The thesis work is performed at Norma Precision AB, a company that manufactures ammunition for hunting and competitive shooting. Two types of cases called 300 Winchester Magnum and 308 Winchester are examined on how their hardness were prior to and after the two annealing’s of the neck they experience during the manufacturing. The cases vary in hardness and an investigation will be made to draw connections to the microstructure of the cases in order to understand the variations and possibly avoid the variations in the future. The cases were selected at different days, the 300 Winchester Magnum were chosen at three different days with some properties varying and the 308 Winchester were taken at two different days. At each day twenty cases were selected, five prior to the first neck annealing, five after the first neck annealing, five after the shaping and calibrating of the cases and the final five after the second neck annealing. The selected cases were first measured by a hardness test, where they were measured at 1mm, 3mm and 6mm from the nuzzle and five times around the case at each measurement. After that, the variations were analyzed and the two most varying cases from each day and step were taken into the laboratory at Karlstad University. In the laboratory, the cases were measured by a microhardness tester. The cases were measured at even distances between them all throughout the cases to make a hardness profile. The next step was to etch the cases and examine them in an optical microscope, where the grain size was measured in micrometer and ASTM. The results from the regular hardness measurements and the microhardness tests showed similar tendencies. Variations was found in each step and each day during both hardness measurements the two types of cases behaved similarly. The grain size results showed that after annealing, the grain size increased. Although there was no clear relation between grain size and hardness since the results varied, some cases with higher hardness had a smaller grain size than a case with lower hardness. Using the grain size of the brass could work to get an idea of the hardness, but to get a sincerer perception of the material properties, more properties needs to be investigated. / Examensarbetet är utfört hos Norma Precision, ett företag som tillverkar ammunition för viltjakt och för tävlingsskytte. Två sorters hylsor vid namn 300 Winchester Magnum samt 308 Winchester undersöks hur deras hårdhet är innan respektive efter de två mynningsglödgningar hylsorna genomgår under tillverkningen. Hylsorna varierar i hårdhet och en undersökning kommer göras för att dra kopplingar till hylsornas mikrostruktur för att få en förståelse av variationerna och eventuellt kunna undvika variationer i framtiden. Hylsorna valdes ut vid olika dagar, 300 Winchester Magnum togs vid tre olika tillfällen när olika egenskaper skiljde och 308 Winchester togs vid två tillfällen. Varje dag plockades tjugo hylsor ut, fem innan första mynningsglödgningen, fem efter den första mynningsglödgningen, fem efter formning och kalibrering av hylsorna samt fem efter den andra mynningsglödgningen. På de utplockade hylsorna gjordes först hårdhetstester, då de mättes vid 1mm, 3mm och 6mm ifrån mynningen och fem mätningar runt hylsan vid varje mättillfälle. Efter det analyserades resultaten och de två hylsor som varierade mest från varje dag och varje steg togs med till labbet på Karlstads Universitet. I labbet mättes hylsorna med en mikrohårdhetsmätare. Hylsorna mättes med jämna mellanrum genom hela hylsan för att skapa en hårdhetsprofil. Nästa steg var sedan att etsa hylsorna och undersöka dem i ett ljusmikroskop, där mätningar av kornstorlek i mikrometer och ASTM gjordes. Resultaten från den vanliga hårdhetsmätningen och från mikrohårdhetsmätningen visade liknande tendenser. Det upptäckes variationer i varje steg och varje dag i båda hårdhetsmätningarna och de två sorternas hylsor betedde sig likadant. Resultaten från kornstorleksmätningarna visade att efter glödgning ökade kornstorleken. Det fanns dock inget tydligt mellan kornstorlek och hårdhet då resultaten varierade, i vissa fall hade hylsorna med högre hårdhet en mindre kornstorlek än hylsor med lägre hårdhet. Att använda mässingens kornstorlek kan fungera för att få en övergripande bild av hårdheten, men för att få en bättre förståelse av materialegenskaperna behöver fler egenskaper undersökas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:57:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3220_1.pdf: 1307302 bytes, checksum: 42435c33fd14be36778e3c202d24fd2d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A maioria das empresas utiliza a linguagem natural livre para documentar software, desde os seus requisitos, até os casos de uso e testes usados para verificar o produto final. Visto que as fases de análise, projeto, implementação e teste do sistema dependem essencialmente dessa documentação, é preciso assegurar inicialmente a qualidade desses textos. Contudo, textos escritos em linguagem natural nem sempre são precisos, devido ao fenômeno da ambigüidade (léxica e estrutural), podendo dar margem a diferentes interpretações. Uma alternativa para se minimizar esse problema é o uso de uma Linguagem Natural Controlada - um subconjunto de alguma língua natural, que usa um vocabulário restrito a um domínio particular, e regras gramaticais que guiam a construção de sentenças com redução de ambigüidade semântica visando padronização e precisão dos textos. Este trabalho, na área de Teste de Software, apresenta a ucsCNL (Use Case Specification CNL), uma Linguagem Natural Controlada para escrever especificações de casos de uso no domínio de dispositivos móveis. A ucsCNL foi integrada à TaRGeT (Test and Requirements Generation Tool), uma ferramenta para geração automática de casos de teste funcionais baseados em cenários de casos de uso escritos em Inglês. A ucsCNL provê um ambiente para geração de casos de teste mais claros, com ambigüidade reduzida, influindo diretamente na qualidade dos testes e na produtividade dos testadores. A ucsCNL já está em uso e tem alcançado resultados satisfatórios

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3237_1.pdf: 1530844 bytes, checksum: dcdb6221a7c974cbfc9e96c7629001ef (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Atualmente, arquitetura baseada em componentes é a abordagem mais utilizada no desenvolvimento de softwares complexos; esta tem como principal objetivo a atribuição dos requisitos da aplicação aos componentes. Uma das técnicas mais difundidas para especificação de requisitos é a utilização de Casos de Uso. Em geral, arquiteturas de software baseadas em componentes resultam em implementações onde o código relativo a um caso de uso está espalhado e entrelaçado em diversos componentes do sistema, caracterizando um crosscutting concern. Isto ocorre porque técnicas tradicionais, como Orientação a Objetos (OO), não oferecem mecanismos que sejam capazes de modularizar este tipo de concern. Recentemente, novas técnicas de modularização como aspectos, mixins e classes virtuais, foram propostas para tentar resolver este problema. Estas técnicas podem ser usadas para agrupar o código relacionado a um único caso de uso em uma nova unidade de modularização. Este trabalho analisa qualitativa e quantitativamente o impacto causado por este tipo de modularização de casos de uso. Nós exploramos duas técnicas baseadas em Orientação a Aspectos (OA): (i) Casos de Uso como Aspectos - onde utilizamos os construtores de AspectJ para isolar todo código relativo à implementação de um caso de uso em um aspecto; e (ii) Casos de Uso como Colaborações Plugáveis - onde usamos os construtores de CaesarJ para modularizar implementações de casos de uso através de uma composição hierárquica de colaborações. Nós executamos dois estudos de casos onde comparamos as implementações OA de casos de uso com sua implementação OO. No processo de avaliação extraímos métricas tradicionais e contemporâneas incluindo coesão, acoplamento e separação de concerns e analisamos modularidade em termos de atributos de qualidade de software como: plugabilidade, rastreabilidade e suporte para desenvolvimento em paralelo. Nossos resultados indicam que modularidade é um conceito relativo e sua análise depende de outros fatores além do sistema alvo, das métricas e da técnica aplicada

Sobre o que se escreve de uma psicanálise discorre, como o próprio título indica, sobre as (im)possibilidades de transmissão do escrito por uma análise. Haveria uma escritura que compartilhe o saber adquirido por tal percurso? Valorizar e destacar a forma de apresentação pareceu-nos o início do trabalho. Afinal, o meio de transmitir faz parte do que é transmitido (chegando até ao extremo de que a forma seria a própria mensagem). Escrever sobre a escrita, em alguns momentos, nada mais é do que escrever. Mais do que relatar a experiência descontínua de uma análise, a tese objetiva demonstrar o efeito-escrito, através de uma escritura, de minha análise. Uma descrição linear amparada em anedotas e diálogos não sustentaria a transmissão do atravessamento de uma análise em um sujeito. Visamos, assim, a compartilhar um saber inédito, resultado de um trabalho singular, que exige, por sua própria construção, diferentes formatos. Trabalho que resulta numa apresentação intransitiva que vá além de uma comunicação; que, pela própria experiência, convide o leitor a um fazer com os rumores da língua / On what is written of a psychoanalysis deals with, as the title itself hints, the (im)possibilities of transmitting what in a psychoanalytic experience, is in itself written. Is there a way of writing that allows to share the knowledge that is acquired during the process? To foreground and highlight the form, the mode of presenting that process was the starting point of this essay. After all, the means of transmission are included in what is being transmitted (up to a point where the form is the message). To write about writing, sometimes, is nothing but writing. Other than giving an account of the discontinuous experience of a psychoanalysis, this paper aims to demonstrate the written-effect (the written outcome) of my own analysis. A linear account of what happened there, illustrated by dialogs and anecdotes, would not sustain any real transmission of the effect a psychoanalysis has on anybody. Our goal is sharing with the reader the new knowledge that resulted from a singular working through, which due to its own peculiar construction demands, exacts from us many different formats. It is a work that results in a presentation that goes much further than a simple report. Work that invites the reader, through his own experience of reading, to the game of dealing with the labyrinths of language

A gestão do conhecimento é um dos temas emergentes da administração das empresas. Com o tempo, percebe-se que as empresas que dominem as informações e as transformem em conhecimentos para aplicá-los de forma organizada em prol de seus resultados podem levar vantagem sobre os seus concorrentes e, acima de tudo, atender com excelência e qualidade aos seus propósitos. Essa tese dá a oportunidade de conhecer, de forma mais detalhada, o que as empresas que alegam a utilização da gestão do conhecimento têm praticado para a sua concretização. Fica claro que, não se trata de uma tarefa rotineira, mas, ao contrário, é uma ação com características sistêmicas, exigindo de todas as pessoas e níveis das empresas que atuem de forma conjunta, integrada, interligada aos ambientes externo e interno e, considerando os efeitos das variáveis sobre as empresas. É um assunto que abrange e influencia as decisões estratégicas das empresas, passa pelas construções do ambiente e da cultura organizacional, pela criação e organização de ferramentas para a criação, e identificação de conhecimento, pelo seu compartilhamento e pelas atividades de atuação e descarte de seus conteúdos. Essa pesquisa analisa e investiga esses aspectos, o que as empresas têm praticado nesse tema e procura demonstrar os principais fatores propulsores e restritivos para sua aplicação. Além das teorias e pesquisa das atividades relacionadas à gestão do conhecimento, este trabalho desenvolve-se de acordo com a teoria institucional, tomando-a por base para a construção de um modelo teórico, que seja suficientemente amplo para acolher, a visão de processo e de sus etapas. A teoria institucional teve o objetivo de classificar os diferentes graus de implantação e desenvolvimento da gestão do conhecimento, e realizou a função de classificação do grau de implementação da gestão do conhecimento na empresa. Deve-se ressaltar a metodologia de estudos de caso, na modalidade de estudos múltiplos de casos, o que permitiu a análise cruzada entre as várias empresas e a verificação das diferentes práticas adotadas por elas. A pesquisa propiciou o entendimento das principais dificuldades para a institucionalização da gestão do conhecimento, a avaliação da abrangência e significado dessa ação para as empresas e fortaleceu o entendimento de sua influência para os modelos de gestão. A teoria é conceitualmente pródiga em conteúdos, mas a aplicação da gestão do conhecimento necessita de aprofundamentos adicionais e da continuidade das pesquisas, principalmente no que se refere à gestão da cultura organizacional, da estratégia e das pessoas nas empresas. É um novo momento da administração que deve evoluir e reconfigurar a missão para a aprendizagem organizacional e o papel dos responsáveis pela gestão de pessoas nas empresas. / ABSTRACT Knowledge management is one of the emerging themes of business administration. In the course of time, it becomes clear that enterprises which master information and molde it into knowledge which is systematically applied to favor results may have advantage over their competitors, and above all, reach their targets with excellency and quality. This paper aims at knowing, in detailed form, what the enterprises which claims to use knowledge management have done to make it real. It is clear that this is not a routine task, but a systemic action which demands from every person and from each level of the enterprise a team work which is integrated into the external and the internal environments, and considering the effects of the variables over the enterprises. Knowledge management is a subject which embraces and influences strategic enterprises decisions and is involved with the building of the environment and of organizational culture, with the creation and organization of tools aimed at building and identification of knowledge, with sharing of knowledge, with performance activities and with discarding contents. This paper also aims at analyzing and investigating such aspects, showing what enterprises have already done in this area and pointing out the main propelling and the main restrictive factors for knowledge management implementation. Besides studying theories and performing research on activities related to knowledge management, this paper is developed in accord with the institutional theory, as the basis for the building of a theoretical pattern wide enough to shelter on one hand the vision of the process. The institutional theory had the purpose of classifying the different levels of implementation and development of knowledge management, and performing the classification of the implementation level of the knowledge management in the enterprise. Case study methodology, in the form of multiple cases study, allowed the intersectional analysis among several enterprises and the inspection of the different actions they use. The research allowed the understanding of the main hindrance for the institutionalization of knowledge management, the evaluation of the range and meaning of this action for the enterprises, and invigorated the understanding of its influence for management patterns. The theory is plenty of contents, but the application of knowledge management needs deeper and continuous research, mainly on which it concerns to the management of organizational culture, strategies and people in the enterprises. It is a new age for the administration which must evolve and reconfigure the mission of organizational learning and the role reserved to the responsible ones for the management of people in the enterprises.

The study sought to analyse the South African common law defence of moderate and reasonable child chastisement. Regarded by those with religious and cultural beliefs as a way of instilling child discipline, child chastisement has been a centre of contestation in recent years. Constitutionally, children have rights to care, dignity and protection. Thus, child chastisement infringes upon these rights. However, regardless of its intentions, child chastisement has an effect of inflicting pain onto its victims thereby infringing on their rights to human dignity, equality and protection. It can also lead to unintended consequences such as injury or death to its victims. Subjecting children to this cruel, inhuman and degrading action affects the development of children and sometimes haunts them at a later stage in life. In addition, child chastisement lacks the measure of determining whether it is moderate or severe, thereby making it prone to abuse or misuse. The study used a qualitative research paradigm, where data was collected from existing documents and analysed towards understanding child chastisement and finding sustainable ways of improving child welfare in the home or in society. The study also analysed the legal framework on child welfare and chastisement globally, regionally and locally. Instruments such as the UNCRC, ACRWC and the UDHR have a clear stance abolishing child chastisement. The study established that, despite the existence of global instruments promoting child care and protection, the common law defence of corporal punishment in the home and society remains a loophole that needs closing and enactment of laws that outlaws it completely.

I rapporten undersöks säkerhetsaspekter för företagsapplikationer utvecklade till androidplattformen. Rapporten tar även upp Androids grunder och dess säkerhetsmodell. Syftet med rapporten var att undersöka Androids lämplighet för projekt som HOW Solutions har planerade. Under arbetet har en applikation för trådlös öppning av lås utvecklats. Resultatet var att många av de hot som upptäcktes var, för företag, i vissa fall är svåra att mitigera och att viss relevant funktionalitet saknas på plattformen. Trots det är slutsatsen att Android är en mogen plattform med ett gediget säkerhetsarbete och därför lämpar sig bra för företagsapplikationer.

Magister Legum - LLM / The sentiment of Justice Ackerman that courts have a particular responsibility and obligation to “forge new tools” and shape innovative remedies to achieve a goal, is profound and based on a constitution with a transformative nature. The injustice of apartheid brought about unequal resource distribution in South Africa and this is well documented. The need for innovative remedies to address these injustices has been in demand. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa has made available, sufficient remedies for the courts to deal with these concerns. However, the courts need to find a creative way of using and applying these remedies. One such remedy, being promoted by this paper is, structural interdicts with a supervisory jurisdiction. This remedy has a process of meaningful engagement attached to it, to ensure all parties reach practical solutions to ongoing socio-economic rights violations. The ancillary effect of these types of orders will promote future policies to take into consideration socio-economic rights needs of other people in the same position as the applicants. The ongoing supervision of the court will further ensure that government comply with its obligation within reasonable time, and to address ongoing concerns of socio-economic rights violation as and when they arise during the process of engagement. / South Africa

Background and problem: The audit profession have developed through the history as the auditor’s associations has becoming rule-making bodies. Auditors has become an even more important function, which leads to greater responsibility and more obligations. Auditors are seen as a profession, and in exchange for them to perform their work they need to be seen to act in the public interest, being independent, act with integrity, having knowledge and competence and being dedicated to their work. It has also been seen in previous research that the professional appearance and behavior matters in the audit profession. Due to the scandals in the audit profession over time, the need for supervisory boards has increased. It is the Swedish Inspectorate of Auditors (SIA) that perform the supervision of the auditors in Sweden and ensure that existing rules and standards are being followed. In previous research of disciplinary cases issued by the SIA, it is seen that professional wrongdoings made by auditors was of importance. However, no previous research has investigated what types of professional wrongdoings auditors commits. Aim: The aim of this study is to explore what manifests unprofessionalism in the audit profession. Disciplinary cases concerning professional wrongdoings will be analyzed in order to understand how the Swedish audit profession’s supervisory body, the SIA, assesses cases that relates to unprofessional behavior. Methodology: Disciplinary cases concerning professional wrongdoings between 2006-2019 has been analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The disciplinary cases have been sorted into categories concerning professional aspects that have emerged from previous research and auditor’s code of conduct. The result has been analyzed and compared to previous research and the frame of reference. Result and conclusions: The types of professional wrongdoings the auditors commit are Lack of independence, Shortcomings in the auditor’s own business, Lack of dedication, Not fulfilled requirements, Personal shortcomings, Not act in public interest and Lack of integrity. The types of professional wrongdoings occurred most frequently was Lack of independence, Shortcomings the auditor’s own business and Lack of dedication. Lack of independence had the highest share of the total disciplinary cases issued, while Shortcomings in the auditor’s own business seem to be the most severe one as it had the largest share of withdrawal of the auditor’s authorization or approval. Future studies: As this study only take the perspective of the SIA, it would be further interesting to see how the auditor’s perceive professionalism and what aspects they find important in order to obtain a professional role. Hence, conducting a study from the perspective of the professionals would give a more nuanced picture of what it means being a professional. In addition, it would also be interesting to investigate how the audited client’s perceive professionalism in the audit, and what aspects of professionalism they find important in order to obtain trust for the auditor.

Testing is an important component of every software since it enables the delivery of reliable solutions that meet the needs of end-users. Valuable testing is represented by the results of the test cases, which may provide knowledge into the presence of software system flaws. Testers create test cases because it lets one check and ensures that all user requirements and situations that users can go through are fully covered. In addition, test cases enable to find out the design problems early and thus allow testers to find solutions as soon as possible. The main goal of this thesis is to understand the routine and behavior of human testers when performing testing and to gain a better understanding of the software testing field. This thesis also aims to discover the challenges testers face when testing. The report shows the results of a combined qualitative and quantitative survey, responded by 38 experienced software testers and developers. The survey explores testers' cognitive processes when performing testing by investigating the knowledge they bring, the activities they perform, and the challenges they face in their routine. By analyzing the survey's results, we identified several main themes (related to knowledge, activities, and challenges) and brought more knowledge on the course of the problem-solving process cycle from understanding the test goal, planning the test strategy, executing tests to checking of the test results. We report a more refined test design model. The results of this thesis suggest that testers use several sources of knowledge in their routine when creating and executing test cases such as documentation, code, and their experience. In addition, we found that the main activities of testers are related to specific tasks such as the comprehension of software requirements, learning as much as possible about the software, and discussing of the results with the developing team or other testers to get feedback about the outcomes. Finally, testers face many challenges in their routine when understanding, planning, executing, and checking tests: e.g., incomplete, or ambiguous requirements, complex or highly configurable scenarios that are hard to test, the lack of time and hard deadlines and unstable environments.