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In this dissertation, let B be a triangulated category and let D be an extension-closed subcategory of B. First, we give some new characterizations of an Auslander-Reiten triangle in D, which yields some necessary and sufficient conditions for D to have Auslander-Reiten triangles. Next, we study when an Auslander-Reiten triangle in B induces an Auslander-Reiten triangle in D. As an application, we study Auslander-Reiten triangles in a triangulated category with a t-structure. In case the t-structure has a t-hereditary heart, we establish the connection between the Auslander-Reiten triangles in B and the Auslander-Reiten sequences in the heart. Finally, we specialize to the bounded derived category of all modules of a noetherian algebra over a complete local noetherian commutative ring. Our result generalizes the corresponding result of Happel’s in the bounded derived category of finite dimensional modules of a finite dimensional algebra over an algebraically closed field.

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Cette recherche interroge l’émergence, les usages et les enjeux du recours à une catégorie de « migrants », dans les politiques françaises et actions de lutte contre les inégalités sociales face au diabète de type 2. La sociohistoire de l’émergence de la question du diabète des « migrants » réalisée, montre comment la littérature médicale peut, en pointant des facteurs de risques différents selon les groupes sociaux, participer à la construction de catégories de patients. L’analyse menée souligne l’amalgame entre groupes ethniques, groupes raciaux et groupes génétiquement homogènes, à l’origine du récit différencialiste des causes du diabète. Récit, aujourd’hui mobilisé par les autorités publiques pour organiser une distribution ciblée des soins préventifs du diabète et de ses complications. Au cœur des interactions soignants-soignés en milieu hospitalier, l’analyse des contours, des usages de cette catégorie, et des pratiques de soins qu’elle suscite (en particulier lors de l’éducation thérapeutique), souligne que les traitements différenciés qui y ont cours, n’ont pas toujours les effets escomptés sur la situation de ces soignés. La lecture culturaliste faisant des comportements des soignés la principale cause des écarts de santé, occulte les inégalités sociales et économiques préexistantes, et participe à les renforcer. Quadrillées par les directives de santé publique, l’analyse des marges de manœuvre des soignants et des soignés, permet de mettre en évidence que ces politiques visent moins à agir sur les déterminants sociaux des inégalités de santé qu’à enjoindre les acteurs sociaux à atteindre l’égalité en adoptant les comportements des groupes sociaux majoritaires. / This research questions the emergence, the uses and the direction of the resort to a category of “migrants”, in the French politics and the actions to reduce social inequalities in front of diabetes mellitus. The sociohistory of the emergence of the question about the diabetes of the "migrants", shows how the medical literature can, by pointing different risk factors according to the social groups, participate in the construction of categories of patients. The led analysis underlines the mixture between ethnic, racial and genetically groups, at the origin of the differentialist narrative about the causes of the diabetes. This reading is today mobilized by the public authorities to organize a specific distribution of health preventive care of diabetes and its complications. In health relation, the analysis of the practices, and in particular the therapeutic patient education, underlines that differential treatments exists, but all have no expected effects. The culturalist view making behavior of patients the main cause of their health condition, can impact the medical course, and also, increase the social inequalities. Guided by the directives of public health, the analysis of the margins of action of the professionals and patients, allows to see that these politics aim less to act on the social determinants of health inequalities that to order the individuals to reach the equality by adopting the majority social groups behaviors.

Categorization is a fundamental process that underlies much of cognition. People form categories that allow them to generalize to and make inferences about novel objects and events. Current accounts of category learning suggest that there are two systems for learning categories, an explicit rule-based system that depends on frontal-striatal loops and working memory, and a procedural system that learns implicitly and depends on the tail of the caudate nucleus and occipital regions. In the present thesis, I propose that an additional declarative category learning system exists that is recruited to learn categories that are associated with multiple conjunctive and explicit, but not strictly rule-based, representations. The basis of the declarative category learning system is then tested in several behavioral and physiological recording experiments. The first issue that is examined in relation to the declarative category learning system is how subjects’ ability to encode stimuli affects their ability to form new flexible conjunctive representations. I provide evidence consistent with the idea that there are two ways to encode stimuli in category learning, either as a conjunction of individual parts or as holistic images. Forming part-based representations is found to be especially critical for forming new conjunctive representations for exceptions in brief single session experiments. A second question is how emotional processes interact with the declarative category learning system. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that emotional processes strongly affect learning and behavior. In a study using skin conductance, I find that anticipatory emotions (i.e., emotions present before a behavioral response) show a pattern consistent with orienting attention to behaviorally significant or potentially novel events. A final fMRI project ties together hypotheses about anticipatory emotions and encoding to their neural basis and provides a test of the predicted mapping of the declarative category learning system to the brain. By relating quantitative predictions from SUSTAIN, a model that shares relationships to the medial temporal lobes (MTL) and declarative category learning system, to fMRI data, I find clusters in an MTL-midbrain-PFC network that show patterns of activation consistent with recognizing exception items and updating these representations in response to error or surprise. / text

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The main purpose of this work is to study model category structures (in the sense of Quillen) on the categories of small categories and small symmetric multicategories enriched over an arbitrary monoidal model category. Among these model structures, there is one of the greatest importance in applications. We call it the Dwyer-Kan model structure (for enriched categories or enriched symmetric multicategories), and a large amount of this work is dedicated to establishing it for different choices of monoidal model categories. Another model structure that we study is what we call the fibred model structure, again for both small categories and small symmetric multicategories enriched over a suitable monoidal model category. / The other purpose of this work is to study model category structures on the category of comonoids in a monoidal model category.

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