CAPES / O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito das dietas: aveia, azevém e suplemento (AVAZS), aveia, azevém e ervilhaca (AVAZE) e aveia, azevém, ervilhaca e suplemento (AVAZES), no consumo de nutrientes, parâmetros ruminais e na síntese de proteína microbiana em bovinos. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, na Unidade de Ensino e Pesquisa (UNEPE) – Bovinocultura de Corte, durante os meses de junho à dezembro de 2014. O delineamento experimental foi um duplo Quadrado Latino 3 x 3 (3 dietas x 3 períodos), utilizando-se seis bovinos machos castrados, canulados no rúmen, com peso vivo médio de 350 kg. As amostras de forragem foram coletadas pelo método de simulação de pastejo. O consumo dos animais em pastejo foi determinado utilizando óxido de cromo. As coletas de líquido ruminal foram realizadas a cada duas horas no último dia de cada período experimental. As coletas de urina foram realizadas nos últimos cinco dias de cada período. O consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos (CCNF), o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (CNDT), consumo de nitrogênio (CN), a retenção de nitrogênio (RN), a digestibilidade verdadeira do nitrogênio (DVN), a digestibilidade do nitrogênio (DN) e a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio (EUN) variaram estatisticamente (α<0,05) para os bovinos alimentados com as diferentes dietas. O pH e a amônia foram superiores (α<0,05) para as dietas sem suplemento, já os açucares totais, peptídeos e α- amino foram superiores (α<0,05) no tratamento contento leguminosa e suplemento. O pH, amônia e os açúcares totais variaram cubicamente em relação as horas do dia, já os peptídeos e os α-amino variaram linearmente. Os valores de síntese microbiana não variou significativamente (α>0,05). Bovinos mantidos em pastagens temperadas associadas à leguminosa e recebendo suplementação apresentam maior CCNF e CNDT. Já os bovinos não suplementados apresentam maior CN, melhor RN, maior DN, maior DVN e melhor EUN. Animais em pastejo exclusivo apresentam pH e amônia ruminal mais elevados, já bovinos recebendo suplementação e em consórcio com ervilhaca possuem teores de açúcares totais, peptídeos e α-amino superior as demais dietas. / This study aims to evaluate the effect of diets: oats, ryegrass and supplement (AVAZS), oats, rye and vetch (AVAZE) and oats, ryegrass, vetch and supplement (AVAZES), consumption of nutrients, ruminal parameters and microbial protein synthesis in cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, the Unit of Education and Research (UNEPE) - Cattle Court, during the months of June to December 2014. The experimental design was a double Latin square 3 x 3 (3 diets x 3 times), using six cattle steers, cannulated in the rumen, with average live weight of 350 kg. The forage samples were collected by the grazing simulation method. The consumption of grazing animals was determined using chromium oxide. The samples of rumen fluid were taken every two hours on the last day of each experimental period. Urine samples were taken in the last five days of each period. The consumption of non-fibrous carbohydrates (CCNF), the total digestible nutrients (CNDT), nitrogen consumption (CN), nitrogen retention (RN), the true digestibility of nitrogen (DVN), the digestibility of nitrogen (DN ) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) varied statistically (α <0.05) for cattle fed different diets. The pH and ammonia were higher (α<0.05) for the diets without supplement, since total sugars, peptides and α-amino were higher (α <0.05) in treatment satisfaction and legume supplement. The pH, ammonia and total sugars varied cubically regarding hours of the day, as the peptides and α-amino varied linearly. The values of microbial synthesis did not differ significantly (α> 0.05). Cattle kept in temperate grasslands associated with legumes and receiving supplementation have higher CCNF and CNDT. The non-supplemented cattle have higher CN, RN best, most DN greater DVN and better EUN. Animals exclusively grazing have pH and higher ruminal ammonia, since cattle receiving supplementation and intercropping with vetch have levels of total sugars, peptides and α-amino superior to other diets.

CAPES / O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Modelo do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) no município de Ponta Grossa, entre o período de Junho de 2011 a Março de 2012. Com o objetivo de avaliar os sistemas de desmame precoce e da amamentação controlada sobre o desempenho de vacas e bezerros durante o período reprodutivo, foram utilizadas 161 vacas mestiças Purunã e seus respectivos bezerros, distribuídos em três grupos: Desmame precoce (DP), foi realizado através do desmame dos bezerros com média de 75 dias de idade; o grupo Amamentação Controlada (AC), as vacas foram separadas de seus bezerros e colocadas a amamentar apenas uma vez ao dia durante o período da estação de monta; o terceiro grupo era do Desmame convencional (DC), em que as vacas mantiveram seus bezerros em aleitamento durante todo do tempo, sem alguma interferência no manejo durante todo o período de avaliação. As vacas de todos os grupos pariram em condição corporal acima de 3,3 pontos (escala de 1 a 5), não apresentando diferença na taxa de prenhez, sendo 90% para as vacas do DC; 96% para as vacas da AC e 97% para as vacas do DP. Quando em boas condições ao parto a utilização do desmame precoce e da amamentação controlada não trazem benefícios produtivos, podendo o desmame precoce provocar queda na eficiência reprodutiva do plantel de cria devido ao peso do bezerro ser 19,6% menor em relação ao desmame convencional. Os bezerros submetidos ao DP apresentaram menor (P<0,05) ganho de peso diário (0,56 kg) durante o período experimental em relação ao grupo AC e DC (0,95 kg e 0,88 kg, respectivamente) os quais não diferiram entre si (P<0,05). O manejo da amamentação controlada não provoca efeito no desempenho dos bezerros, podendo ser desmamados com peso similar aos bezerros mantidos ao pé da vaca. A categoria das vacas (Jovens, Adultas e Velhas) não apresentou interação com o sistema de desmame. Observou-se que Vacas jovens, são mais leves (P<0,05) ao parto e ao desmame de seus bezerros (383,89 e 399,40 kg, respectivamente) em relação às vacas adultas (444,07 e 451,92 kg) e velhas (452,35 e 470,49 kg). Desta forma as Novilhas acasaladas aos dois anos paridas em boas condições nutricionais apresentam a mesma eficiência reprodutiva que vacas adultas (47,64 e 48,35 kg de bezerro ao desmame/100 kg de vaca, respectivamente), ao passo que vacas velhas apresentam a menor eficiência reprodutiva no plantel de cria (42,99 kg de bezerro/100kg de vaca). O menor peso ao desmame de bezerros filhos de vacas primíparas e velhas é devido ao menor peso desde o nascimento até os 150 dias de idade, não havendo diferença no desempenho a partir deste período. / The study was developed at Fazenda Modelo an Experimental Estation belonged to the Insituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) in the city of Ponta Grossa, Pr, in the period from June 2011 to March 2012. Aiming to evaluate the systems of early weaning and controlled nursing about the performance of cows and calves during the breeding season, 161 crossbred Purunã cows and their calves were used and the were divided into three groups: Early weaning (DP), which was fulfilled weaning of calves with the average age of 75 days; the group of controlled nursing (AC), the cows were separated from their calves and placed to breastfeed only once a day during the breeding season; and the third group was the conventional weaning (DC), which the cows kept their calves together during the whole time without any interference in the management, with definitive weaning at seven months. Cows from all groups calved in body condition score above 3.7 points (scale from 1 to 5), with no significant difference in the pregnancy rate, 90% for cows in DC, 96% for cows for AC and 97% for cows of early Weaning. When in good condition at calving the use of early weaning or controlled nursing do not bring productive benefitis, early weaning can cause decline in reproductive efficiency of the breeding herd because of the weight of the calf to be 19.6% lower compared to conventional weaning. Calves subjected to the DP showed a lower overage (P <0.05) daily weight gain (0.56 kg) during the experimental period compared to the group at the AC and DC (0.95 kg and 0.88 kg, respectively) which did not differ from each other (P <0.05). The management of controlled nursing causes no effect on the performance of calves, that can be weaned with similar weight to calves maintained together the cow. As the cow category (Young, Adult and Old) showed no interaction with the system weaning, they were discussed independently. It was observed that young cows are lighter (P <0.05) at calving and weaning of their calves (383.89 and 399.40 kg, respectively) compared to mature cows (444.07 and 451.92 kg) and old (452.35 and 470.49 kg). Therefore, the Heifers bred at two years old, that calve in good nutritional conditions have the same reproductive efficiency that adult cows (47.64 and 48.35 kg of weaning calf to 100 kg/cow, respectively), while the old cows show lower reproductive efficiency in a breeding herd (42.99 kg of calf per 100kg/cow). The lower weaning weight of calves born from primiparous and old is because of the lower weight and performance since the birth to 150 days of age, with no difference in performance after this period.

CAPES / O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o efeito da ervilhaca e/ou suplementação energética em pastagem temperada sobre os componentes não integrantes da carcaça, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de novilhos Nelore. Seu desenvolvimento ocorreu na unidade de ensino e pesquisa de bovinocultura de corte, localizado na UTFPR campus Dois Vizinhos, no período de junho a novembro de 2013. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos com idade média de 23 meses e 430 kg de peso vivo, mantidos em três tratamentos (aveia + azevém + ervilhaca; aveia + azevém + ervilhaca + suplemento; aveia + azevém + suplemento) em um período de 100 dias, com oferta de forragem de 10% do peso vivo. A massa de forragem média foi de 1700 kg MS ha-1. Após o termino do período de pastejo os animais foram abatidos em frigorífico comercial. Todos os componentes não integrantes da carcaça foram separados pesados e relacionados a 100 kg de peso de corpo vazio. Foram realizadas avaliações de medidas morfométricas da carcaça e avaliação sensoriais da carne. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados pela análise de variância. As médias quando significativas foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey em nível de 10%. Também foi realizado o estudo de correlação entre as variáveis dependentes por meio do cálculo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e teste de contraste. Os tratamentos não influenciaram no peso de corpo vazio e o conjunto dos órgãos vitais e externos. Dentre os órgãos internos somente o peso relativo do fígado foi maior no tratamento aveia + azevém + ervilhaca (P<0,05). Animais terminados em aveia + azevém +ervilhaca +suplementação apresentaram valores superiores nos pesos relativos das gorduras depositadas no TGI e total de gorduras. Animais que permaneceram no tratamento composto por aveia+ azevem+ ervilhaca+ suplemento apresentaram (P < 0,05) maiores pesos de abate. Os rendimentos de carcaça fria não foram influenciado pelos tratamentos. A conformação das 7 carcaças foram maiores no tratamento aveia + azevem + suplemento. As medidas morfométricas não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. O tratamento aveia + azevem + ervilhaca + suplemento apresentou (P < 0,10) coloração da carne mais clara e mais palatabilidade. Os tratamentos não influenciaram no peso de corpo vazio e no conjunto dos componentes não integrantes da carcaça. O tratamento composto por aveia +azevem + ervilhaca + suplemento foi superior aos demais, apresentando peso no abate mais elevado, maior quantidade de dianteiro e melhores características qualitativas da carne. / The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of vetch and / or energy supplementation in winter pasture on the non-integral carcass components, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the carcasses of Nellore cattle. The study occurred in the Paraná Federal Technological University Campus Dois Vizinhos, from June to November 2013. It was used 18 steers with an average age of 23 months and 430 kg of live weight, kept in three treatments (oat + ryegrass + vetch, oats + ryegrass + vetch + supplements; oat + ryegrass + supplement) in a period of 100 days with herbage allowance of 10% of body weight. The average forge mss was around 1700kg DM ha-1. After the end of the grazing period, the animals were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse, respecting the legislations and with a human slaughter. All non-housing integral components were separated and weighed, it was related to 100 kg of empty body weight. Morphometric measurements in the carcass and meat sensory evaluation were performed. The data were evaluated by analysis of variance and Tukey’sposthoc test with statistical significance deemed at 10%. Also in the study was realized the correlation between the dependent variables by calculated by means of the Pearson correlation coefficient and contrast test. The different feeding systems did not affect in the empty body weight, non-housing integral components, set of vital organs and set of external bodies. For the internal organs, only the relative liver weight was increased in the treatment oats + rye grass + vetch (P <0.05). rye grass + vetch + supplement showed higher values in the relative weights of the deposited fat in TGI and total fat. Animals that remained in treatment consists of oats + rye grass + vetch + supplement showed (P <0.05) higher slaughter weights. The cold carcass yields did not suffer influence of treatments. The conformation of the carcasses was higher in the treatment oats +rye grass + supplement. The morphometric measurements were not affected by treatments. The treatment oats + rye grass + vetch + supplement showed (P <0.10) more clearly meat mad more palatability. The treatment consisted by oats + rye grass + vetch + supplement was superior to the others, with the highest weight slaughter, greater amount of front part and better quality characteristics of the meat.

CAPES / O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Modelo do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) no município de Ponta Grossa, entre o período de Junho de 2011 a Março de 2012. Com o objetivo de avaliar os sistemas de desmame precoce e da amamentação controlada sobre o desempenho de vacas e bezerros durante o período reprodutivo, foram utilizadas 161 vacas mestiças Purunã e seus respectivos bezerros, distribuídos em três grupos: Desmame precoce (DP), foi realizado através do desmame dos bezerros com média de 75 dias de idade; o grupo Amamentação Controlada (AC), as vacas foram separadas de seus bezerros e colocadas a amamentar apenas uma vez ao dia durante o período da estação de monta; o terceiro grupo era do Desmame convencional (DC), em que as vacas mantiveram seus bezerros em aleitamento durante todo do tempo, sem alguma interferência no manejo durante todo o período de avaliação. As vacas de todos os grupos pariram em condição corporal acima de 3,3 pontos (escala de 1 a 5), não apresentando diferença na taxa de prenhez, sendo 90% para as vacas do DC; 96% para as vacas da AC e 97% para as vacas do DP. Quando em boas condições ao parto a utilização do desmame precoce e da amamentação controlada não trazem benefícios produtivos, podendo o desmame precoce provocar queda na eficiência reprodutiva do plantel de cria devido ao peso do bezerro ser 19,6% menor em relação ao desmame convencional. Os bezerros submetidos ao DP apresentaram menor (P<0,05) ganho de peso diário (0,56 kg) durante o período experimental em relação ao grupo AC e DC (0,95 kg e 0,88 kg, respectivamente) os quais não diferiram entre si (P<0,05). O manejo da amamentação controlada não provoca efeito no desempenho dos bezerros, podendo ser desmamados com peso similar aos bezerros mantidos ao pé da vaca. A categoria das vacas (Jovens, Adultas e Velhas) não apresentou interação com o sistema de desmame. Observou-se que Vacas jovens, são mais leves (P<0,05) ao parto e ao desmame de seus bezerros (383,89 e 399,40 kg, respectivamente) em relação às vacas adultas (444,07 e 451,92 kg) e velhas (452,35 e 470,49 kg). Desta forma as Novilhas acasaladas aos dois anos paridas em boas condições nutricionais apresentam a mesma eficiência reprodutiva que vacas adultas (47,64 e 48,35 kg de bezerro ao desmame/100 kg de vaca, respectivamente), ao passo que vacas velhas apresentam a menor eficiência reprodutiva no plantel de cria (42,99 kg de bezerro/100kg de vaca). O menor peso ao desmame de bezerros filhos de vacas primíparas e velhas é devido ao menor peso desde o nascimento até os 150 dias de idade, não havendo diferença no desempenho a partir deste período. / The study was developed at Fazenda Modelo an Experimental Estation belonged to the Insituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) in the city of Ponta Grossa, Pr, in the period from June 2011 to March 2012. Aiming to evaluate the systems of early weaning and controlled nursing about the performance of cows and calves during the breeding season, 161 crossbred Purunã cows and their calves were used and the were divided into three groups: Early weaning (DP), which was fulfilled weaning of calves with the average age of 75 days; the group of controlled nursing (AC), the cows were separated from their calves and placed to breastfeed only once a day during the breeding season; and the third group was the conventional weaning (DC), which the cows kept their calves together during the whole time without any interference in the management, with definitive weaning at seven months. Cows from all groups calved in body condition score above 3.7 points (scale from 1 to 5), with no significant difference in the pregnancy rate, 90% for cows in DC, 96% for cows for AC and 97% for cows of early Weaning. When in good condition at calving the use of early weaning or controlled nursing do not bring productive benefitis, early weaning can cause decline in reproductive efficiency of the breeding herd because of the weight of the calf to be 19.6% lower compared to conventional weaning. Calves subjected to the DP showed a lower overage (P <0.05) daily weight gain (0.56 kg) during the experimental period compared to the group at the AC and DC (0.95 kg and 0.88 kg, respectively) which did not differ from each other (P <0.05). The management of controlled nursing causes no effect on the performance of calves, that can be weaned with similar weight to calves maintained together the cow. As the cow category (Young, Adult and Old) showed no interaction with the system weaning, they were discussed independently. It was observed that young cows are lighter (P <0.05) at calving and weaning of their calves (383.89 and 399.40 kg, respectively) compared to mature cows (444.07 and 451.92 kg) and old (452.35 and 470.49 kg). Therefore, the Heifers bred at two years old, that calve in good nutritional conditions have the same reproductive efficiency that adult cows (47.64 and 48.35 kg of weaning calf to 100 kg/cow, respectively), while the old cows show lower reproductive efficiency in a breeding herd (42.99 kg of calf per 100kg/cow). The lower weaning weight of calves born from primiparous and old is because of the lower weight and performance since the birth to 150 days of age, with no difference in performance after this period.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Refer to document / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Master of Science

An experiment was conducted using forty-one Bonsmara steers (age ± 7 months) to determine the effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on the growth performance and carcass characteristics. The trial was structured using a completely randomized design with two treatments, control and ZH group. The steers were fed ZH for 28 consecutive days at the end of the finishing period and ZH was withdrawn from the diet 2 days prior to slaughter of the animals. The steers were placed in individual pens and weighed fortnightly throughout the 4 months trial. Zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) was included in the diet at a rate of 8.3 mg/kg of DM. Feeding of ZH increased (P< 0.05) body weight (BW) gain and ADG (1.102 vs. 1.444) and tended to increase (P = 0.067) feed efficiency (F:G) during the last month of the finishing period. There were no significant differences (P> 0.05) in daily dry matter intakes (DMI). For the control group, high treatment weight gains were significantly associated with high initial weight (r = 0.424, P = 0.049) and also high pre-treatment body weight (r = 0.678, P= 0.001). Treatment weight gain increased as the initial and pre-treatment weight gain increased in the control group. For the steers that were fed ZH, there was no significant correlation between the treatment body weight gain with initial weight (r = 0.097, P = 0.694) and also pre- treatment live weight (r = 0.393, P = 0.096). Supplementation of ZH significantly increased (P < 0.0001) the dressing percentage (56.4% vs. 58.4%) and had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the carcass weight. The outcome of the study suggest that supplementation of ZH in the diet during the last month of the finishing period enhances growth performance and shows the repartitioning capacity of the feed additive as a beta- agonist. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture (Animal Science)

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 N44 / Master of Science / Agricultural Economics

There is growing public concern about the high proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk fat; however, feed intake, energy partitioning toward milk synthesis, and milk fat concentrations can decrease when cows are fed high concentrations of unsaturated lipids. The objective of this study was to identify the optimal rate for feeding OmegaBoostTM (a flaxseed supplement that was processed using a proprietary technique by Double Pass LLC, Tualatin, OR) to dairy cows. The central hypothesis was that supplementation with OmegaBoost will decrease the proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk fat in a dose dependent manner. Using a latin-square design, 10 Holstein cows in mid to late lactation were fed for two-week periods 0, 2, 4, or 6 lbs/d of OmegaBoost or 4lbs/d ground flax as top dressing to their total mixed ration. Feed intake, body weight, activity and resting time, milk production and milk composition were measured daily. At the end of each two-week period, milk and serum samples were taken and analyzed for fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. In addition, fresh Mozzarella cheese and butter was manufactured and tested to determine the fatty acid composition and the effects of flaxseed supplementation on texture. Feeding OmegaBoost at 2, 4, and 6 lbs/d linearly decreased the proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk by 6, 15, and 18%, respectively, and linearly increased the proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (14, 32, and 35%), poly-unsaturated fatty acids (16, 49, and 82%), and α-linolenic acid (26, 52, and 70%). Similar changes in fatty acid composition were observed in butter and cheese samples, resulting in butter that was less hard and adhesive at refrigeration temperature in response to feeding cows increasing concentrations of OmegaBoost. Feed intake, body weight, serum metabolite concentrations, milk production and composition, and butter and cheese yield were not significantly affected by feeding processed flaxseed. Therefore, feeding 4 or 6 lbs/d of OmegaBoost to dairy cows is effective in improving the nutritional and textural profile of dairy products without negatively affecting feed intake, milk production, or weight gain. / Graduation date: 2012

South African dairy farmers have generally used kikuyu pasture to tide them over from one ryegrass season to the next, and as a result of its resilient nature, have assumed careful management of it to be unnecessary. This has resulted in its mismanagement which is unaffordable in current times where the profitability of dairy farming is increasingly dependent on low input, pasture-based systems. Kikuyu pasture may play a larger role in supplying nutrients to dairy cattle over the summer months in future as the alternative home produced feed sources such as silage and perennial ryegrass become increasingly unaffordable. Improving animal production from kikuyu is difficult as there is little information relating kikuyu pasture management to dairy cow performance. Efficient utilization and quality of temperate pasture have been more comprehensibly researched. The relations discovered between the chemical compounds in temperate grass species have been applied to tropical pastures such as kikuyu with limited success and often confusing results. For example, crude fibre in kikuyu was found to be positively related to digestibility. In South Africa, much research has been done on the use of kikuyu in beef production systems. This information has been applied to dairy farming systems with limited success, owing to the higher metabolic demands of dairy animals. Pasture farming needs to become more precise to improve pasture quality and hence milk yields as research trials focussing on stocking rate and grazing system comparisons have yielded results that are too general with little application at the farming level. A need for integrated and flexible management of animals and pastures has been recognised. The grazing interval is a key aspect in improving pasture and animal performance and fixed rotation lengths and stocking rates have been identified as being detrimental to performance. The relation between growth stage and pasture quality has lead researchers to identify plant growth characteristics, such as pasture height and leaf stage, as signs of grazing readiness. At the four and a half leaves per tiller stage of regrowth, the chemical composition ofthe kikuyu plant is more in line with the requirements ofthe dairy cow, with the leaf to stem ratio at its highest. The primary limitation of kikuyu pasture is a lack of energy, particularly readily fermentable carbohydrate, which makes the fermentation of structural carbohydrates difficult and dry matter intakes are reduced. Other limitations to animal performance include high cell wall constituents, low calcium, magnesium and sodium content and antinutritional factors such as nitrate and insoluble oxalate. These deficiencies and antinutritional factors are in some cases unique to 5 kikuyu pasture, meaning that kikuyu specific supplementation may be the key to improving performance from dairy cattle grazing kikuyu pasture. The objectives are to evaluate current kikuyu management systems in South Africa and their impact on dairy cow performance and to evaluate the use of pasture height and burning as quality control tools. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.