Stable democratic systems are characterised by the persistence and distinctiveness of political subcultures which offer alternatives to the status quo. This case study describes the New Democratic sub-culture in terms of its persistence and distinctiveness. The data was drawn from a survey of New Democratic activists in the Vancouver area. The concept of political socialization was used to examine the persistence of the New Democratic subculture. Primary and secondary agents of socialization provide continuity of sub-cultural values overtime; primary agents such as family and peer groups socialize New Democrats to sub-cultural values, while secondary agents provide socialization both to the general political culture, which is primarily liberal democratic, and to values which are consonant with the organic-socialist New Democratic sub-culture. New Democrats are strongly committed to their sub-culture, but seem to be attracted to the liberal culture in some degree. The liberal value of equality of opportunity seems to be particularly attractive to New Democrats. But the New Democratic sub-culture is distinctive in the very strong value placed upon the ordinary working person's welfare. When New Democrats contrast themselves with other sub-cultures, they see themselves as the party of the working class, the underdog, while other parties are for doctors, bankers, and the status quo. The study of political culture, especially of political sub-cultures which together make up the general political culture of a system, requires more study of two problems which must be examined together. First, it is necessary to establish a taxonomy of the values which constitute a sub-culture. Second, the process of socialization to those values must be studied in a manner that will enable the researcher to make use of that taxonomy of cultural values. An ideal research strategy would combine ideographic testing with small group methods. Political activists provide an excellent laboratory for this kind of study. Once we know more about the content of political culture and the way in which it is modified in the process of socialization, we will be able to study the interaction of political sub-cultures in a much more systematic way. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

The foreign policy of imperial China had two major aspects: 1) ideological purity, based on the Chinese cosmological view of the state, and emphasizing the all embracing rule of the Chinese Son of Heaven. 2) Practicality and flexibility, which provided imperial rulers the justification for conducting foreign relations on an equal footing with their neighbors, and allowed for retreat from claims of Chinese superiority, or even paying tribute to "barbarians." These two aspects have been noted and studied previously. In this dissertation I examine the interplay of the twin aspects in Sui-Tang foreign policy decisions and their implementation, how they clashed with or accommodated each other both when China was strong and when it was weak. Chapter I provides a survey of the tribute system, its roots in the pre-Qin period, its development in Han and the challenges it faced in the Period of Division. The Sui-Tang policy of resettlement of the Turks who had submitted, is the theme of Chapter II. The chapter examines the Tang system of the "subordinated area commands and prefectures." The Sui-Tang settlement policy was intended to bring the "barbarians" under Chinese administration and to use the nomads as a military force against other "barbarians." It also drew a distinct line between the non-Chinese and the Chinese so that the "barbarians" would not disturb the Chinese and would undergo a gradual process of sinification. But the success of the policy depended basically on the balance of power. The war policy of the Sui-Tang Chinese towards Koguryŏ, its motives and result are studied in Chapter III. For the better part of a century the Chinese made persistent efforts to establish their administration on the Korean peninsula through force. While there is a contrast between the pragmatism of Emperor Wen on the one hand, and the obsession with military glory of Emperor Yang and Taizong on the other, all three emperors insisted on Chinese superiority over the Koreans and all haconsiderations for frontier security. The differences in their attitudes lay mainly in the extent to which China should claim the superiority. Eventually, the Chinese were quite happy to withdraw beyond the Yalu River and accept Korea as a peaceful tributary. The alliance between Tang and the Uighur empire is the topic of Chapter IV. While before the outbreak of the An Lushan rebellion in 755 the Uighurs were at times subjects of Tang, the period after 755 saw the growth of the Uighur empire and the weakening of Tang superiority. In both periods their relations were characterized by an alliance based on common interests. In the latter period the Chinese had to treat the Uighurs as an equal power but the relationship was still maintained under the tribute system, which served to maintain the outward form of Chinese superiority. The seven Tang-Tibetan treaties are discussed in Chapter V. Compared with Tang relations with other peoples, the Tang-Tibetan relationship was remarkably equal. This was shown both in diplomatic reciprocity and in the conclusion of treaties. Nevertheless, some Chinese officials still held strongly to the idea that the Tibetans were "barbarians," which hindered the maintenance of the treaties. In the making of foreign policy in imperial China, the two major aspects, ideological purity and practicality, were reflected in two principles of Confucian doctrine: "the king leaves nothing and nobody outside his realm," and "having the various states of Xia within, and keeping the Yi and Di barbarians out." While the first principle represented the ideological purity and provided justification for Chinese expansion, the second stressed practicality, thus the two aspects achieved a balance. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

A case study approach was used to generate a description and an understanding of the experience of withdrawal from a career in professional sport. The informants were ten males who had withdrawn from their careers during the years from 1976 to 1987 inclusive. The informants were selected from team and individual sports, involving four key informants from each of hockey and thoroughbred horse racing, plus one subsidiary informant from each of football and racquetball. Narratives rich in description were derived from personal interviews and were validated by the respective informants. These narratives were synthesized into a general story of voluntary withdrawal from sport which reflects both common experience and turning points for varying plots. This general story was validated by the informants as well as an expert authority who has been professionally involved in sport for some thirty-six years. Withdrawal from sport was a process which frequently began soon after the athletes became engaged in the career. When confronted with a variety of catalytic events which reminded them that the career was short-term, they addressed the potential for withdrawal in varying fashion and typically re-immersed themselves in the career. The potential eventually became more immediate, more urgent but frequently arose in the context of an enlarged perspective on the self and the profession. Thus, they were confronted with both internal and external pressures for change. As they began to assess their prospects for life after sport, they often became concerned about perceived limitations. They experienced a period of great confusion and indecision which was the most difficult and trying component of the story. In the middle of the story, the athletes frequently sought direction in their careers, scrutinized the profession more carefully, and uncharacteristically reached out to others for ideas and support. Eventually, a culmination point arose, resulting in a decision to withdraw. The athletes were typically relieved by this decision because they were weary of their confusion and often were weary of the physical and emotional demands of the career. A variety of new career opportunities were available to them. Some were planned and some were unexpected. Chance encounters played an important part in the process of leaving sport. The story ended with the establishment and acceptance of a post-sport career and lifestyle. In reflecting on the decision to withdraw, the athletes were typically glad that they quit when they did, even though they were reluctant to do so at the time. Their withdrawal allowed them to preserve health, self-respect, and the regard of others. It also allowed them to develop other competencies and to express a more nurturant dimension of themselves as their interests had turned toward their emerging family lives. Most have found the transition to a new career and lifestyle relatively easy, frequently accepting a more modest lifestyle than they had experienced as professional athletes and usually finding some means to continue their participation in sport in a recreational or leadership capacity. The study includes several theoretical implications which reinforce the importance of contextual considerations, the significance of chance encounters, and the changing personal meaning of work in life paths. The study supports criticisms of the traditional expectations that a career should follow a rising trajectory, as well as criticisms of the application to this topic of theoretical perspectives borrowed from social gerontology and thanatology. Furthermore, the study finds no evidence to support the contention that this experience is extraordinary and traumatic. Rather, the experience seems to be characteristic of transitions in general. The study supports and offers extensions to Schlossberg's (1984) model of transitions. The practical implications of the study include the utility of the general story as a model, knowledge base, and alternative perspective for individuals experiencing similar transitions and their helping practitioners. Recommendations for interventions include the use of Schlossberg's content-process model as a framework to assist individuals through a transitional experience such as leaving professional sport. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This study was an exploratory case study which examined the process of collegial consultation in relation to teacher development in two dyads of elementary teachers. The purpose of the study was to understand the manner in which participants collaborate and mutually negotiate understandings in a conference following data-based classroom observation. The research questions addressed were: 1.0 How do the partners negotiate shared understandings in the consultation process? 2.0 How does context influence the consultation process? The primary data sources were fieldnotes from classroom observations, videotaped post-observation conferences, and audiotaped stimulated recall interviews. These data were collected from four rounds of observations for each dyad. Symbolic interactionism (Blumer, 1969,1972) was used as a framework for analyzing how the participants made collective and individual sense of their professional practice during the post-observation conference and conference review process, respectively. The data analysis was based primarily on the conference review audiotapes from each dyad member and the post-observation conference videotapes. After a comparative analysis of the two dyads, the following findings appeared to influence the negotiation of shared understandings in the consultation process and, therefore, teacher growth. First, a prior work relationship appeared to facilitate adaptation to the practice of collegial consultation. In contrast, prior interaction patterns appeared to inhibit adaptation to the practice of collegial consultation. Second, past experiences and training influenced how the participants interpreted and defined the collegial consultation process. Congruent definitions of the collegial relationship and the consultation process appeared to facilitate mutual negotiation of understanding, whereas incongruent definitions inhibited such negotiation. Third, the manner in which the participants defined the consultation process influenced their interpretation of the observer and observee roles. A shared language of congruent definitions and interpretations of role appeared to facilitate negotiation of shared understandings of practice. Lack of an explicit shared language inhibited negotiation. Fourth, a supportive consultation climate appeared to also facilitate negotiation. Finally, teacher growth in understanding of teaching and consultation practice appeared to be developmental and influenced by the previous four findings. Five conclusions were derived from a comparative analysis of the findings from each of the two dyads. Five contextual factors appeared to influence the collegial consultation process. They were as follows: (1) district and school endorsement and support were both needed to facilitate the implementation of collegial consultation; (2) reciprocal interaction patterns were more likely to result in changes in teaching practice; (3) definitional congruence of the collegial relationship and consultation process facilitated clear communication and negotiation of shared understandings; (4) provision of a knowledge base and a support network enhanced understanding of teaching and consultation practice; and (5) the need for structured-in time was critical if participants were to be expected to practise collegial consultation. The main implications for theory were that collegial consultation was a viable vehicle for teachers to develop professionally with appropriate modelling, endorsement, and support from district and school administrators. Reciprocal interaction patterns appeared to foster growth and change in practice. The most important implications for practice were the identification of the need for structured time to engage in the collegial consultation process and the need for the provision of a knowledge base and on-site support network. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

This is a study of migration. The Report of the Federal Task Force of Agriculture in 1969 defined increased mobility out of agriculture as a farm policy goal. This goal was seen as a means to help reduce the incidence of poverty in farming. Economic theory identifies costs and benefits as deterring and motivating factors for migration respectively. This study is a study of individual decision making. Retaining a basic cost-benefit framework, decision making is examined with the aid of a model where a decision to migrate is some function of economic and non-economic expectations, and expectations in turn are some function of information about events, and finally information about events is a function of perception. A sample area was selected within Census Division 16 in Saskatchewan and two parallel surveys were conducted in July 1971. Residents of the sample area were interviewed, and outmigrants from the area during the previous five years were located and interviewed. Parametric variables were evaluated via one way analysis of variance producing the F statistic, and non-parametric variables were evaluated using cross tabulations producing the chi square statistic. The study findings and conclusions provide the following information. Rural people do expect a higher level of income as a result of migration. The experience of migrants seems to support these expectations but at a lower level. Job expectations are generally non-specific, any kind of steady employment is seen as desirable. Costs, particularly costs of moving are not perceived as a significant deterrent to moving. Failing health, low incomes and inadequate acreage are the most common motivating events (factors) towards the decision to migrate. Information about an urban environment is most effectively transmitted by personal contact, friends and relatives are most effective in transmitting relevant and reasonably accurate information. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis stems from three separate but interrelated questions on public housing projects: l) do families that are potential residents of public housing projects, living in the community at large, feel socially isolated, and is their sense of isolation alleviated by living in the project? 2) what are the effects on these families of living in a project with similar type (socioeconomic) of residents and the provision of common facilities? 3) what are the various forms of designed provisions that can be introduced to overcome social isolation and improve community integration? "Culloden Court," one of the public housing projects in Vancouver, has been chosen as the case study for this investigation. A series of unstructured interviews were conducted with: Group 1 - residents of the Culloden Court project; Group 2 - applicants requesting accommodation in public housing projects (future residents); and Group 3- the families living in the immediate neighbourhood of the Culloden Court project. Statistical data on the first two groups were derived from the files of the B. C. Housing Management. The questioning directed itself to finding (l) the personal relationship of the residents to each other, (2) how the different types of resident groups related to each other, (3) how the project residents and people from project neighbourhood area relate themselves to the housing and project facilities, and finally (4) the kinds of households that should be provided in the project. The findings clearly indicated that the future residents (Group 2) felt socially isolated in the community and were looking forward to living in projects, among a similar type of family. The response pattern also shows that project residents are generally more satisfied in the way they live now than the way they lived before moving into the project. The role of the recreation room was frequently mentioned in discussing satisfaction with the project. Social integration between the community residents and the neighbourhood of the project (Group 3) and project residents was found to be lacking, although project residents attach great importance to this aspect. It is hoped that this study may help in providing guidelines in designing future housing layouts for people who find themselves in similar situations. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Communities with relatively undiversified economies are an intermediate category between the monolithic "company town" and the industrially diversified metropolis. A community with an undiversified economic base is influenced by factors external to it, including absentee ownership of industry and the international market. The part which the "company" plays in the decision-making process of such a community is examined. Propositions concerning the emergence and viability of decision-makers in this particular environment are considered. Research was carried out in a community- of 12,000 people which depends heavily on a single industry. Leaders were identified by a multi-step approach which, drew on a panel of knowledgeable persons in the community. Twenty-two men identified as leaders were interviewed. Their interrelationships and participation in decisions which affected the community were explored. The individual and collective resources available to leaders were considered. It was found that the major employer had made unilateral decisions on economic and organizational grounds. As long as these decisions resulted in stability and continuity for the community this activity was not recognized by the citizens as company participation in the decision-making process of the community. When these unilateral decisions adversely affected the community it became possible for new decision-makers to emerge from the most threatened non-company sector of the community. "New leaders" were instrumental in having the economic situation in the community redefined as problematic. Not only did new leaders emerge, but new organizations were created which, when they were defined as legitimate, provided a mechanism for tapping the resources already in the decision-making network. Brief consideration is given to the possibility that access to the decision-making process based on unusual circumstances can be transferred into more conventional positions of power in the community. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

Family Group Therapy has in the past ten years gained much notice in the field of Mental Health, especially in the treatment of children. However, despite the fact that much family group therapy has been done, little research into the results or lasting effects has been carried on. This study hoped to explore some of the effects of family group therapy on a particular group of families from which a random sample was taken. They were seen at the Burnaby Mental Health Centre, over a period of one year. In family group therapy the approach is radically different from that of individual therapy with an identified patient. The whole family is seen together with an emphasis on total family functioning. Therefore, in our follow-up study we designed our questionnaires and data analysis to include the entire family equally with no emphasis on any particular member. In designing our questionnaire we chose the six areas of family functioning considered most important, both by the therapists and the theorists, in the field of family group, therapy. In each of these areas changes in the families’ perception of their own functioning was elicited. To determine the reliability of our results a reliability test originally designed by Kerckhoft was used in the areas of husband-wife task sharing and role relationships. We then compared the results of our questionnaire and Kerckhoft reliability test with four independent variables. These variables including socio-economic class, family type, number of interviews, and therapists' impressions. In two variables particularly, the socio-economic class and the number of interviews, we found a relationship between the results of our questionnaire and the variables. We experienced difficulties in obtaining a suitable sample to interview. Only eighteen families agreed to be interviewed for the purposes of this study, from a total of fifty-four families contacted. For that reason a superficial study is also done of those families who refused to be interviewed. As our sample was found to be not really representative of all families seen in family group therapy it is rather premature to draw any real conclusions from our study. However, it is possible to say that family group therapy did seem to effect changes in a number of the families interviewed. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This study investigated the relationship among maternal reactions to visual impairment, home environment, and the self-esteem of eight visually impaired children. Educational research has clearly isolated a correlation between self-esteem, academic performance, and behavior. The premise of this study was that visually impaired children who perceived their home environments as supportive and nurturing; and who had parents, particularly mothers who accepted their loss of vision, would feel better about themselves more so than visually impaired children who held predominantly negative perceptions. The study also compared children's, mothers' and teachers' perceptions of the child's self-esteem. The subjects were 8 visually impaired children between the ages of 5 and 8, their mothers, and their integrating teachers. A questionnaire pertaining to children's self-esteem was circulated to teachers and mothers. Children were interviewed separately. Results indicated that the climate of the home was associated with both the use of functional vision and self-esteem in visually impaired children. The findings are congruent with educational and humanistic-phenomenological theory, and support the hypothesis that children's behavior and perceptions of themselves are influenced by the reflections of 'significant others', particularly their parents. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Most interest group analyses focus on the impact of interest group activity in the policymaking process, measured by the coincidence of interest demands and policy outputs. This study contends that the reverse case is important for a more complete understanding of State-interest group relations; it examines the impact of State support programmes on interest group leadership, and provides insights into how the State uses interest groups as agents for social intervention. The analysis shows that State-interest group relations can be affected by State funding programmes in two fundamental ways: first, as policy agents and political actors, interest group leaders can become "captured" in a vicious circle of financial and policy dependency which allows a minimum amount of freedom in community development activities; second, the State can undermine the link established between an interest group organisation and its interest community and, in so doing, hinder its own ability to pursue effective policy action. As a case study, the thesis takes the Federation des Franco-Colombiens (FFC), and shows how British Columbia francophone leaders modified their leadership activities as a result of access to federal government financial and policy support through the Official Languages Policy (1969). Essentially, the FFC grew from a largely local, Church-run community association into a full-fledged secular, bureaucratic, and political organisation. As Franco-Columbian leaders shifted their activity to the government arena as policy agents, they tended to pay less attention to their interest clientele, and thus severely jeopardized the effectiveness of their leadership. The implications of the study touch government, interest group leaders, and political scientists who wish to probe further into State-interest group relations. For the former two, it is crucial to be aware of the potentially negative effects of establishing too close a relationship, especially in those instances where the interest group has a low level of financial autonomy. For the latter, interest group activity should not be perceived as being uni-directional; interest groups are intermediaries in the policy process whose actions vis-à-vis the government and the interest clientele must both be considered for a more complete understanding of their role as societal actors. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate