Orientadores: Elizabete Jordão, Wagner Alves Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueiredo_FlaviaCamargoAlves_M.pdf: 2792481 bytes, checksum: 30096a0a78d59802544c5d197d9aa7ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A hidrogenação do adipato de dimetila catalisada por Pt e por Pd foi avaliada. Os catalisadores foram suportados em alumina, titânia e carvão. Os parâmetros investigados foram: a influência do suporte, a influência do metal ativo Pd quando comparado com Pt e a influência dos promotores Sn e K em alguns catalisadores. A caracterização físico-química dos sistemas catalíticos foi feita por Fisissorção de 'N IND. 2¿ ¿ BET, Quimissorção de 'H IND. 2¿, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura ¿ MEV, Redução a Temperatura Programada ¿ TPR e Espectrometria de Emissão Ótica em Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado ¿ ICP OES. A dispersão dos metais nos catalisadores mostrou-se diretamente relacionada à área superficial dos suportes, sendo que partículas bimetálicas ou parcialmente cobertas (no caso da titânia) podem estar presentes. O suporte altera o comportamento dos metais presentes na sua superfície por diferentes maneiras: efeito SMSI (titânia), acidez (aluminia) e presença de grupos funcionais oxidados (carvão). A conversão de adipato de dimetila á reduzida na presença do suporte titânia e aumenta quando o suporte é alumina, o que está relacionado à acidez deste, com a formação de uma elevada quantidade de produtos indesejáveis. Maiores valores de seletividade para a produção de 1,6 ¿ hexanodiol são observados com o uso de titânia, uma vez que espécies parcialmente reduzidas do suporte favorecem a ativação da carbonila do substrato ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The hidrogenation of dimethyl adipate catalyzed by Pt and Pd was evaluated. The catalysts were supported in 'Al IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿, 'TiO IND. 2¿ and coal. The investigated parameters were: the influence of the support, the influence of the active metal Pd when compared to Pt and the influence of Sn and K as promoters in some catalysts. The physical-chemistry characterization of the catalytic system was made by 'N IND. 2¿ sorption ¿ BET, 'H IND. 2¿ soption, Scanning Electron Microscopy ¿ SEM, Temperature Programmed Reduction ¿ TPR and Inductively coupled Plasma Optics Emission superficial area of the supports, and bimetallic particles or partially covered (in the case of the 'TiO IND. 2¿) can be present. Support modifies the behavior of metals in the surface for different ways: SMSI effect ('TiO IND. 2¿), acidity ('Al IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿) and presence of oxidized functional groups (coal). The conversion of dimethyl adipate is reduced in the presence of 'TiO IND. 2¿ and increases when the support is 'Al IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿. This is related to the 'Al IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿ acidity, with the formation of many undersirable products. Higher selectivity values for the production of 1,6-hexaodiol are observed with 'TiO IND. 2¿, due to the partially reduced species of the support that favor the activation of the carbonyl...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Homogenous Au(I)-catalysis has become a valuable synthetic tool to activate a host of unsaturated carbon functional groups towards nucleophilic addition. Over the course of the past two decades, many have embarked on new journeys within this field. Notably, the advancements in this field hinge on the development of new ligand systems that impart novel reactivity at the metal. Our group has focused on this area, as we have successfully demonstrated the utility of 1,2,3-triazoles as ligands for gold and a host of other transition metals and Lewis acids. With respect to gold catalysis, these ligands enhance the stability of the metal center, thus inhibiting typical reductive decomposition pathways that have plagued this field. The enhanced stability comes with a price though as higher temperatures can be required. We’ve addressed this challenge by discovering an interesting synergy between triazole-gold and Lewis acids, allowing us to overcome the lower reactivity of these catalysts. During my time as a graduate student, I have focused heavily on enlisting these catalytic systems for new reaction discovery. In my first experimental chapter, I was able to develop an interesting reaction cascade in which triazole-gold and secondary amine catalysts were used. I started with a well-known gold-catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of propargyl vinyl ether, yielding functionalized allenes. The identical oxidation state between these allenes and synthetically appealing dienals was an impetus to develop a new isomerization strategy. After screening various conditions, I was able to successfully execute this design. Most of the work I have been involved in over the past two years has surrounded a gold-catalyzed hydroboration to yield interesting hetercocycles containing a N-B bond. The N-B bond offers some unique properties as it is isoelectronic to a C-C double bond. Despite the simplicity in this design, it would become apparent early on in this research that mitigating the reducing strength of the starting materials was absolutely critical. Starting materials that were too strongly reducing led to rapid catalyst decomposition. Through thorough reaction screening, we have been able to identify a catalytic system that performs extremely well in this context. Ultimately, our goal in this work is to access 1,2-azaborines, which are isosteres of benzene. This compound exhibits aromaticity, as determined through structural and quantitative analyses by several groups. However, subtle differences in properties between the azaborine and benzene, such as its polarity, have intrigued many researchers across various disciplines. Moreover, the ubiquity of its carbonaceous parent in biological systems has prompted many to pursue new synthetic routes to access 1,2-azaborines.

Ph.D. (Chemistry) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Thesis advisor: James Morken / This dissertation will present two main projects focusing on the construction of enantiomerically enriched α-boryl organometallic reagents by transition metal catalysis. The first project describes the development of a platinum-catalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylation reaction of alkenyl boronic esters, which provides a general and efficient route to α-borylsilane species. Such species are configurationally stable and exhibit significant synthetic utilities. The second project depicts a nickel-catalyzed enantioselective carbozincation reaction of vinyl boronic esters, which for the first time giving approach to enantioenriched α-borylzinc reagents. These reagents possess good configurational stability at low temperatures and can participate in copper-catalyzed allylation, palladium-catalyzed Negishi cross-coupling and electrophilic halogenation reactions in stereospecific fashion to furnish a broad array of chiral boronic esters. These compounds are important and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis and utilized in the synthesis of (–)-aphanorphine and (–)-enterolactone. Detailed mechanistic studies were carried out, which revealed a nickel(I)-based redox neutral catalytic cycle. The properties of α-borylzinc compounds were also studied by 1H NMR and enabled the development of a stereoconvergent cross-coupling of racemic α-borylzinc reagents. Such catalytic system is also effective for an enantioselective silylzincation of vinyl boronic esters. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Thesis advisor: Masayuki Wasa / This dissertation describes the development of novel catalyst systems that could promote the regio- and enantioselective transformations of C-H bonds contained in N-alkylamines and ethers through Lewis acid-mediated hydride abstraction processes. The progress made in C-H functionalization of N-alkylamines and ethers that served as the intellectual foundation of this dissertation research are summarized in Chapter 1. Despite notable advances, the development of broadly applicable, enantioselective, and catalytic protocols to functionalize C-H bonds in N-alkylamines and ethers with high regio- and stereo-selectivity was regarded as an unsolved problem when we started this dissertation research. In an effort to overcome these fundamental limitations, we first identified a B(C6F5)3/Cu-PyBOX cooperative catalyst system for the enantioselective conversion of a-amino C-H bonds through the generation of an iminium by (F5C6)3B-catalyzed hydride abstraction process (Chapter 2). We then envisioned that in situ generated iminium ions could be further deprotonated to furnish an enamine intermediate, which may react with electrophilic species for a-amino C-H functionalization. The design and development of such a catalyst system were discussed in Chapter 3. Finally, we disclose enantioselective Cu–BOX-catalyzed hetero Diels-Alder reactions of enol ethers generated through Ph3C+-mediated oxidation of alkyl ethers. (Chapter 4). / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

For life to arise from non-life, a metabolism must emerge and maintain itself, distinct from its environment. One line of research seeking to understand this emergence has focused on models of autocatalytic reaction networks (ARNs) and the conditions that allow them to approximate metabolic behavior. These models have identified reaction parameters from which a proto-metabolism might emerge given an adequate matter-energy flow through the system. This dissertation extends that research by answering the question: can dynamically structured interactions with the environment promote the emergence of ARNs? This question was inspired by theories that place the origin of life in contexts such as diurnal or tidal cycles. To answer it, an artificial chemistry system with ARN potential was implemented in the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) modeling paradigm. Unlike differential equation (DE) models favored in prior ARN research, the DPD model is able to simulate environmental dynamics interacting with discrete particles, spatial heterogeneity, and rare events. This dissertation first presents a comparison of the DPD model to published DE results, showing qualitative similarity with some interesting differences. Multiple examples are then provided of dynamically changing flows from the environment that promote emergent ARNs more than constant flows. These include specific cycles of energy and mass flux that consistently increase metrics for ARN concentration and mass focusing. The results also demonstrate interesting nonlinear interactions between the system and cycle amplitude and period. These findings demonstrate the relevance that environmental dynamics has to ARN research and the potential for broader application as well.

Biaryl moieties are important structural motifs in many industries, including pharmaceutical, agrochemical, energy and technology. The development of novel and efficient methods to synthesize these carbon-carbon bonds is at the forefront of synthetic methodology. Since Ullmann’s first report of stoichiometric Cu-mediated homo-coupling of aryl halides, there has been a dramatic evolution in transition metal catalyzed biaryl cross-coupling reactions. Our work focuses on the discovery and development of an unprecedented reagent combination for metal-free cross-coupling. It is hypothesized that direct carbon-carbon bond formation occurs via a triaryl-λ3-iodane and that electrophile/nucleophile pairing is critical for success in the reaction. Proof-of-concept for this approach focused on the reaction between bromo 4-trifluoromethylphenyl (trimethoxybenzene)-λ3-iodane and potassium 3-fluorophenyltriolborate. The spectator ligand and counter ions are important parameters for both reactivity and selectivity of the aryl group transfer in this reaction. Moderate to good yields of biaryl products are obtained by this method. Experimental evidence supports the assertion of a metal-free cross-coupling reaction.

Thesis advisor: Peter X. Zhang / Thesis advisor: James P. Morken / Radical reactions have attracted continuous research interest in recent year considering their diverse reactivities. Hydrogen-atom abstraction (HAA), as one type of the most well-explored radical reactions, has been identified as one of powerful tools for C–H functionalization. Reactions involving 1,4-HAA, which is typically a challenging process both entropically and enthalpically, are rather scarce, while 1,5-HAA have been well demonstrated for variety of synthetic applications. Guided by the concept of metalloradical catalysis (MRC), 1,4-HAA was for the first time utilized as the key step to achieve asymmetric construction of chiral ring structures: cyclobutanones, azetidines and tetrahydropyridines. The design of different D2-symmetric chiral amidoporphyrin as the supporting ligand is the key to all these transformations. The reactions can be conducted under mild conditions, affording corresponding ring structure in good yields with excellent selectivity. Furthermore, The combined computational and experimental studies have shed light on the mechanistic details of these new asymmetric radical intramolecular C–H alkylation processes, which are fundamentally different from existing catalytic systems involving metallocarbenes for concerted C–H insertion. We envision that these asymmetric radical processes via Co(II)-based MRC could become an alternative method for important chiral ring structures synthesis and potentially provide new opportunities for complex molecule construction. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Thesis advisor: James P. Morken / This dissertation presents the development of catalytic enantioselective synthesis and selective functionalization of geminal or vicinal borylsilanes and bis(boronates). In the first chapter, a modular approach to the catalytic synthesis of enantioenriched anti-1,2-borylsilanes will be described, which is enabled by the stereospecific 1,2-metallate shift that occurs during Pd-catalyzed conjunctive cross-coupling reaction. In the second chapter, the Cu-catalyzed site-selective cross-coupling of vicinal bis(boronates) to an array of electrophiles is developed to provide a new method to construct complex boron-containing products from terminal alkenes. A dramatic rate acceleration in transmetalation to copper is enabled by the neighboring activating boronate group in the substrate. Mechanistic experiments suggest that the formation of a chelated cyclic ate complex may play a role in facilitating the transmetalation. As a follow-up project, the site-selective cross-coupling of vicinal diborylsilanes is also investigated. A Pt-catalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylation of (Z)-1,2-diborylethylene provides access to a vicinal 1,2-diboryl-1-silylalkane that can be used in catalytic cross-coupling reactions. Depending on the catalyst employed and the electrophile class, the coupling reaction can occur at either the α or β carbon relative to the silane center. In the last chapter, a practical method is developed to prepare a TiO2 supported gold nanoparticle catalyst that facilitates the cis-diboration of terminal alkynes. The resulting products can undergo a practical Cu-catalyzed site-selective cross-coupling with proton or other non-aryl/alkenyl electrophiles to yield α-substituted alkenyl boronates with excellent yield and site-selectivity. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2024. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Yes / Improved synthetic conditions allow preparation of TMSCCl3 in good yield (70 %) and excellent purity. Compounds of the type NBu4X [X=Ph3SiF2 (TBAT), F (tetrabutylammonium fluoride, TBAF), OAc, Cl and Br] act as catalytic promoters for 1,4‐additions to a range of cyclic and acyclic nitroalkenes, in THF at 0–25 °C, typically in moderate to excellent yields (37–95 %). TBAT is the most effective promoter and bromide the least effective. Multinuclear NMR studies (1H, 19F, 13C and 29Si) under anaerobic conditions indicate that addition of TMSCCl3 to TBAT (both 0.13 M ) at −20 °C, in the absence of nitroalkene, leads immediately to mixtures of Me3SiF, Ph3SiF and NBu4CCl3. The latter is stable to at least 0 °C and does not add nitroalkene from −20 to 0 °C, even after extended periods. Nitroalkene, in the presence of TMSCCl3 (both 0.13 M at −20 °C), when treated with TBAT, leads to immediate formation of the 1,4‐addition product, suggesting the reaction proceeds via a transient [Me3Si(alkene)CCl3] species, in which (alkene) indicates an Si⋅⋅⋅O coordinated nitroalkene. The anaerobic catalytic chain is propagated through the kinetic nitronate anion resulting from 1,4 CCl3− addition to the nitroalkene. This is demonstrated by the fact that isolated NBu4[CH2=NO2] is an efficient promoter. Use of H2C=CH(CH2)2CH=CHNO2 in air affords radical‐derived bicyclic products arising from aerobic oxidation. / Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Grant EP/K000578/1.