Pluripotent stem cells are a special population of stem cell with indefinitely self-renewal and unlimited differentiation capability, which makes them an attractive avenue for regenerative medicine and disease modeling. Therefore, it is important to understanding the fundamental mechanisms that govern and maintain their pluripotent state. A phenomenon termed mitotic bookmarking has recently been suggested as a potential mechanism involved in the stable propagation of cellular identity through the cell cycles. Candidate-based studies have identified mitotic bookmarking factors that are retained on the mitotic chromatin and preserve the transcriptional memory of the cell. Nevertheless, there is a poor understanding of which proteins can serve as mitotic bookmarks, as well as the chromatin dynamics of bookmarked sites during mitosis and the start of the G1 phase. We have previously identified a list of putative mitotic bookmarking factors in pluripotent stem cells, from which we tested the role of PARP1, HDGF, and PSIP1 as potential bookmarks for the propagation of the pluripotent state through mitosis. Here we showed that the absence of PARP1 at the M-G1 transition impairs self-renewal capability of pluripotent stem cells without affecting the proliferation and cell cycle progression. Conclusive evidence that establishes a role for HDGF or PSIP1 in mitotic bookmarking of pluripotent stem cells has yet to emerge. However, our work provides a new avenue for exploring the functional importance of mitotic bookmarks in pluripotent maintenance. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Direkte zelluläre Reprogrammierung wird durch den Einsatz von Transkriptionsfaktoren (TFs) erreicht, die das Zellschicksal induzieren und die Umwandlung in einen gewünschten Zelltyp direkt einleiten. Die Fähigkeit der TFs, die Identität von Zelltypen umzuprogrammieren, wird jedoch durch den zellulären Kontext bestimmt und ist durch hemmende Mechanismen eingeschränkt. Diese hemmenden Mechanismen schützen und erhalten das Zellschicksal und wirken daher als Barrieren für die Reprogrammierung. Ein Faktor, der als Barriere der Reprogrammierung fungiert, ist das Histon-Chaperon FACT. Es ist jedoch nicht bekannt, wie FACT das Zellschicksal sichert. Dieses Projekt entschlüsselt die zugrundeliegenden Reprogrammierungsmechanismen bei der Deletion von FACT in C. elegans. Das Aurora-Kinase B kodierende Gen air-2 wurde als Promotor der Reprogrammierung identifiziert. Aurora-Kinase B fördert die Umwandlungdes Zellschicksals, indem sie das Chromatin durch Phosphorylierung von H3S10-Resten umgestaltet. Darüber hinaus identifiziere ich die Histon-Acetyltransferase CBP-1 als Promotor der Reprogrammierung durch die Acetylierung von H3K18 und H3K27. Die Deletion des Cytochrom c-Oxidase - 1 kodierenden Gens cco-1, einer Untereinheit des mitochondrialen Atmungskettenkomplexes, ermöglicht eine von CBP-1 abhängige Reprogrammierung von Darmzellen zu Neuronen. Diese Beobachtung wirft ein neues Licht auf die Art und Weise, wie zelluläre Störungen, die in verschiedenen Kompartimenten durch die Deletion zellulärer Schutzmechanismen entstehen, zu ähnlichen Effekten bei der Reorganisation des Chromatins führen können, welche die Reprogrammierung vorantreiben. Darüber hinaus beschreibe ich eine mögliche Rolle der mitochondrialen Funktion bei der durch FACT-Deletion vermittelten Reprogrammierung durch die Induktion des mitochondrialen Chaperons HSP60. Schließlich kläre ich auf, wie FACT zelluläre Schicksale schützt, indem es die Integrität des Chromatins während der Transkription bewahrt. / Direct cellular reprogramming is achieved by using cell fate-inducing transcription factors (TFs) that directly induce conversion to a desired cell type. However, the ability of TFs to reprogram cells is defined by cellular context and is usually restricted by inhibitory mechanisms. Studying barriers of cellular reprogramming in vivo is a crucial step to attaining its therapeutic potential and provides important insights into the basic biology of cell fate regulation. One factor that acts as a barrier of reprogramming is the histone chaperone FACT. However, how FACT safeguards cellular fate is not yet known. Here, we unravel the underlying reprogramming mechanisms upon FACT depletion in C. elegans. To this end, an enhancer/suppressor screen with epigenetic regulators was performed. This screen identified the kinase Aurora B encoding gene air-2 as a promotor of reprogramming, promoting cell fate conversion by remodelling chromatin through the phosphorylation of H3S10. Additionally, I identify the histone acetyltransferase CBP-1 as a promotor of cell fate conversion through the acetylation of H3K18 and H3K27. Moreover, I characterize another reprogramming event where CBP-1 promotes reprogramming. Depleting the cytochrome c oxidase – 1 encoding gene cco-1, a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, allows for gut-to neuron reprogramming that is dependent on CBP-1. FACT and cco-1-depletion-mediated reprogramming show an overlap in reprogramming pathways. This observation sheds new light on how cellular perturbations originating in different compartments through depletion of cellular safeguards can produce similar effects on chromatin reorganization that drive reprogramming. I describe a potential role for mitochondrial function in FACT-depletion-mediated reprogramming through the induction of the mitochondrial chaperone HSP60. Lastly, I elucidate how FACT protects cellular fates through its role as a safeguard of chromatin integrity during transcription.

Hematopoiesis has been for many years seen as a straightforward process based on sequential restriction of cell fate potential leading to production of mature blood cells. In the last decade, however, several works documented an unexpected plasticity of hematopoietic cells with expanded potential of myeloid development from lymphoid progenitors and vice versa. Under physiologic conditions hematopoiesis is tightly controlled and the definite cell fate is denominated by multiple factors that all lead to changes in regulatory networks that include transcription factors, epigenetic changes and post-transcriptional modulations. Any disruption of this strict regulation, caused by mutations or other events, affects the proliferation and lineage fidelity of hematopoietic precursors. This may lead to clonal growth of variable significance or leukemogenesis and may possibly affect the treatment sensitivity of the hematological malignancies. For better understanding of hematopoietic regulation we described gene expression changes during physiological development of lymphoid and myeloid lineages and in leukemic specimens using our own simplified real-time PCR based platform. We investigated expression of 95 genes connected with lymphoid and myeloid differentiation or with leukemogenesis in sorted hematopoietic...