade da AChE muscular. A enzima antioxidante catalase mostrou sua atividade aumentada no tecido hepático após sete dias de exposição em ambas as condições experimentais e às duas formulações comerciais testadas. Aos 30 dias de exposição, a enzima não foi alterada e após 90 dias de exposição a sua atividade foi reduzida em fígado de carpas expostas ao herbicida clomazone. A enzima glutationa S-transferase só foi alterada após 30 e 90 dias de exposição em campo. Sua atividade foi reduzida no tecido hepático após exposição às formulações comerciais dos herbicidas testados. Os níveis de TBARS foram aumentados em praticamente todos os períodos, condições de exposição e tecidos considerados, com exceção do tecido cerebral que aos 30 dias de exposição, mostrou os níveis de TBARS diminuídos. Os níveis de proteína carbonil foram diminuídos em fígado de carpas expostas por sete dias ao herbicida clomazone em laboratório. Por outro lado, aos 30 e 90 dias de exposição os níveis de proteína carbonil foram aumentados no fígado de peixes expostos as duas formulações comerciais. Após exposição aos dois herbicidas comerciais, as carpas demonstraram desordens metabólicas. De uma maneira geral, os níveis de proteína e aminoácidos foram diminuídos e o conteúdo de glicogênio aumentado em fígado e músculo de carpas expostas aos dois herbicidas comerciais e tempos testados. Porém, os níveis de amônia, lactato e glicose mostraram alterações variáveis de acordo com o tecido considerado, com o tempo de exposição e com o herbicida testado. Estes resultados indicam que os parâmetros medidos podem ser bons indicadores da contaminação destes herbicidas comerciais em Cyprinus carpio.

Small cyprinid fish, the topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva Schlegel, 1842) is considered as an undesirable fish species because it represents an important food competitor for commercial non-predatory fishes. This study was performed under pond conditions (four ponds in South Moravia and two ponds in South Bohemia) during the growing seasons in 2006 {--} 2007. The purpose of my work was to determinate the level of food competition between topmouth gudgeon and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as a dominating pond fish species. Food selectivity was evaluated using Ivlev´s electivity index (Jacobs, 1974). The level of food competition between common carp and topmouth gudgeon was used to evaluate the index of food similarity according to Shorygin (1952). The diet of topmouth gudgeon consisted mainly of chironomid larvae and zooplankton, mostly cladocerans (Daphnia, Bosmina), detritus and periphyton (Oscillatoria, Scenedesmus, Sphaerotilus). Macrophytes, copepods and Brachionus were also ingested by P.parva but in comparatively low proportions. In contrast, carp diet consisted mainly of bottom items including chironomid larvae, macrophytes and organic debris, mainly detritus and periphyton. The food items of lesser importance were dragon fly (Anisoptera) larvae, cladocerans (Bosmina, Daphnia) and ostracods. Topmouth gudgeon competed with common carp for chironomid larvae, periphyton and detritus, for zooplankton (mainly cladocerans Daphnia, Bosmina). The highest valuation the food competition was registered in fish from the Vracovický pond (South Moravia) and the Podsedek pond (South Bohemia), when it amounted from 24.02 to 34.78 % food similarity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:01:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmersonESM.pdf: 931852 bytes, checksum: f768665fe7e8aa27e4023b4def16f98d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Considering their commercial importance, as these are the species of freshwater fish more commercialized in Brazil, their occurence in different kinds of aquatic environments (lakes, rivers and dams) and for being tolerant to a wide range of variation of various physical parameters and chemical water, the fish species Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio and Colossoma macropomum were chosen for this study, furthermore, to test the toxicity we used the herbicide Roundup. The fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), commun carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) were submitted to the herbicide roundup in the following concentrations: 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, 0.0 (control); 13,89; 14,86; 15,83; 16,81 and 17,78 mg.L-1, and 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, respectively, three for 96 hours. The LC50 - 96h for O. niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum was 21,63, 15,33 and 20,06 mg.L-1 of the herbicide roundup, respectively. The results show that this herbicide is classified as slightly toxic to the three species. The values of dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature recorded in the aquarium control and aquarium experimental of the three fish species have remained without significant variations during the tests, which reduces the possibility of death caused by sudden variations of these parameters during the 96 hours the experiment. The values of LC50 between different species of fish were observed, noting that the species O.niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum showed no expressive differences. The values of environmental risk of Roundup were calculated to obtain more stringent parameters in assessing the dangerousness of those on nontargets. The risk of environmental contamination by Roundup for the Nile tilapia, common carp, and tambaqui are low for the lowest application rate (1 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m). The dilution of 100%, the highest recommended dose (5 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m) the risk is moderate for the three species. The values of the Risk Ratio (QR) were greater than 0,1, indicating that the values of the CAE and LC50 are above acceptable levels and there is a need, this study, a refinement in ecotoxicological tests / Considerando a import?ncia comercial, por se tratarem das esp?cies de ?gua-doce mais comercializadas no Brasil, por ocorrerem em diversos tipos de ambientes aqu?ticos (lagos, rios e a?udes) e ainda por serem tolerantes a um amplo espectro de varia??o de diversos par?metros f?sicos e qu?micos da ?gua, as esp?cies de peixes Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio e Colossoma macropomum foram escolhidas para este estudo com a finalidade de testar a toxicidade do herbicida roundup. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a toxicidade aguda e avaliar o risco de contamina??o ambiental dessas tr?s esp?cies de peixes pelo herbicida Roundup. Os alevinos de Til?pia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), Carpa-comum (Cyprinus carpio) e Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) foram submetidos ao herbicida roundup nas seguintes concentra??es: 0,0 (controle); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 e 22,22 mg.L-1, 0,0 (controle); 13,89; 14,86; 15,83; 16,81 e 17,78 mg.L-1 e 0,0 (controle); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 e 22,22 mg.L-1, respectivamente, os tr?s por 96 horas. A CL50 96h para O. niloticus, C. carpio e C. macropomum foi de 21,63, 15,33 e 20,06 mg.L-1 do herbicida roundup, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que esse herbicida est? classificado como levemente t?xico para as tr?s esp?cies. Os valores de oxig?nio dissolvido, pH e temperatura registrados no aqu?rio controle e nos aqu?rios experimentais das tr?s esp?cies estudadas mantiveram-se sem varia??es significativas ao longo dos testes, o que reduz a possibilidade de mortalidade causada por varia??es bruscas desses par?metros, durante as 96 horas de experimento. Os valores das CL50 entre as diferentes esp?cies de peixes foram observadas, constatando que as esp?cie Oreochromis niloticus, Colossoma macropomum e Cyprinus carpio n?o apresentaram diferen?as expressivas. Os valores de risco ambiental do Roundup foram calculados para a obten??o de par?metros mais rigorosos na avalia??o da periculosidade desses sobre organismos n?o-alvos. O risco de contamina??o ambiental por roundup para a til?pia do Nilo, carpa-comum e tambaqui s?o baixos para a menor dose de aplica??o (1 L.ha-1) e nas profundidades (1,5 e 2,0 m). Na dilui??o de 100%, na maior dose recomendada (5 L.ha-1) e nas profundidades (1,5 e 2,0 m) o risco ? moderado para as tr?s esp?cies. Os valores de Quociente de Risco (QR) foram maiores que 0,1, indicando que os valores da rela??o CAE e CL50 est?o acima dos n?veis aceit?veis, havendo a necessidade de um refinamento nas an?lises ecotoxicol?gicas