The question of the origins of a Metis identity in Canada is one that has been contemplated by several scholars. These scholars have taken various approaches to the question, many focusing solely on the social and political aspects of Metis history. While such approaches can be useful, they ignore the crucial influence of the economic and labour relations of the Rupertsland fur trade in the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity in western Canada. The unique economic and labour relations of the Rupertsland fur trade, identified by H. Clare Pentland as personal labour relationships, allowed a cohesiveness and inter-connectedness to develop between the Aboriginal labourers and their European employers which emphasized the interdependencies inherent in the industry. However, while personal labour relations were an important catalyst for the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity, it is too simplistic to suggest that it was these relations alone that encouraged such a phenomenon. The northern Australian cattle industry utilized similar economic and labour relations and yet a distinct mixed descent identity did not develop in Australia. Therefore, the external influences in the industry must also be examined. The four most important external influences that encouraged the development of a Metis identity in Canada and discouraged a similar event in Australia were: the needs of the colonial employers in regards to land tenure; the economic opportunities available to the people of mixed descent; the educational opportunities available to the people of mixed descent; and, the time depth of contact in both industries. These four external influences combined with the use of personal labour organization in the Rupertsland fur trade encouraged the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity in Canada.

The question of the origins of a Metis identity in Canada is one that has been contemplated by several scholars. These scholars have taken various approaches to the question, many focusing solely on the social and political aspects of Metis history. While such approaches can be useful, they ignore the crucial influence of the economic and labour relations of the Rupertsland fur trade in the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity in western Canada. The unique economic and labour relations of the Rupertsland fur trade, identified by H. Clare Pentland as personal labour relationships, allowed a cohesiveness and inter-connectedness to develop between the Aboriginal labourers and their European employers which emphasized the interdependencies inherent in the industry. However, while personal labour relations were an important catalyst for the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity, it is too simplistic to suggest that it was these relations alone that encouraged such a phenomenon. The northern Australian cattle industry utilized similar economic and labour relations and yet a distinct mixed descent identity did not develop in Australia. Therefore, the external influences in the industry must also be examined. The four most important external influences that encouraged the development of a Metis identity in Canada and discouraged a similar event in Australia were: the needs of the colonial employers in regards to land tenure; the economic opportunities available to the people of mixed descent; the educational opportunities available to the people of mixed descent; and, the time depth of contact in both industries. These four external influences combined with the use of personal labour organization in the Rupertsland fur trade encouraged the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity in Canada.

The question of the origins of a Metis identity in Canada is one that has been contemplated by several scholars. These scholars have taken various approaches to the question, many focusing solely on the social and political aspects of Metis history. While such approaches can be useful, they ignore the crucial influence of the economic and labour relations of the Rupertsland fur trade in the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity in western Canada. The unique economic and labour relations of the Rupertsland fur trade, identified by H. Clare Pentland as personal labour relationships, allowed a cohesiveness and inter-connectedness to develop between the Aboriginal labourers and their European employers which emphasized the interdependencies inherent in the industry. However, while personal labour relations were an important catalyst for the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity, it is too simplistic to suggest that it was these relations alone that encouraged such a phenomenon. The northern Australian cattle industry utilized similar economic and labour relations and yet a distinct mixed descent identity did not develop in Australia. Therefore, the external influences in the industry must also be examined. The four most important external influences that encouraged the development of a Metis identity in Canada and discouraged a similar event in Australia were: the needs of the colonial employers in regards to land tenure; the economic opportunities available to the people of mixed descent; the educational opportunities available to the people of mixed descent; and, the time depth of contact in both industries. These four external influences combined with the use of personal labour organization in the Rupertsland fur trade encouraged the development and expression of a distinct Metis identity in Canada.

One of the most fascinating subjects in all American history is the story of the great cow country. Its heyday was the twenty-year period from 1868 to 1888. It extended from below the Rio Grande on the south to well up in Saskatchewan in western Canada on the north. East and west it reached from the Rocky Mountains to about the Missouri- Arkansas border. It occupied a region nearly 2,000 miles long and from 200 to 700 miles wide--almost a million square miles in one vast open range. For countless years this region had been the home of millions of wild buffaloes, but in a very short time after 1868 it was transformed into a gigantic cattle kingdom. After two decades of spectacular existence, it just as suddenly passed away, and the cattle industry entered a new and in many ways an entirely different era. Texas cattle and Texas cattlemen played leading roles in this great drama of the West. The warm southern plains of Texas were the breeding place-the "incubator"-f or thousands of longhorn cattle, the broad prairies to the north were their feeding grounds, and the newly established railroad towns in Kansas and other states were the shipping points.

A historiografia contemporânea aponta que a escravidão foi um fato inegável nos sertões da América Portuguesa e do Brasil desde o estabelecimento desta instituição. A presente dissertação questiona quais foram os mecanismos que permitiram a existência e a possibilidade de permanência de escravos nas regiões, que tiveram por base econômica, a atividade pecuária. Advoga-se, em geral, que a manutenção por meio do cerceamento da mobilidade e recurso à violência permitia que a escravidão fosse mantida. No entanto, no que concerne ao controle dos escravos, houve mais do que a pura violência física. Um conjunto de práticas e saberes, que envolveu também complexas relações entre senhores e escravos, imbricadas teias de arranjos e negociações assimétricas estiveram presentes nos processos que permitiram sua manutenção. Neste trabalho, que visita a historiografia sobre o tema, defende-se a hipótese de que, no caso da pecuária, um fator de manutenção do escravismo teria sido a possibilidade de constituição de famílias cativas, na conformação de um protocampesinato escravo, nos interstícios do Sistema Colonial. / The Contemporary Historiography about Dryland Slavery and the undeniable fact of its establishment over the Portuguese America and Brazil. This research questions which mecanisms allowed the existence and the possibility that slaves could remain over the regions, that had Cattle activity, as main economy. In general, the argument is that slavery was maintenned through the restriction of mobility and use of violence. However, regarding the control of slaves, was more than pure physical violence. A set of practices and knowledge, which also involves complex relationships between masters and slaves, overlapping webs of asymmetric relations and arrangements were present in the processes that allowed the continuation of slavery. This thesis deals with the debate of this historiography and the hypothesis that in the case of cattle, a factor maintaining the slavery system would have been the possibility to form slave families in the formation of a slave proto-peasantry in the interstices of the Colonial System.

A historiografia contemporânea aponta que a escravidão foi um fato inegável nos sertões da América Portuguesa e do Brasil desde o estabelecimento desta instituição. A presente dissertação questiona quais foram os mecanismos que permitiram a existência e a possibilidade de permanência de escravos nas regiões, que tiveram por base econômica, a atividade pecuária. Advoga-se, em geral, que a manutenção por meio do cerceamento da mobilidade e recurso à violência permitia que a escravidão fosse mantida. No entanto, no que concerne ao controle dos escravos, houve mais do que a pura violência física. Um conjunto de práticas e saberes, que envolveu também complexas relações entre senhores e escravos, imbricadas teias de arranjos e negociações assimétricas estiveram presentes nos processos que permitiram sua manutenção. Neste trabalho, que visita a historiografia sobre o tema, defende-se a hipótese de que, no caso da pecuária, um fator de manutenção do escravismo teria sido a possibilidade de constituição de famílias cativas, na conformação de um protocampesinato escravo, nos interstícios do Sistema Colonial. / The Contemporary Historiography about Dryland Slavery and the undeniable fact of its establishment over the Portuguese America and Brazil. This research questions which mecanisms allowed the existence and the possibility that slaves could remain over the regions, that had Cattle activity, as main economy. In general, the argument is that slavery was maintenned through the restriction of mobility and use of violence. However, regarding the control of slaves, was more than pure physical violence. A set of practices and knowledge, which also involves complex relationships between masters and slaves, overlapping webs of asymmetric relations and arrangements were present in the processes that allowed the continuation of slavery. This thesis deals with the debate of this historiography and the hypothesis that in the case of cattle, a factor maintaining the slavery system would have been the possibility to form slave families in the formation of a slave proto-peasantry in the interstices of the Colonial System.

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Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-03T14:48:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KALIANE DE FREITAS MAIA - TESE (PPGCS) 2013.pdf: 6223264 bytes, checksum: 07739453eddd36c0247bf2515344717a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KALIANE DE FREITAS MAIA - TESE (PPGCS) 2013.pdf: 6223264 bytes, checksum: 07739453eddd36c0247bf2515344717a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / Capes / O trabalho abrange as transformações sociais, econômicas, técnicas e produtivas que têm sido vivenciadas nas médias e grandes propriedades rurais do semiárido nordestino, demarcando as especificidades dos esforços recentes de modernização e de integração aos mercados de produtos agropecuários. Objetivou-se entender como os proprietários rurais reagem e se organizam frente aos processos de modernização após a decadência do sistema latifúndio/algodão/pecuária/morada a partir de finais da década de 1970. Propomos a utilização da noção de “agronegócio sertanejo” para a compreensão destas transformações. Para a realização dos objetivos, decidiu-se pela realização de pesquisa de campo na microrregião de Catolé do Rocha, no Sertão da Paraíba. O município de Catolé do Rocha e os demais desta microrregião estão historicamente ligados ao poder dos coronéis e à manutenção do patrimônio fundiário, dando fama nacional às oligarquias familiares, em especial à família Maia. Entrevistas realizadas junto aos médios e grandes proprietários de terras dos municípios que compõe a microrregião, levantamentos de dados junto ao IBGE e INCRA e coleta de informações junto ao cartório do município de Catolé do Rocha e arquivos da família Maia, compõem nosso universo empírico de análise. Para dar conta de refletir sobre a forma particular do agronegócio no semiárido nordestino, combinada a outras formas sociais assumidas pela grande propriedade na região, está tese se orienta pela seguinte questão: em que medida podemos compreender os processos de reestruturação produtiva engendrados nas últimas décadas nas médias e grandes propriedades da microrregião de Catolé do Rocha a partir da noção de “agronegócio sertanejo”? e (re)pecuarização? A compreensão das estratégias adotadas pelos proprietários na conformação do que estamos chamando de “agronegócio sertanejo” passa necessariamente pela ressignificação da atividade pecuária e pela emergência de novas formas sociais que levaram à superação do antigo latifúndio. As duas noções que mobilizamos neste trabalho expressam uma certa ambiguidade de lógicas discursivas e práticas em traços constitutivos da identidade de médios e grandes proprietários rurais, em que tradicionalismo e conservadorismo convivem com ideias de modernização e empreendedorismo. / This thesis covers the social, economic, technical and productive changes that have been experienced in medium and large-size farms in the semiarid region in Northeast, Brazil, as part of recent efforts to modernize and integrate these rural properties to regional and national markets of agricultural products. This study aimed to understand how landowners have responded to the decline of landlordism system from the late 1970s. The expression “Agronegócio sertanejo” (backcountry agribusiness) was created to understand such transformations. The field research was conduct in Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba State, ncluding interviews and research on local archives. This region was historically linked to the power of landowners, giving national fame to the family oligarchies, especially the Maia family. The work was guided by this central question: to what extent can we understand the processes of productive restructuring engendered in recent decades in medium and large farms of Catolé do Rocha region from the notion of "Agronegócio sertanejo"? This process implied the redefinition of the cattle industry and the emergence of new social forms that led to the overcoming of the landlordism system. The social dynamics express an ambiguity of logical and discursive practices in constituting the identity traits of landowners in semiarid region in Brazil, where traditionalism and conservatism coexist with ideas of innovation and entrepreneurship.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / South African dairy cattle industry is characterized by a dual production system, comprising of a high input commercial production system and low input smallholder and emerging dairy herds. Performance data from both systems are included in national genetic evaluations, with models that assume homogeneous variances. If variances are heterogeneous, above average animals in more variable herds will be favoured over high performing animals in the less variable herds. This may result in biased selection and inaccurate estimation of breeding values. With intensified selection, genetically inferior animals could be chosen, thereby decreasing the realised genetic gain, resulting in lower productivity. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent of heterogeneity of variance between the two dairy production systems South African Holstein cattle. Milk production data were obtained from the Integrated Registration and Genetic Information System of South Africa (INTERGIS).High input production system data set consisted of 68 000 lactation records from 741 herds, recorded between 2006 and 2018.Pedigree file comprised of 38 126 daughters of 2 472 sires and 4 305 dams. Data for the low input production system comprised of 32 388 lactation records of 3 325 daughters of 134 sires and 253 dams from 59 herds recorded from 2006 to 2018. Hartley’s Fmax test was used to test for heterogeneity of variances for 305 day yields of milk, fat and protein between the high and low input production systems. Non-genetic factors affecting these traits were then determined by the Proc GLM procedure of SAS. Genetic and phenotypic parameters among these traits were estimated, for each production system, by the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) procedure in the ASREML software.vHeritability estimates for milk, fat and protein yield, respectively, were 0.70 ± 0.027, 0.55 ± 0.35 and 0.64 ± 0.03 for the low input production system compared to 0.16 ± 0.014, 0.11 ± 0.012 and 0.145 ± 0.013 for the high input production system. Estimates for genetic correlation between milk and fat, milk and protein and fat and protein were 0.68 (0.03), 0.81(0.01) and 0.81(0.02) in the high input production system and 0.80(0.34), 0.90(0.02) and 0.91(0.01) in the low input production system respectively. Phenotypic correlations in the high input dairy production system were 0.85(0.00), 0.92(0.00) and 0.88(0.00) for milk and fat, milk and protein and protein and fat and 0.82(0.08), 0.91(0.01) and 0.91(0.34) in the low input production system, respectively. Genetic prediction models for milk production traits, in South African Holstein cattle, shouldaccount for heterogeneous variances between the high and low production systems. Herd year-season of calving, parity and linear and quadratic effects of age at calving should beincluded on the models. There is a need to increase selection pressure in the low input production system, in order to improve genetic merit for milk production traits / National Research Foundation (NRF)-VLIR and University of Limpopo