Le droit des sociétés a été depuis sa création et de façon encore plus prononcée de nos jours, un ensemble de règles stratégiques au service d’entrepreneurs et d’associés désireux d’exceller dans le monde des affaires. Le portage d’actions est l’une des techniques juridiques développées par le droit des sociétés qui manifeste le plus justement le caractère stratégique de cette matière.Le portage d’actions est une convention dite sui generis qui permet de prendre temporairement et indirectement une participation au sein d’une société. Le portage est la convention par laquelle un porteur, généralement une personne morale (société ou organisme financier), convient avec une personne physique ou une autre personne morale, dite donneur d’ordre, qu’il souscrira ou achètera des actions pour le compte de celle-ci à charge pour elle de les lui racheter au terme d’une période déterminée et moyennant un prix convenu par avance.L’utilité de cette convention est double : elle permet, d’une part, de décharger le donneur d’ordre de la propriété des actions pendant une période déterminée en la confiant au porteur, et d’autre part, d’assurer au donneur d’ordre un certain contrôle sur les actions pendant la durée du portage, ainsi que leur appropriation à l’expiration de cette durée. Le portage d’actions connait d’innombrables applications licites et répond ainsi à de nombreuses finalités. En effet, cette convention peut avoir pour but de garantir une certaine discrétion au donneur d’ordres étant donné qu’elle permet de cacher son identité que ce soit dans un but offensif (prise de participation agressive dans une société où le donneur d’ordre serait mal perçu) ou défensif (faire face à une éventuelle prise de contrôle inamicale en confiant à un porteur allié la propriété d’actions constituant un noyau dur). Le portage d’actions permet également l’arbitrage entre deux groupes d’actionnaires, lorsque le capital d’une société est détenu par6moitié par deux groupes d’actionnaires, mais aussi l’appropriation par le porteur d’actions proposées à la vente, en cas de refus d’agrément du cessionnaire et dans l’attente de trouver un substitut à ce dernier. Toutefois, la technique du portage connaît également quelques pratiques douteuses, à la limite de la fraude à la loi qui remettent manifestement en cause ce type de convention. En effet, il a été observé que le portage pouvait être utilisé pour servir à remplir les conditions légales relatives au nombre minimum d’actionnaires, ou pour permettre à un donneur d’ordre qui ne peut avoir la qualité d’actionnaire d’accéder à terme au capital d’une société.La technique du portage d’actions du fait des diverses applications plus ou moins licites qu’elle connait et du fait de son caractère stratégique amène à se poser de nombreuses questions. Les principales problématiques qui ressortent sont, d’une part, celles ayant attrait à l’évolution juridique du mécanisme même du portage et à sa compatibilité avec la qualité et le statut d’associé et, d’autre part, celles ayant attrait au contexte juridique entourant cette technique et au caractère stratégique de l’utilisation de ce type de convention. Enfin, cette thèse sera également l’occasion d’étudier les parallèles existant entre le portage d’actions et la technique de la fiducie. / Summary not transmitted

Thesis advisor: Gail C. Kineke / Experiments were conducted in the Petitcodiac River in New Brunswick, Canada during June and August 2006 to study high-concentrations of suspended sediment in a turbulent system. This study will evaluate the conditions necessary for fluid mud formation by investigating 1) the suppression of turbulence at gradient Richardson numbers greater than 0.25; 2) a threshold condition for the amount of sediment a flow can maintain in a turbulent suspension; and 3) the influence of flocculation on vertical suspended-sediment transport. Direct measurements of salinity, temperature, current velocity, and suspended-sediment concentration were collected during accelerating and decelerating flows and when fluid mud formed. In June, current velocities were typically above 1 m s<super>-1</super> and suspended-sediment concentrations were generally less than 10 g l <super>-1</super>. In August, current velocities were typically less than 1.5 m s<super>-1</super>, suspended-sediment concentrations were greater than 10 g l <super>-1</super>, and a high-concentration bottom layer formed rapidly during decelerating flood currents. Gradient Richardson numbers for concentrations greater than 10 g l <super>-1</super> were generally greater than 0.25, suggesting strong density gradients have the ability to suppress turbulence. Results from the Petitcodiac suggest a carrying capacity threshold might exist, but is based on a critical gradient Richardson number between 1.0 and 2.0 rather than the previously accepted value of 0.25. Differences in the evolution of disaggregated grain size distributions for settling suspensions suggest flocculation plays an important role for fluid mud formation by enhancing settling of fine sediments. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology and Geophysics.

As atividades recreativas em áreas naturais são apresentadas como uma ferramenta capaz de conciliar desenvolvimento e conservação. Entretanto, a falta de um planejamento que leve em consideração os fatores relacionados com sua sustentabilidade pode ocasionar graves impactos tanto ecológicos como econômicos e sociais. No Brasil, onde as discussões sobre o assunto são muito recentes, existe falta de informações sistematizadas sobre as verdadeiras repercussões do uso recreativo e sobre a recuperação dos ambientes. Além da própria complexidade do assunto, existe uma outra dificuldade em razão da bibliografia específica, dispersa e nem sempre de fácil acesso. No presente trabalho é feita, no primeiro capítulo, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre: a natureza dos impactos; os fatores relacionados a sua ocorrência e à capacidade de carga do ambiente; os métodos de avaliação de impacto mais usados; e a experiência brasileira. Esta revisão forneceu a base teórica necessária para a elaboração do estudo de caso, visando discutir a sustentabilidade ecológica das atividades recreativas. No segundo capítulo foi realizado um estudo na antiga Fazenda Santa Carlota (SP),área de elevado potencial turístico. Para tanto, elaborou-se um zoneamento ecológico, em ambiente de SIG, sintetizando as fragilidades e as oportunidades. Para o Mapa de Fragilidades foram utilizadas as informações abióticas (pedologia,declividade, geomorfologia e clima) e bióticas (vegetação e fauna) relacionadas com a capacidade de carga para recreação (CCR) do ambiente. Para o Mapa de Oportunidades, foi feito um levantamento preliminar dos atrativos potenciais para a área de estudo. O resultado é o Mapa de Zoneamento Ecológico que classifica a fazenda em cinco zonas: três zonas propostas para o desenvolvimento de atividades recreativas, com níveis diferentes de fragilidade e potencialidade; uma de uso especial, onde está o patrimônio histórico; e uma zona de recuperação. Foi estimada a CCR, adaptando o método de Cifuentes (1992), para cada uma das três zonas destinadas para o uso. Os valores obtidos representam os limites máximos de uso que devem ser permitidos de forma a evitar a degradação dos recursos naturais. Estes valores não são absolutos e incorporam conhecimento científico e juízos de valor. A utilização do SIG mostrou-se adequada para o objetivo de zoneamento ecológico para fins recreativos. O método de CCR mostrou-se flexível e rápido. Porém, a CCR foi superestimada devido aos fatores importantes não incorporados por falta de dados específicos e à escala de trabalho. / Recreational activities in wildland areas are being considered a way to achieve development and protect the environment. However, without a planning program that considers the factors related to their sustainability, they can cause serious ecological, economic and social impacts. In Brazil, in spite of the recent concerns about recreational problems, there is a lack of systematic information about actual consequences of the recreational use and environmental restoration. It is very difficult to deal with the recreational sustainability, due to its complexity and to a dispersed and inaccessible specific bibliography. The first chapter of this work is a bibliography revision on: the nature of the impacts; the factors related to their occurrence and the environmental carrying capacity; the most useful methods of impact evaluation; and the Brazilian experiences. This revision supplied the theoretical base necessary for the elaboration of a study case that intended to discuss the ecological sustainability of recreational activities. The second chapter is a study about Fazenda Santa Carlota (SP), an area with a high touristic potential. A GIS was used to elaborate an ecological zoning, synthecizing fragilities and opportunities. Abiotic (pedology, slope, geomorfology and climate) and biotics informations (vegetation and wildlife) related with the recreational carrying capacity (RCC) have been used to elaborate the Map of Fragilities. For the Map of Opportunities, a preliminary survey of the attractive potentials for the study area was made. The result is the Map of Ecological Zoning that classifies the area in five zones: three zones that permit for the development of recreational activities, with different levels of fragility and potentiality; one zone of special use, where there is a historic site; and a restoration zone. The RCC was estimate, for each of the three recreational zones, using the Cifuentes method (1992). The values obtained represent the limits of acceptable change that could be allowed to prevent the degradation of the natural resources. These values are not absolute and involve scientific and judgmental considerations. The use of GIS revealed to be adequate for the objective of ecological zoning for recreationals objectives. The RCC method revealed to be flexible and fast. However, due to important factors not considered because of lack of specific data and due to the working scale, it overestimates the RCC.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-28T22:21:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 34d.pdf: 527027 bytes, checksum: 3a2994f6e833591e621767e0894712b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-28T22:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 34d.pdf: 527027 bytes, checksum: 3a2994f6e833591e621767e0894712b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Nenhuma / Arma de fogo tem sido um tema amplamente discutido na literatura científica. Entretanto, pouquíssima atenção vem sendo dada aos aspectos motivacionais e psicológicos do seu uso. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um instrumento capaz de investigar as atitudes motivacionais de adultos com relação às armas de fogo. Foram realizados dois estudos. No Estudo I, foi feita uma revisão das escalas existentes na literatura internacional juntamente com grupos focais com civis e militares sobre a motivação para o uso de armas. A partir daí, foi criado um modelo que continha quatro fatores: “Arma como Risco”, “Arma como Proteção”, “Direito ao Porte de Arma” e “Exposição” e elaborados itens que os contemplasse. Cada item foi analisado por três juízes quanto à sua semântica, clareza e pertinência teórica. Baseando-se na concordância e notas atribuídas pelos juízes, foram selecionados 51 itens que formaram a primeira versão da Escala Motivacional para o Porte de Arma (EMPA). No Estudo II, a EMPA foi aplicada em 550 respondentes, sendo 258 homens (46,90%) e 292 mulheres (53.10%). A idade variou de 18 a 86 anos (Média= 28 anos, DP= 13,75 anos). A aplicação foi coletiva e o projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise fatorial exploratória com o método dos componentes principais e rotação Varimax para quatro fatores, conforme modelo desenvolvido no Estudo I. Posteriormente foram feitas análises fatoriais confirmatórias. Após a retirada de alguns itens (devido à baixa saturação e comunalidade), obteve-se uma solução com 36 itens, índice KMO=0.91 e Teste de Bartlett significativo. O modelo explicou 48% da variância com os fatores “Arma como Proteção” (13 itens), “Arma como Risco” (11 itens), “Direito” (cinco itens) e “Exposição” (sete itens). Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória apoiaram a estrutura da EMPA encontrada na análise fatorial exploratória. Todas as relações entre as variáveis latentes e observadas foram significativas, indicando que o fator contribui para a explicação da variância do item. Foram observadas também correlações entre os fatores. Quanto maior a intensidade no fator “Proteção” e “Direito” menor são o “Risco” e a “Exposição”. Da mesma maneira, quanto maior a variável “Risco” e “Exposição”, menor o “Direito”. Os escores da EMPA foram analisados com relação ao sexo, estado civil e experiência com arma de fogo. Os resultados mostram índices psicométricos de validade e fidedignidade satisfatórios para a EMPA, indicando que o instrumento poderá auxiliar futuramente no processo de avaliação psicológica para o porte de arma e em pesquisas. / Firearm has been a theme thoroughly discussed in the scientific literature. However, little attention has been given to the motivational and psychological aspects of its use. This study had as objective the development of an instrument capable of investigating the motivational attitudes of adults regarding firearms. Two studies were conducted. In the first Study, a review on the existent ranges in international literature was made along with focal groups made up of civilians and military relate to the motivation for using weapons. From then on, a model that contained four factors was created: “Weapon as a Risk”, “Weapon as Protection”, “Right to Carry a Weapon” and “Exhibition” and elaborated items to contemplate them. Each item was analyzed by three judges as for its semantics, clarity and theoretical pertinence. Based on the agreement and grades given by the judges, 51 items were selected which formed the first version of the Motivational Range for Carrying a Weapon (MRCW). In the second Study, MRCW was applied in 550 respondents, being 258 men (46,90%) and 292 women (53.10%). Ranging from 18 to 86 years old (Average = 28 years old, DP = 13,75 years old). The application was collective and the project was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research. The data were analyzed through exploratory factorial analysis with the method of the main components and Varimax rotation for four factors, as the model developed in the first Study. Later empirical factorial analyses were made. After the retreat of some items (due to low saturation and commonality), a solution with 36 items was achieved, index of KMO=0.91 and significant Bartlett Test. The model explained 48% of the variance with the factors “Weapon as Protection” (13 items), “Weapon as a Risk” (11 items), “Right” (5 items) and “Exhibition” (7 items). The results of the empirical factorial analyses supported the MRCW structure found in the exploratory factorial analysis. All of the relationships among the latent and observed variables were significant, indicating that the factor contributed to the explanation of the variance of the item. Correlations among the factors were also observed. The higher the intensity in the factor “Protection” and “Right” the lower are “Risk” and “Exhibition.” In the same way, the higher the variable “Risk” and “Exhibition”, the lower is “Right.” The scores of MRCW were analyzed regarding the sex, marital status and experience with firearm. The results show psychometric indexes validity and loyalty satisfactory for MRCW, indicating that the instrument will hereafter be able to help in the process of psychological evaluation for the carrying of a weapon load and in researches.

Remote area staff performing manual patient handling tasks in the absence of patient lifting hoists available in most health care settings are at an elevated risk of musculoskeletal injuries. The objective of this project was to identify the patient handling methods that have the lowest risk of injury. The patient handling task of lifting a patient from floor to a chair or wheelchair is a common task performed in a remote health care setting. The task was performed utilising three methods, these being: (1) heads/tails lift, (2) use of two Blue MEDesign?? slings and (3) use of a drawsheet. The task of the heads/tails lift was broken down into two distinctly separate subtasks: lifting from the (1) head and (2) tail ends of the patient load. These techniques were selected based on criteria including current practice, durability, portability, accessibility, ease of storage and cost to supply. Postural data were obtained using a Vicon 370 three - dimensional motion measurement and analysis system in the Biomechanics & Gait laboratory at the University of New South Wales. Forty reflective markers were placed on the subject to obtain the following joint angles: ankle, knee, hip, torso, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. The raw data were converted into the respective joint angles (Y, X, Z) for further analysis. The postural data was analysed using the University of Michigan???s Three-Dimensional Static Strength Prediction Program (3D SSPP) and the relative risk of injury was based on the following three values: (1) a threshold value of 3,400 N for compression force, (2) a threshold value of 500 N for shear force, and (3) population strength capability data. The effects on changes to the anthropometric data was estimated and analysed using the in-built anthropometric data contained within the 3D SSPP program for 6 separate lifter scenarios, these being male and female 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles. Changes to the patient load were estimated and analysed using the same computer software. Estimated compressive and shear forces were found to be lower with the drawsheet and tail component of the heads/tails lift in comparison to the use of the Blue MEDesign?? straps and head component of the heads/tails lift. The results obtained for the strength capability aspect of each of the lifts indicated a higher percentage of the population capable of both the drawsheet and tail end of the heads/tails lift. The relative risk of back injury for the lifters is distributed more evenly with the drawsheet lift as opposed to the heads/tails (tail) lift where risk is disproportionate with the heavier end being lifted. The use of lifter anthropometrics does not appear to be a realistic variable to base assumptions on which group of the population are capable of safely performing this task in a remote setting. This study advocates the use of the drawsheet lift in a remote setting based on the author???s experience and the biomechanical results obtained in this study. The drawsheet lift is both more accessible and provides a more acceptable risk when more than two patient handlers are involved, in comparison to the other lifts utilised lifting patients from floor to a chair.

Small region sustainability is an extremely important part of the journey to sustainability of the global population, as the most difference can be made at this spatial level through decision making and community choice. However, small regions have not been the focus of sustainability literature. Therefore, this thesis develops theory to explain what small region sustainability involves and tested the applicability of current sustainability assessment methods to find an effective tool for the journey to sustainability that can be used for social learning, decision making, policy development, research and monitoring of sustainability in small regions. It was found through the development of a model of sustainable carrying capacity and the major pressures of human activities on the environment, that sustainability for small regions means living equitably with the impacts of human activities in the region within the limits of its ecosystems. This thesis also found that none of the current sustainability methods tested were effective or useful as a tool for small regions. Therefore, a new sustainability assessment method was developed, the Sustainable Carrying Capacity Assessment (SCCA), which assesses the equitability and size of the major pressures that the human activities are causing and determines if this pressure exceeds the sustainable carrying capacity of the region, and thus, the sustainability of the population. Thus, for small regions to become sustainable, they must live equitably within the sustainable carrying capacity of the region's ecosystems, and a tool that can help them achieve this is the SCCA. By raising social awareness, guiding policy development and decision making this method can help guide small regions, and other spatial levels on their journey to sustainability. Therefore, it is recommended that Local Government Areas, Regional Organisation of Councils, schools, local community groups and anyone who wants to learn more about sustainability use this method. This thesis, therefore, makes a significant contribution to the field of sustainability.

There has been a continuous decline in both the production and general performance of the SRO in NSW estuaries over the past three decades. The relationship of this decline to both environmental and oyster-density related factors are assessed in this thesis. This question has been examined at different scales: a large scale that compares two different estuaries (Clyde and Shoalhaven Rivers, southern NSW); a regional scale that encompasses variations within an estuary and, at a lease scale that examines processes pertaining to individual or small groups of oysters. Levels of inorganic nutrients were in general very low potentially limiting primary production. The limiting nutrient was nitrogen or phosphorus depending on whether long term conditions were dry or wet, respectively. Only during rain events, through the input of terrestrial material, were conditions favourable for fast rates of primary production. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis has demonstrated that both external material and local resuspension of the benthos constitute a major proportion of the SRO diet. The uptake of the various food sources also varied considerably depending on local environmental conditions. Increases in SRO growth were strongly correlated to increases in temperature with a low temperature cut-off at ~13°C. Growth also appeared to reduce considerably when salinities lower than ~15ppt persisted for the order of a month. These factors may alter growth through changes in filtration rates. These processes were modelled in a coupled hydrodynamic-NPO (Nitrogen-Phytoplankton-Oyster) model of the Clyde River. This demonstrated that primary production was more affected by estuarine dynamics and nutrient concentrations than oyster uptake. At the current levels of oyster densities, primary production by itself could not account for the observed oyster growth, however growth became realistic with observed levels of POC added to the model. A set of environmental indices were used to complement the model and to assess the sustainability of the culture system. The combined indices indicated that while the ecological carrying capacity of the Clyde was exceeded the production capacity at an estuarine scale was not. On the lease scale, density experiments showed that while growth was not reduced as a result of current stocking densities, the condition index was significantly affected.

Coastal regions provide a lot of resources and benefits for all the humankind. For economic growth, these resources are needed. On the other hand, coastal resources should be maintained and preserved in some limits. Sustainable development is aimed to set a balance between economic growth and preserving the nature. Determination of the yacht carrying capacity is a major step for sustainable development. In this thesis study wind-induced water circulation in semi-enclosed basins are carried out in order to reach the yacht carrying capacity for Fethiye Bay. Hydrodynamics of bays is very complex, mainly affected by wind and wave climate and sea bottom topography. The sea bed profiles at the bay changes under winter and summer storms of different speeds and directions. This case study will be carried out with the developed methodology. The present structure of Fethiye Bay will be analyzed and necessary measurements will be proceeded. Moreover, two more cases will be studied besides the present conditions. Circulation models will be applied to the study case according to reached data. For this purpose, Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) numerical model will be used.

Livestock keeping has been the essential source of livelihood in Babati District for many hundreds of years. The traditional ecological knowledge about this semi-arid environment has influenced the general view on livestock management. This essay discusses the measures that are, or could be taken in Babati District to prevent overstocking and overgrazing in the woodlands. With the continuing population density increase also the livestock population grows. More houses and roads are built and the grazing lands diminish. To avoid overgrazing forest management programmes restrict grazing in forests. This additionally decreases availability of grazing land. My conclusion is that minimizing number of livestock is necessary to not exceed carrying capacity of pasture during drought. Hence this is not free from problems since it is traditionally rooted to have a large number of livestock as a buffer of energy and wealth. One solution for both how to prevent overstocking and how to survive with small number of livestock is to practise zero-grazing. Zero-grazing is to keep a small number of healthy big cattle e.g. exotic cows or crossbreeds in stables or tied up. However, when tying cattle on the spot the fact that cattle have four legs is disregarded.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Weiss, Howard; Committee Member: Cvitanovic , Predrag; Committee Member: Goldman, Daniel; Committee Member: Schatz, Michael; Committee Member: Wiesenfeld, Kurt. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.