The underlying cause of all vascular proliferative diseases is injury-induced activation of vascular endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Activated VSMC proliferate, than migrate from the arterial media to the intima, contributing to neointima formation. Activated immune cells, vascular cells, and their endogenous regulators mediate this complex process. One integral regulator of VSMC activation is allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1). AIF-1 is a cytoplasmic scaffold protein, expressed constitutively in lymphoid cells and induced in VSMC by injury. Stable over expression of AIF-1 increases VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro, causes increased injury-induced neointima formation, and increases Rac1 and p38 MAP Kinase activity. Recent studies show a correlation between VSMC expression of AIF-1 and atherosclerosis development. We hypothesize that VSMC over expression of AIF-1 contributes to atherosclerosis development by increasing activity of inflammatory signaling molecules, and that inhibiting VSMC AIF-1 expression will decrease injury-induced neointima formation. Rat carotid arteries transfected with AIF-1 si RNA adenovirus after balloon angioplasty developed significantly less neointima compared to controls. AIF-1 si RNA transfected VSMC proliferated significantly less than AIF-1 or GFP transfected VSMC, while AIF-1 si RNA transfection did not attenuate AIF-1-mediated migration. p38 inhibition showed that AIF-1-mediated proliferation is dependent on p38 activation while AIF-1-mediated migration is not. AIF-1 transgenic mice fed a high fat diet showed significantly more atherosclerotic lesions than WT littermates. Boyden Chamber assays showed OxLDL treatment increases VSMC migration but does not effect AIF-1-mediated migration. Expression of migration and inflammatory responsive genes in AIF-1 and XGal transfected VSMC after OxLDL treatment at various time points were examined. MMP-2 and -9 expression did not change. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression increased in both groups. AIF-1 VSMC showed significantly higher ICAM-1 expression at baseline and early time points and elevated, but not significantly higher VCAM-1 expression at early time points. Western blots showed increased activation of NF-kB in AIF-1 transfected VSMC at baseline and 30 minutes after OxLDL stimulation compared to XGal transfected VSMC. Expression of the scavenger receptor receptors CD36 and SRA(I) expression increased after lipid treatment in AIF-1 and XGal transfected groups. AIF-1 VSMC showed sustained expression of both receptors after 16 hours of treatment compared to XGal VSMC, which showed decreased expression at that time point. CXCL16/PSOX expression increased with treatment, but differences in expression patterns were not seen between cell groups. Analysis showed significantly more OxLDL was taken up by AIF-1 VSMC compared to XGal VSMC. These data show that AIF-1 expression in VSMC is tightly linked to the vascular response to injury and development of vascular disease. Although AIF-1-mediated migration is not p38 dependent, AIF-1 may contribute to increased VSMC migration in part by upregulating NF- kB downstream effectors through increased NF-kB activity. AIF-1 may also speed the progression of atherosclerosis by increasing scavenger receptor expression and thereby increasing OxLDL uptake and foam cell formation. Although more study is required to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms leading to AIF-1 mediated VSMC activation, these data have further established AIF-1 as an integral regulator of the VSMC response to injury. / Molecular and Cellular Physiology

No description available.

The normal physiological activation of naive T cells requires the engagement of both the T cell receptor (TCR) and the co-stimulatory molecule, CD28. However, a group of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been identified that are able to activate T cells in vitro and in vivo via CD28 engagement alone. Two defining characteristics found in all CD28 superagonist mAbs are their membrane proximal CD28 epitopes and the requirement for mAb immobilisation. To investigate whether agonistic mAbs to similar cell molecules could be identified based on epitope position alone, mAbs to the inhibitory receptor PD-1 were generated and characterised. Using a drastic mutation-based epitope mapping technique, one mAb was identified with a membrane proximal epitope along with two other mAbs with membrane distal epitopes. These mAbs were tested for triggering activity in a hybridoma stimulation assay. mAb stimulation was observed with all three mAbs but only in cells expressing a PD-1 chimera that associated with the TCR and the strength of activation was dependent on epitope location. Cross-linking of a monomeric PD-1/CD28 chimera with a pair of anti-PD-1 mAbs resulted in signalling in this system, however, suggesting a role for ligand aggregation in addition to epitope position in mAb signalling. To further investigate the role of epitope position in CD28 superagonism, a cell line expressing a chimeric form of CD28 was created wherein the superagonistic mAb epitope was moved to a membrane distal position. When stimulated with a CD28 superagonist mAb signalling was no longer observed. However stimulation with another mAb that had an epitope to a membrane proximal location on the chimera resulted in superagonistic effect. These results show that epitope location is the dominant cause of T cell stimulation observed by CD28 superagonist mAbs and that epitope dependent mAb signalling is possible in other T cell surface molecules. The work described in this thesis has implications for both the development of immune modulating mAb therapeutics and for the general mechanism of triggering of cell surface receptors dependent on extrinsic tyrosine kinases.

T-cell activation is a complex process crucial for a proper function of immune system. It has been extensively studied and its main features are well understood. However, some of the events involved in T-cell signalling are still unclear. After T-cell receptor stimulation, Src-family kinase Lck drives the initiation of signalling by tyrosine phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of several downstream targets is dependent on the redistribution of Lck to the different compartment of the plasma membrane, called lipid rafts. In lipid rafts, active Lck is juxtaposed and activates raft-resident substrates which then trigger downstream signalling. The critical in this process is the mechanism of Lck translocation to lipid rafts which has not been studied so far and represents the topic of great academic and clinical interests. Previously, we identified the adaptor protein RACK1 as a candidate protein mediating the redistribution of Lck to lipid rafts by linking it to the microtubular network. In this thesis, we analysed the structural features and functional role of RACK1 in its interaction with Lck. We show here, using the SYF cell lines expressing the wild type and various mutated forms of Lck, that intact SH3 or SH2 domains of Lck are required for an effective RACK1-Lck complex formation. We also documented...

L'activation des lymphocytes T est initié à la fois de TCR et l'engagement du co-récepteur. CD28 est le plus important sur ​​les cellules T naïves. Cette activation doit être strictement réglementé, depuis son apparition inexacte pourrait être de conséquences néfastes. Nous avons signalé que TCR et CD28 début signalisation génèrent mécanisme de détection de coïncidence dans l'initiation de l'activation des cellules T naïves. Tout d'abord, nous avons constaté que TCR déclenchement avec ligand apparenté pMHC ou anticorps augmente considérablement la liaison 2D du CD28 à ses ligands B7 et dépend à la fois la queue cytoplasmique de CD28 et l'activité de Src kinases. En outre, on a observé une interaction TCR-pMHC pour améliorer la phosphorylation sur tyrosine de CD28 induite lors de l'engagement de B7. L'analyse du récepteur déclenché par événements de signalisation dans les cellules CD4 + naïves cellules T ont montré que seul TCR ou la stimulation de CD28 est seulement capable d'induire une Ca2 faible ou minimal + réponse en dépit de la phospholipase facilement détectée C- une phosphorylation, mais la stimulation concomitante des deux voies suscité efficacement forte et soutenue + entrée Ca2 impliquant les canaux CRAC. Ainsi, notre étude a révélé apparition de la détection de coïncidence à deux étapes importantes au cours de la TCR et CD28 déclenchée par l'activation des cellules T naïves, se liant à savoir le ligand et le déclenchement des récepteurs et la mobilisation intracellulaire, qui fournit d'importantes nouvelles connaissances sur le mécanisme de l'initiation de la réponse immunitaire primaire, ainsi que sa régulation. / T cell activation is initiated by signaling pathways triggered upon ligand engagement of the TCR and co-stimulatory receptors, respectively, with CD28 being the major one among the latter class of molecules on naïve T cells. At the same time, such activation needs to be tightly regulated, since its improper occurrence might be of detrimental consequences. We report here that interactions between TCR and CD28 early signaling pathways generate coincidence detection mechanism in the initiation of naïve T cell activation. First, we found that in naïve CD4+ T cells, TCR engagement with pMHC cognate ligand or antibody significantly increases the 2D binding of CD28 to its B7 ligands and this increase depends on both the cytoplasmic tail of CD28 and activity of src kinases. Moreover, TCR-pMHC interaction was observed to enhance the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 induced upon B7 engagement. Analysis of the receptor-triggered signaling events in naïve CD4+ T cells showed that alone TCR or CD28 stimulation was only capable of inducing a weak or minimal Ca2+ response in spite of the readily detected phospholipase C-1 phosphorylation, but the concurrent stimulation of both pathways efficiently elicited strong and sustained Ca2+ mobilization involving the CRAC channels. Our study has thus uncovered occurrence of the coincidence detection at two major steps during the TCR- and CD28-triggered activation of naïve T cells, namely the ligand binding and triggering of the receptors and the intracellular mobilization, which provides important new insights into the mechanism of primary immune response initiation as well as its regulation.

Une réponse immunitaire adéquate nécessite la participation coordonnée de plusieurs populations de cellules immunitaires, comme les lymphocytes T et B, les macrophages, les cellules dendritiques ou les cellules NK. L’activation de ces types cellulaires est modulée par différents récepteurs membranaires dont la fonction est de déclencher une cascade de signalisation.L’activation des lymphocytes T, acteurs cruciaux de la mise en place de la réponse immunitaire adaptative, s’initie par l’engagement du récepteur T (TCR). Plusieurs autres types de récepteurs participent à la modulation des réponses cellulaires. Ainsi, les récepteurs aux facteurs de croissance, aux cytokines et aux chimiokines ainsi que les molécules d’adhésion et les récepteurs de la famille SLAM (pour Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule) influencent l’activation cellulaire. Des travaux récents ont montré que l’activation des récepteurs SLAM induit leur association avec les membres de la famille SAP et est nécessaire à l’induction d’une réponse humorale, au développement des cellules NKT ainsi qu’à la cytotoxicité médiée par les lymphocytes T CD8 et les cellules NK. L’altération du gène sh2d1a codant pour SAP conduit à l’apparition du syndrome lymphoprolifératif lié à l’X-1 (XLP-1). Les patients atteints de ce syndrome développent trois principaux phénotypes cliniques qui sont une mononucléose infectieuse fulminante, une dysgammaglobulinémie, et des désordres lymphoprolifératifs.L’objectif de mon travail de thèse a été d’étudier les étapes précoces d’activation des lymphocytes T et de comprendre comment la protéine SAP, associée à d’autres protéines ou domaines protéiques intracellulaires, est impliquée dans la régulation de ces mécanismes d’activation. Mon travail s’est donc orienté vers l’identification de nouveaux partenaires de SAP, autres que les récepteurs SLAM, et qui nous permettraient de mieux définir la fonction de SAP dans la signalisation T. Par une approche de biochimie, mon travail a permis de démontrer que SAP s’associe directement à la chaîne CD3 du complexe TCR-CD3, régule la signalisation induite par l’activation du récepteur T et permet la sécrétion de cytokines. Enfin, par une approche de double hybride, nous avons identifié Pecam-1 comme nouveau partenaire de SAP. Nous avons par la suite observé que l’association de SAP avec Pecam-1 régule l’adhérence des lymphocytes T. Par ces deux études, mon travail de thèse a permis de démontrer l’implication de SAP dans de nouvelles voies de signalisation et permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes dérégulés lors de l’absence de SAP. / Immune responses need a coordinate involvement between different immune cell populations, as T and B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells or NK cells. Activation of these different cell populations is mediated by different receptors whose function is to initiate a signal transduction cascade. T cell activation, a crucial event in adaptive immune response, begins with T cell receptor (TCR) triggering. A large number of receptors can modulate T cell responses. Thus, cytokines, chimiokines and growth factors receptors, adhesion molecules and SLAM (for Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule) family receptors regulate cell activation. Recent works have shown that SLAM receptors triggering induce their association with SAP (for SLAM-Associated Protein) family members and is vital for humoral immunity, NKT cell development and T CD8+ and NK cells cytotoxicity. Mutations in sh2d1a gene, which code for SAP, are responsible of X-linked Lymphoproliferative-1 (XLP-1) syndrome. Patients, who suffer from this syndrome, develop three main clinical manifestations: a fulminant infectious mononucleosis, dysgammaglobulinemia and lymphoproliferative syndromes. My thesis work was to study early steps of T cell activation and to understand how the SAP protein, associated with its partners, regulates these cellular mechanisms. Thus, my work was to identify new SAP partners, others than SLAM receptors, in order to better understand SAP function in T cell signaling. With a biochemical approach, my work has demonstrated that SAP directly associates with CD3 chain of TCR-CD3 complex, regulates cell signaling and cytokines secretion following TCR triggering. Finally, with a two-hybrid assay, we have identified the adhesion molecule Pecam-1 as a new SAP partner. Then, we have observed that SAP directly interacts with Pecam-1 to regulate T cell adhesion. During my thesis work, we have identified new cellular signaling pathways that are regulated by SAP and permit to better understand the cellular mechanisms that are affected when SAP is absent.

As células T Natural Killer (NKT) são linfócitos que expressam o rearranjo V24V11 com TCR invariante e reconhecem glicolipídeos como o alfagalactosilceramida (-GalCer) apresentado no contexto da molécula MHC-não clássica chamada CD1d. As NKT são divididas em subgrupos distintos: os fenótipos CD4+ e CD4- em camundongos e humanos, e CD8+ e CD4-CD8- em humanos. Após estímulo, as NKT secretam citocinas Th1 e Th2. A frequência das NKT representa menos de 1% da população de linfócitos T no sangue periférico humano. O objetivo deste trabalho é primeiro, identificar a frequência, o fenótipo e a função da população de células NKT nos grupos de indivíduos saudáveis de procedências distintas. Segundo, avaliar a influência da idade, gênero e país de moradia na frequência das NKT, incluindo suas subpopulações, no sangue periférico; Terceiro, verificar se há variabilidade ou não na apresentação da molécula CD1d. Quarto, verificar se há alteração na função das NKT utilizando o estímulo -GalCer e por fim, verificar o perfil das NKT quanto ao seu estado de ativação e migração celular quando submetidas a expansão. As amostras são provenientes de São Paulo, Brasil; São Francisco, Estado Unidos da América e Estocolmo, Suécia. Os parâmetros imunológicos foram analisados por citometria de fluxo. Demonstramos que o grupo de São Paulo, não apresentou maiores valores de linfócitos T CD3+, no entanto, apresentou valores significantes de células NKT V24+/V11+. Não estabelecemos a expressão dos marcadores de ativação e migração nas NKT. Estabelecemos, no grupo de São Paulo, a capacidade funcional das NKT que expressaram IFN- e TNF- assim como de expansão, sob estímulo de -GalCer. Os resultados sugerem que vários fatores podem alterar a quantidade das células NKT na periferia. Mais estudos devem ser endereçados para esclarecer melhor estes fatos / Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are lymphocytes that express the invariant TCR rearrangement V24V11 and recognize glycolipid as alpha-galactosylceramide (-GalCer) presented in conjunction with a non-MHC pathway molecule named CD1d. The NKT cells are divided into distinct subsets: the CD4+ and CD4- phenotype in mice and humans and the CD8+ and CD4-CD8- phenotype in humans. After stimulation, the NKT secrete Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The frequencies of NKT cells represent <1% of the population of T lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. The objective of this study is to 1) identify the frequency, phenotype and function of NKT cell population in groups of healthy individuals from different racial/ethnic origins, 2) evaluate the influence of age, gender and country of residence on the frequency of NKT cells/subpopulations, 3) investigate the variability of presentation of the CD1d molecule, 4) investigate the functional variability of NKT cells using -GalCer stimulation, and 5) study the activation and migration profile of NKT cells after expansion. Immunologic parameters of clinical samples from Sao Paulo, Brazil; San Francisco, California and Stockholm, Sweden were analyzed by flow cytometry. We demonstrate that the São Paulo group does not have an elevated number of CD3+ T lymphocytes, but does have significantly more NKT V24+/V11+ cells. We have not yet determined expression of NKT markers for activation and migration. Thus, we have shown that among sample obtained in São Paulo, there is increased functional capacity of IFN- and TNF--expressing NKT cells along with NKT cells expansion under stimulation with the -GalCer. These results suggest that there are several factors that can modulate NKT cell number and function in the peripheral blood and additional studies are needed to further clarify these findings

This dissertation represents efforts to determine the functional consequences acquired by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) in response to CD40 ligation by activated CD154+ T cells, and to elucidate components of the signaling pathway(s) activated in response to CD40 signaling in both monocytes and SMC. To study the consequences of CD40 stimulation, primary human monocytes and aortic SMC were treated with plasma membranes purified from CD154 + , CD4+ T cells. The results presented in this dissertation demonstrate that SMC, like monocytes/macrophages, are capable of interacting with T cells in a manner that results in reciprocal activation events. SMC were shown to present antigen to, and activate T cells. In turn T cell stimulus resulted in the activation of proinflammatory function in SMC initiated through the CD154:CD40 interaction. CD40 stimulation of SMC resulted in the production of the chemokines interleukin 8 (IL-8) and macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and the upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). Examination of the intracellular signaling pathways activated through CD40 signaling revealed the involvement of MAPKs in the pathway leading to induction of proinflammatory activity. Evaluation of CD40 signaling in monocytes demonstrated the activation of the MAPK family members ERK1/2, but not the MAPK family members p38 or c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). In contrast, CD40 signaling in SMC was shown to result in ERK1/2 and p38 activation, and both of these kinases were shown to play a critical role in the induction of chemokine synthesis. An examination of the ability of anti-inflammatory cytokines to modulate CD40 signaling in monocytes and SMC demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 abrogate CD40-mediated induction of inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes. This inhibition was shown to be a result of a negative influence of IL-4 and IL-10 on CD40 mediated ERK1/2, activation in monocytes. However, IL-4 and IL-10 did not inhibit SMC proinflammatory responses indicating a difference in the intracellular responses to these cytokines by the two cell types. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

For the elucidation of the dynamics of signal transduction processes that are induced by cellular interactions, defined events along the signal transduction cascade and subsequent activation steps have to be analyzed and then also correlated with each other. This cannot be achieved by ensemble measurements because averaging biological data ignores the variability in timing and response patterns of individual cells and leads to highly blurred results. Instead, only a multi-parameter analysis at a single-cell level is able to exploit the information that is crucially needed for deducing the signaling pathways involved. The aim of this work was to develop a process line that allows the initiation of cell-cell or cell-particle interactions while at the same time the induced cellular reactions can be analyzed at various stages along the signal transduction cascade and correlated with each other. As this approach requires the gentle management of individually addressable cells, a dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based microfluidic system was employed that provides the manipulation of microscale objects with very high spatiotemporal precision and without the need of contacting the cell membrane. The system offers a high potential for automation and parallelization. This is essential for achieving a high level of robustness and reproducibility, which are key requirements in order to qualify this approach for a biomedical application. As an example process for intercellular communication, T cell activation has been chosen. The activation of the single T cells was triggered by contacting them individually with microbeads that were coated with antibodies directed against specific cell surface proteins, like the T cell receptor-associated kinase CD3 and the costimulatory molecule CD28 (CD; cluster of differentiation). The stimulation of the cells with the functionalized beads led to a rapid rise of their cytosolic Ca2+ concentration which was analyzed by a dual-wavelength ratiometric fluorescence measurement of the Ca2+-sensitive dye Fura-2. After Ca2+ imaging, the cells were isolated individually from the microfluidic system and cultivated further. Cell division and expression of the marker molecule CD69 as a late activation event of great significance were analyzed the following day and correlated with the previously recorded Ca2+ traces for each individual cell. It turned out such that the temporal profile of the Ca2+ traces between both activated and non-activated cells as well as dividing and non-dividing cells differed significantly. This shows that the pattern of Ca2+ signals in T cells can provide early information about a later reaction of the cell. As isolated cells are highly delicate objects, a precondition for these experiments was the successful adaptation of the system to maintain the vitality of single cells during and after manipulation. In this context, the influences of the microfluidic environment as well as the applied electric fields on the vitality of the cells and the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration as crucially important physiological parameters were thoroughly investigated. While a short-term DEP manipulation did not affect the vitality of the cells, they showed irregular Ca2+ transients upon exposure to the DEP field only. The rate and the strength of these Ca2+ signals depended on exposure time, electric field strength and field frequency. By minimizing their occurrence rate, experimental conditions were identified that caused the least interference with the physiology of the cell. The possibility to precisely control the exact time point of stimulus application, to simultaneously analyze short-term reactions and to correlate them with later events of the signal transduction cascade on the level of individual cells makes this approach unique among previously described applications and offers new possibilities to unravel the mechanisms underlying intercellular communication. / Zelluläre Interaktionen sind wirkungsvolle Mechanismen zur Kontrolle zellulärer Zustände in vivo. Für die Entschlüsselung der dabei beteiligten Signaltransduktionsprozesse müssen definierte Ereignisse entlang der zellulären Signalkaskade erfasst und ihre wechselseitige Beziehung zueinander aufgeklärt werden. Dies kann von Ensemble-Messungen nicht geleistet werden, da die Mittelung biologischer Daten die Variabilität des Antwortverhaltens individueller Zellen missachtet und verschwommene Resultate liefert. Nur eine Multiparameteranalyse auf Einzelzellebene kann die entscheidenden Informationen liefern, die für ein detailliertes Verständnis zellulärer Signalwege unabdingbar sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer Methode, welche die gezielte Kontaktierung einzelner Zellen mit anderen Zellen oder Partikeln ermöglicht und mit der die dadurch ausgelösten zellulären Reaktionen auf unterschiedlichen zeitlichen Ebenen analysiert und miteinander korreliert werden können. Da dies die schonende Handhabung einzeln adressierbarer Zellen erfordert, wurde ein auf Dielektrophorese (DEP) basierendes mikrofluidisches System eingesetzt, welches die berührungslose Manipulation mikroskaliger Objekte mit hoher zeitlicher und örtlicher Präzision erlaubt. Das System besitzt ein hohes Potential zur Automatisierung und Parallelisierung, was für eine robuste und reproduzierbare Analyse lebender Zellen essentiell, und daher eine wichtige Voraussetzung für eine Anwendung in der Biomedizin ist. Als Modellsystem für interzelluläre Kommunikation wurde die T-Zell-Aktivierung gewählt. Die Aktivierung der einzelnen T-Zellen wurde durch ihre gezielte Kontaktierung mit Mikropartikeln („beads“) induziert, welche mit Antikörpern gegen spezielle Oberflächenproteine, wie die dem T-Zell-Rezeptor assoziierte Kinase CD3 oder das kostimulatorische Protein CD28, beschichtet waren. Die Stimulation der Zellen mit den funktionalisierten beads führte zu einem raschen Anstieg der intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration, welche über eine ratiometrische Detektion des Ca2+-sensitiven Fluoreszenzfarbstoffs Fura-2 gemessen wurde. Anschließend wurden die einzelnen Zellen aus dem mikrofluidischen System isoliert und weiterkultiviert. Am nächsten Tag wurden Zellteilung und die CD69-Expression – ein wichtiger Marker für aktivierte T-Zellen – analysiert und auf Ebene der individuellen Zelle mit dem zuvor gemessenen Ca2+-Signal korreliert. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der zeitliche Verlauf des intrazellulären Ca2+-Signals zwischen aktivierten und nicht aktivierten, sowie zwischen geteilten und nicht geteilten Zellen signifikant verschieden war. Dies zeigt, dass Ca2+-Signale in stimulierten T-Zellen wichtige Informationen über eine spätere Reaktion der Zelle liefern können. Da Einzelzellen äußerst empfindlich auf ihre Umgebungsbedingungen reagieren, war die Anpassung der experimentellen Vorgehensweise im Hinblick auf die Zellverträglichkeit von großer Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde der Einfluss sowohl der mikrofluidischen Umgebung, als auch der elektrischen Felder auf die Überlebensrate und die intrazelluläre Ca2+-Konzentration der Zellen untersucht. Während eine kurzzeitige DEP-Manipulation im mikrofluidischen System die Vitalität der Zellen nicht beeinträchtigte, zeigten diese unregelmäßige Fluktuationen ihrer intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration selbst bei geringer elektrischer Feldexposition. Die Ausprägung dieser Fluktuationen war abhängig von der Expositionszeit, der elektrischen Feldstärke und der Feldfrequenz. Über die Minimierung ihres Auftretens konnten experimentelle Bedingungen mit dem geringsten Einfluss auf die Physiologie der Zellen identifiziert werden. Die Möglichkeit, einzelne Zellen zeitlich definiert und präzise mit anderen Zellen oder Oberflächen zu kontaktieren, die unmittelbare Reaktion der Zellen zu messen und diese mit späteren Ereignissen der Zellantwort zu korrelieren, macht die hier vorgestellte Methode einzigartig im Vergleich mit anderen Ansätzen und eröffnet neue Wege, die der interzellulären Kommunikation zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen aufzuklären.

T cell activation and thymic selection are thought to be determined by the binding propensity (avidity or affinity) of the T cell receptor (TCR) to its ligands. However, binding propensity quantified by previous 3D TCR–pMHC kinetics such as using tetramer staining or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) under estimate TCR–pMHC interaction due to neglecting physiological conditions. Recent studies considering membrane contribution in TCR–pMHC interaction reported 2D kinetics and force regulated bond dissociation kinetics have better prediction to biological responses in CD8+ T cells. In this study, we further tested the findings in CD4+ T cells and CD4+ CD8+ (double-positive, DP) thymocytes. We analyzed TCR–pMHC interaction for a well-characterized panel of altered peptide ligands (APLs) on multiple transgenic mouse TCR systems. Using ultrasensitive 2D mechanical assays, in situ 2D kinetic measurements show better sensitivity than the SPR 3D kinetic measurements in gauging the ligand potency and thymic selection. Furthermore, force-regulated bond lifetime of TCR–pMHC interaction amplifies the discrimination in recognition of APLs and thymic selection. When force was applied to TCR–pMHC–CD4/8 bonds, two distinct patterns emerged: agonist/negative selecting ligands formed CD4/8-dependent catch-slip bonds where lifetime first increased, reached a maximum, then decreased with increasing force, whereas antagonist/positive selecting ligands formed slip-only bonds where lifetime monotonically decreases with increasing force. Our results highlight an important role of mechanical force in ligand discrimination and suggest a new mechanism for T cell activation and thymic selection that is distinct from previous models based on 3D measurements.