Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Dr. Peter A. Lane, Committee Member ; Dr. Larry V. McIntire, Committee Member ; Dr. Ronald W. Rousseau, Committee Member ; Dr. James R. Eckman, Committee Member ; Dr. Timothy M. Wick, Committee Chair.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2006 / Typescript (photocopy)

Le but de cette thèse de doctorat était de concevoir des brosses de polymères stimuli-sensibles afin de contrôler dynamiquement les interactions adhésives entre une cellule et son substrat.Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d'atomes (ATRP) initiée en surface, et sa variante permettant de régénérer in situ le catalyseur de polymérisation (ARGET-ATRP), pour préparer des brosses thermo-sensibles de poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). Les deux méthodes ont été appliquées pour différentes densités surfaciques et temps de polymérisation, et les cinétiques de croissance de la brosse à l'aide des deux protocoles ont été étudiés. Une croissance de chaîne bien contrôlée a été observée avec le protocole ARGET-ATRP, mais pas avec la méthode ATRP. Le protocole testé ci-dessus a été utilisé pour fabriquer des brosses de PNIPAM qui ont été patternées par l'intermédiaire d'une stratégie d'ablation aux UV profonds, afin de concevoir des substrats permettant de contrôler spatialement l'adsorption de protéines. Ces substrats ont montré d'excellentes propriétés adhésives, sont réutilisables et peuvent se stocker sur de longues périodes.Les changements conformationnels de brosses PNIPAM ont été sondés grâce à un dispositif original mis en place sur la base d'un microscope en réflexion à contraste d'interférences (RICM). La technique RICM a permis d'estimer la réponse optique des brosses en fonction de leur profil de hauteur, ce qui en fait un outil intéressant pour leur caractérisation. La réponse de la brosse a été étudiée en fonction de sa densité de greffage et de la longueur de chaîne. Les résultats ont fourni une preuve unique de l'existence d'un phénomène de séparation de phase verticale, donnant lieu à des changements structurels non-uniformes dans les brosses lors du passage de la température inférieure de solubilité du PNIPAM dans l'eau. Le RICM a été utilisé pour réaliser la tâche complexe d'estimer les paramètres moléculaires de la brosse et la compréhension de l'origine physique du phénomène d'hystérésis thermique dans une brosse de polymère.De nouveaux polymères stimuli-sensibles ont été synthétisés dans le but d'obtenir des systèmes d'intérêt pour les études biologiques en conditions physiologiques. Nous avons conçus différents co-polymères photo-thermo-sensibles à base d'acrylamides et d'acrylates. Les changements de conformation des polymères conçus ont été étudiés en détail en faisant varier la composition globale des monomères dans le système. Nous avons identifié une composition de ter-polymères dont les solutions aqueuses ont montré une séparation de phase à 37°C qui peut être réversible sous irradiation lumineuse, ce qui la rend compatible pour les études d'adhésion cellulaire. / The aim of the current Ph.D thesis was to design stimuli responsive polymer brushes in order to dynamic control cell-substrate adhesive interactions.For this purpose, Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Activators Regenerated by electron Transfer (ARGET)-ATRP were used in order to prepare thermo responsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes. Both the methods were applied under varying surface densities and polymerization times, and the kinetics of the brush growth using both the protocols was investigated. A well controlled chain growth was reported under ARGET-ATRP protocol, in contrast to the ATRP method. The above tested protocol was used to grow PNIPAM brushes that were patterned via deep UV photoablation strategy to design thermoresponsive patterned substrates for protein adsorption studies.The substrates showed excellent adhesive properties and reusability with long term storage capacity.The conformational changes of PNIPAM brushes, grown via the ARGET-ATRP protocol, were investigated using an original set-up based on Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy (RICM). RICM allowed us to probe the optical response of the brushes as a function of their density profile, making it an interesting tool for brush characterization. The response of the brush was studied as a function of brush grafting density and chain length. The results provided a unique evidence for non-uniform structural changes within the brush thickness when the solvent temperature was varied across the Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) of the polymer. RICM was employed to achieve the challenging task of estimating the molecular parameters of the brush and understanding the physical origin of the phenomenon of thermal hysteresis in a polymer brush.Stimuli Responsive Polymers, sensitive to non-invasive stimuli, were synthesized with an aim to address dynamic single cell adhesion studies at their physiological conditions. Free Radical Polymerization and ARGET-ATRP protocol were used to design two photo-thermo-responsive poly(DMA-AZAA) and poly(DMA-NIPAM-AZAAm) polymers. The conformational changes of the designed polymers were investigated at length by varying the overall composition of monomers in the system. The solutions of the DMA-NIPAM-AZAAm terpolymer showed a sharp phase separation at 37°C that could be reversibly switched under light irradiation, making it compatible for cell adhesion studies.

INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma espinocelular de origem bucal (CEC) apresenta uma alta taxa de mortalidade devido à invasividade das células tumorais. A migração celular, principal evento da invasão e metástase, pode ser regulada tanto por fatores intrínsecos, como adesão e contratilidade celular, quanto extrínsecos, como composição, densidade e remodelagem da matriz extracelular (MEC). OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel de elementos intrínsecos e extrínsecos sobre o processo invasivo do carcinoma espinocelular de origem bucal. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada imuno-histoquímica para as proteínas: Miosina II (isoformas A, B e C), metaloproteinases de matriz (1, 2, 9 e 14); imunofluorescência as proteínas: e-caderina, n-caderina, FAK, paxilina, vinculina e fibronectina em amostras de CEC oral. Foi realizado ensaio de migração nas seguintes condições: 1 – matriz 2D com o substrato de fibronectina, ou laminina ou matrigel; 2 – matriz 3D com colágeno na presença ou não de fibronectina ou laminina; 3 – matriz 3D com diferentes concentrações de colágeno (0,6; 1,2 e 1,8 mg/ml) + fibronectina na presença ou não de um inibidor de MMP. Foi realizado análise de adesão celular utilizando-se o microscópio TIRF e o microscópio confocal, tanto em matrizes 2D quanto 3D. Foram realizados esferoides celulares para avaliar a contratilidade celular, através do plaqueamento das células em gel de agarose e a utilização de drogas que inibem ou que induzem a contratilidade, bem como a partir de células transfectadas com versões fosfomiméticas para a cadeia leve de miosina. Foi realizado ainda western blotting para proteínas: e-caderina, FAK, vinculina, paxilina, N-caderina, integrinas e as isoformas de miosina II, bem como foi avaliado os níveis de ativação das proteínas da família RhoGTPase, as quais estão envolvidas no controle da migração celular. RESULTADOS: A expressão das MMPs analisadas e das isoformas de miosinas foi maior nas zonas de invasão tumoral, sendo que o CEC oral também apresenta uma maior expressão de proteínas associadas à adesão com a MEC. A migração celular foi afetada pela densidade e a composição da MEC, bem como pela atividade das MMPs. Adicionalmente, a modulação das proteínas de adesão célula-matriz altera a velocidade de migração, a direcionalidade dessa migração e também a forma de migração, mudando de uma migração coletiva para uma migração individual. O aumento na contratilidade células resulta numa dispersão celular enquanto que a diminuição da contratilidade resulta numa melhor adesão célula – célula. CONCLUSÕES: O comportamento das células tumorais pode ser modulado através de fatores extrínsecos como, por exemplo, a alteração no microambiente tumoral, seja ela por mudança no substrato ou na densidade da matriz, e também dos fatores intrínsecos como a alteração nos níveis de miosina. / INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presents high mortality index due to the invasive phenotype of tumor cells. Cell migration is the main event in cell invasion and metastasis and it can be regulated by intrinsic factor, such as adhesion and cell contractility, and extrinsic factors, such as density and extracellular matrix (EMC) remodeling. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factor during the invasive process of oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: We performed immunostaining in OSCC samples for the following proteins: myosin II (isoforms A, B and C), matrix metalloproteinase (1, 2, 9 and 14) e-cadherin, n-cadherin, FAK, paxillin, vinculin and fibronectin. We also performed migration assays with OSCC cell line in the following conditions 1 – 2D matrix with fibronectin or laminin or matrigel; 2 – 3D matrix with collagen in the presence or not of fibronectin or laminin; 3 – 3D matrix with different collagen concentration (0,6; 1,2 e 1,8 mg/ml) with fibronectin in the presence or not of the MMP inhibitor. In order to analyze cell adhesion, it was performed Total Internal Reflectance Fluorescence and Confocal microscopy, in 2D and 3D matrix. To analyze cell contractility, cells were plated in agarose gel in order to produce spheroids, which were treated with drugs that inhibit or induce cell contractility or cells were previously transfected with Myosin Light Chain phosphomimetics mutants. It was also performed western blotting to: e-cadherin, n-cadherin, FAK, paxillin, vinculin and myosin II isoforms, as well as it was analyze the levels in RhoGTPase family, which are involved in cell migration control. RESULTS: The expression to MMPs and myosin II isoforms were higher at invasion zone of the tumor, and the OSCC presented higher expression of proteins associated to adhesion to ECM. Cell migration was affected by the EMC composition and density and by MMP activity. Also, the modulation of cell-matrix adhesion proteins altered migration speed, cell directionality as well as influenced the switch between collective and single cell migration. The increase in cell contractility resulted in cell dispersion while the decrease in cell contractility resulted in a better cell-cell adhesion. CONCLUSIONS: The behavior of cell tumor can be modulate by extrinsic factors, for example, the change in tumor microenvironment, by the change in the EMC substrate or density and by intrinsic factors such as the alteration in myosin levels.

Au cours de son développement depuis la cellule unique jusqu’à la forme adulte, l’embryon passe par de nombreuses étapes de morphogenèse. L'harmonie entre les cellules au cours de ces processus est assurée par l’intégration spatiale des signaux externes qui assurent la cohérence des polarités internes et externes des cellules. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur la façon dont les cellules intègrent les informations spatiales dans la définition de leur polarité au cours de grandes transformations morphologiques comme la transition épithélium-mésenchyme et la dissémination des cellules tumorales. Nous avons utilisé la position du centrosome comme un indicateur de la polarité cellulaire interne en raison de son rôle actif dans l'organisation des microtubules et donc dans l'orientation du transport intra-cellulaire. La polarité corticale a été inférée à partir de la répartition spatiale des adhérences cellule-cellule (ACC) et cellule-matrice (ACM).Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié l'effet de l'amplification du nombre de centrosomes, une caractéristique fréquente dans les cellules tumorales, sur l’adhérence inter-cellulaire. L'amplification des centrosomes dans les cellules de la glande mammaire a conduit à la rupture des adhérences inter-cellulaires ainsi qu’à la genèse de protubérances cellulaire invasive. Cependant le matériel centrosomal étant plus développé, de nombreux microtubules supplémentaires émanait de ces clusters de centrosomes surnuméraires. L'utilisation de modèles cellulaires in vitro et de conditions de culture contrôlées ont révélées que la simple amplification des centrosomes est suffisante pour moduler le destin de cellules transformées et les rendre invasives. Cette étude a révélé que les mécanismes régissant l’orientation la polarité interne des cellules sont liés à l’arrangement spatial de la polarité corticale et que la diaphonie entre les deux perturbe la physiologie du tissu au point d’induire la formation de métastases tumorales.La deuxième partie de l'étude a porté sur l'exploration de la transition épithélium-mésenchyme (EMT). Nous avons étudié le rôle potentiel des mécanismes de régulation de la polarité pour diriger la précision des mouvements cellulaire au cours de l’EMT. Le remodelage des adhérences inter-cellulaires jouant un rôle central au cours de l’EMT, nous avons supposé qu'il était couplé à des changements de polarité interne. Nous avons suivi le positionnement du centrosome dans les cellules épithéliales et dans les cellules dans lesquelles l’EMT était induite par stimulation au TGFb. La libération des cellules mésenchymateuses de leur confinement nous a montré que la séparation des cellules après l’EMT était dépendante de l’inversion de polarité interne dans ces cellules. Ces résultats suggèrent que la dispersion des cellules observée pendant la formation du mésoderme au cours de la gastrulation impliquent un renversement actif et finement contrôlée du couplage entre l’axe de polarité interne et l’asymétrie des deux types d’adhérences cellulaires.Suite à l’étude de ces deux projets impliquant des dispersions cellulaires, nous avons développé un dispositif pour permettre le criblage de médicaments contre les dérèglements cellulaires impliqués dans la formation des métastases. Nous avons à nouveau utilisé un modèle simplifié de paires de cellules sur des micropattern pour détecter la capacité de dispersion des cellules suite à des stimulations externes comme celle induisant l’EMT. Le test, qui permet de mesurer le degré de séparation des cellules à l’aide d’une seule image, a été validé sur quatre lignées de cellules épithéliales différentes. Le dispositif final a été adapté à un format de plaque 96 puits en collaboration avec l’entreprise Cytoo afin de permettre des criblages à haut contenu. Ce kit a ensuite été validé en testant des médicaments connus contre l’EMT. / Development from single cell embryo to multicellular adult form of organism involves tremendous morphogenesis. The well defined and highly controlled morphonogenetic processes are crucial at every stage of development including gastrulation, organogensis, wound healing and tissue maintenance. The necessary harmony between cells for these processes is achieved by integration of internal and external polarity cues. This thesis work is focused on understanding how cells integrate polarity cues to drive morphogenetic event such as of Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis. We used centrosome position as an indicator of internal cell polarity due to its active role in organization of microtubules and orientation of internal traffic of endocytosed and secreted proteins; while cortical polarity was inferred by polarized distribution of cell-cell adhesions (CCA) and cell-matrix adhesions (CMA). In the first part, we studied effect of centrosome amplification, which is very common in human cancer; on CCA. Inducible centrosome amplification in mammary gland cells led to destabilization of CCA alongwith generation of invasive cell protrusions. Using a minimal model of tissue; confined on micropatterns, we demonstrated that cells with amplified centrosome correctly oriented their internal polarity axis like normal cells although increased centrosomal protein and peri-centriolar material emanated higher centrosomal microtubules. Use of in vitro models of cell lines and controlled culture conditions revealed that mere amplification of centrosome was sufficient to drive cell fate for cancer-like events in the absence of any additional external growth signals capable of affecting cortical polarity. This study revealed that internal polarity cues interact with cortical polarity signals and the crosstalk between the two governs the physiological state of the cell during transformation events like cancer metastasis. The second part of the study focused on exploring how internal polarity during EMT is modulated to drive precise spatial movements during development. Cell adhesion remodelling being central to EMT, we hypothesized that it was coupled to internal polarity changes. We monitored centrosome position in epithelial and in cells induced for EMT by TGFb and found that nucleus-centrosome axis was reversed. This phenomenon of polarity reversal strongly suggested that internal polarity cues and positioning of organelles is coupled to signals that polarize CCA and CMA distribution. A shift in the force balance between CCA and CMA was observed upon EMT and suggested that CMA forces dominated in mesenchymal cells and release of cells from confinement clearly revealed that ability of cell separation was dependent upon their internal polarity. These results demonstrated that scattering events observed during mesoderm formation during gastrulation or metastasis events in cancer involve active and tightly controlled reversal of internal polarity axis coupled to cortical polarity of cells. From the understanding of above two projects involving cancer-like scattering phenomenon, we developed a product to allow robust drug screening against cancer drugs. We once again used simplified two-cell model on micropattern geometries to develop an assay to detect scattering ability of cells after events like EMT. The assay was validated by EMT transformation of 4 different epithelial cells lines and detection of their scattering ability by single time point picture assay. We used internuclear distance between the cell-pair as the main parameter for scoring the scattering index of cells with possibility of automated image processing. The final product was manufactured in 96-well plate format by industrial collaborator Cytoo for high content screening. Preliminary validation using drugs against EMT constituted proof of principle for the product.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in women and fourth in men globally. While expansions in preventative measures have increased the detection of CRC at the early stages of disease, only 40% of CRC patients are diagnosed when the disease is at a local stage. Moreover, many anti-cancer drugs fail to significantly improve the life expectancy of patients due to innate and acquired resistance, underscoring a need for better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CRC. Immunoglobulin-containing and proline-rich receptor-1 (IGPR-1) is a novel cell adhesion molecule (CAM) that was recently identified in our laboratory. IGPR-1 is expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells and promotes cell-cell adhesion. Expression of IGPR-1 in endothelial cells regulates angiogenesis; however, its role in epithelial cells, particularly cancer cells with an epithelial origin, remains unknown. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the possible function of IGPR-1 in CRC tumor cell growth and response to chemotherapeutic agents. Specifically, we aimed to test the hypothesis that increased expression of IGPR-1 in CRC tumor cells promotes cell survival and contributes to the resistance of tumor cells to doxorubicin. Human CRC tumor cell lines, HCT116 and HT29, were transduced via a retroviral system to express IGPR-1 or empty retroviral vector pQCXIP. The effect of overexpression of IGPR-1 in HCT116 and HT29 cells was measured by MTT assay in non-adherent 24-well plates. In addition, cells were viewed under a light microscope, and images were taken to assess multicellular aggregation. Results demonstrated that expression of IGPR-1 in HCT116 and HT29 tumor cells promoted CRC tumor cell growth, increased multicellular aggregation, and stimulated resistance to the conventional chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin in non-adherent cell culture conditions in vitro. Intriguingly, treatment of cells with doxorubicin promoted phosphorylation of IGPR-1 at serine 220 (Ser220), suggesting a critical role for phosphorylation of IGPR-1 in the development of resistance to chemotherapeutics. In addition, non-adherent cell culture conditions promoted activation of the key pro-apoptotic kinase, p38 MAPK in CRC tumor cells. Ectopic expression of IGPR-1 reversed this activation. This data suggests that IGPR-1, by suppressing p38 activity, in part, promotes tumor cell survival and increases the resistance of tumor cells to the killing effects of doxorubicin. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that IGPR-1 promotes CRC tumor cell growth and increases the resistance of CRC tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. The data suggests that IGPR-1 plays an important role in CRC by inhibiting the cellular apoptotic response and promoting chemotherapeutic resistance. Finally, IGPR-1 phosphorylation at Ser220 in response to doxorubicin may account for the IGPR-1-mediated development of resistance to doxorubicin in CRC.

Dysregulation of endothelial cell barrier function is associated with a wide variety of human diseases ranging from tumor metastasis to inflammation. The barrier function of endothelial cells is maintained by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Immunoglobulin containing and proline-rich receptor-1(IGPR-1) was recently identified as a novel CAM involved in angiogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism of IGPR-1 function in endothelial cells remains largely unknown. The overarching goals of this study were: (A) to determine molecular mechanism by which IGPR-1 stimulates biological responses in cells and (B) to investigate regulation of phosphorylation of IGPR-1 at serine 220 (Ser220), and its role in IGPR-1 function. Our data demonstrate that IGPR-1 undergoes cis-dimerization, which leads to homophilic trans-dimerization of IGPR-1, which is required for its adhesive function. Moreover, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of Ser220 is regulated by trans-dimerization of IGPR-1 and that Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK-3) is responsible for its phosphorylation as over-expression of kinase active increased and kinase inactive inhibited phosphorylation of Ser220, respectively. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the coordinated dimerization of IGPR-1 and its homophilic interaction regulates its adhesive function and serine phosphorylation. The adhesive function of IGPR-1 contributes to the barrier function of endothelial cells.

INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma espinocelular de origem bucal (CEC) apresenta uma alta taxa de mortalidade devido à invasividade das células tumorais. A migração celular, principal evento da invasão e metástase, pode ser regulada tanto por fatores intrínsecos, como adesão e contratilidade celular, quanto extrínsecos, como composição, densidade e remodelagem da matriz extracelular (MEC). OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel de elementos intrínsecos e extrínsecos sobre o processo invasivo do carcinoma espinocelular de origem bucal. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada imuno-histoquímica para as proteínas: Miosina II (isoformas A, B e C), metaloproteinases de matriz (1, 2, 9 e 14); imunofluorescência as proteínas: e-caderina, n-caderina, FAK, paxilina, vinculina e fibronectina em amostras de CEC oral. Foi realizado ensaio de migração nas seguintes condições: 1 – matriz 2D com o substrato de fibronectina, ou laminina ou matrigel; 2 – matriz 3D com colágeno na presença ou não de fibronectina ou laminina; 3 – matriz 3D com diferentes concentrações de colágeno (0,6; 1,2 e 1,8 mg/ml) + fibronectina na presença ou não de um inibidor de MMP. Foi realizado análise de adesão celular utilizando-se o microscópio TIRF e o microscópio confocal, tanto em matrizes 2D quanto 3D. Foram realizados esferoides celulares para avaliar a contratilidade celular, através do plaqueamento das células em gel de agarose e a utilização de drogas que inibem ou que induzem a contratilidade, bem como a partir de células transfectadas com versões fosfomiméticas para a cadeia leve de miosina. Foi realizado ainda western blotting para proteínas: e-caderina, FAK, vinculina, paxilina, N-caderina, integrinas e as isoformas de miosina II, bem como foi avaliado os níveis de ativação das proteínas da família RhoGTPase, as quais estão envolvidas no controle da migração celular. RESULTADOS: A expressão das MMPs analisadas e das isoformas de miosinas foi maior nas zonas de invasão tumoral, sendo que o CEC oral também apresenta uma maior expressão de proteínas associadas à adesão com a MEC. A migração celular foi afetada pela densidade e a composição da MEC, bem como pela atividade das MMPs. Adicionalmente, a modulação das proteínas de adesão célula-matriz altera a velocidade de migração, a direcionalidade dessa migração e também a forma de migração, mudando de uma migração coletiva para uma migração individual. O aumento na contratilidade células resulta numa dispersão celular enquanto que a diminuição da contratilidade resulta numa melhor adesão célula – célula. CONCLUSÕES: O comportamento das células tumorais pode ser modulado através de fatores extrínsecos como, por exemplo, a alteração no microambiente tumoral, seja ela por mudança no substrato ou na densidade da matriz, e também dos fatores intrínsecos como a alteração nos níveis de miosina. / INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presents high mortality index due to the invasive phenotype of tumor cells. Cell migration is the main event in cell invasion and metastasis and it can be regulated by intrinsic factor, such as adhesion and cell contractility, and extrinsic factors, such as density and extracellular matrix (EMC) remodeling. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factor during the invasive process of oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: We performed immunostaining in OSCC samples for the following proteins: myosin II (isoforms A, B and C), matrix metalloproteinase (1, 2, 9 and 14) e-cadherin, n-cadherin, FAK, paxillin, vinculin and fibronectin. We also performed migration assays with OSCC cell line in the following conditions 1 – 2D matrix with fibronectin or laminin or matrigel; 2 – 3D matrix with collagen in the presence or not of fibronectin or laminin; 3 – 3D matrix with different collagen concentration (0,6; 1,2 e 1,8 mg/ml) with fibronectin in the presence or not of the MMP inhibitor. In order to analyze cell adhesion, it was performed Total Internal Reflectance Fluorescence and Confocal microscopy, in 2D and 3D matrix. To analyze cell contractility, cells were plated in agarose gel in order to produce spheroids, which were treated with drugs that inhibit or induce cell contractility or cells were previously transfected with Myosin Light Chain phosphomimetics mutants. It was also performed western blotting to: e-cadherin, n-cadherin, FAK, paxillin, vinculin and myosin II isoforms, as well as it was analyze the levels in RhoGTPase family, which are involved in cell migration control. RESULTS: The expression to MMPs and myosin II isoforms were higher at invasion zone of the tumor, and the OSCC presented higher expression of proteins associated to adhesion to ECM. Cell migration was affected by the EMC composition and density and by MMP activity. Also, the modulation of cell-matrix adhesion proteins altered migration speed, cell directionality as well as influenced the switch between collective and single cell migration. The increase in cell contractility resulted in cell dispersion while the decrease in cell contractility resulted in a better cell-cell adhesion. CONCLUSIONS: The behavior of cell tumor can be modulate by extrinsic factors, for example, the change in tumor microenvironment, by the change in the EMC substrate or density and by intrinsic factors such as the alteration in myosin levels.

Le domaine des couches minces fait l’objet d’un grand nombre d’études en raison du vaste champ d’applications. La modification de surfaces par des revêtements sous forme de couches minces a ainsi été étudiée dans le domaine biomédical afin d’améliorer les propriétés de bioactivité et biocompatibilité des matériaux. Des couches minces monocouches, Ta et TaN, ainsi que bi-couches, TaN/Ta, ont été déposées sur des substrats de verre, d’acier, SS316LVM, et de titane par pulvérisation cathodique. La caractérisation des couches par diffraction des rayons X (XRD and GIXRD) a montré que la nature du substrat a une forte influence sur la nature de la phase, Ta, formée. La formation de la phase ordonnée, Ta-a, est obtenue sur le substrat acier alors que la phase désordonnée métastable, Ta-b, se forme sur le substrat titane. Quant à la phase TaN, elle cristallise sous la forme cubique de type NaCl (Fm3m) sur les différents substrats mais présente une orientation préférentielle selon le plan (200) dans le cas du substrat verre. L’étude de la composition chimique par XPS a montré que les couches sont également constituées de phases oxydes, telles que TaxOy et TaOxNy, en raison de la forte affinité du tantale avec l’oxygène. Les observations en microscopie électronique à balayage ont mis en évidence une croissance colonnaire des couches avec une microstructure de surface dite de type « chou-fleur ». Cette microstructure est caractéristique du procédé de pulvérisation cathodique et correspond à la microstructure dite de zone I prédite par le modèle de Thornton, dérivé du modèle de Movchan and Demchishin. Des méthodes biomimétiques ont été utilisées afin d’évaluer la bioactivité des couches minces étudiées. Dans ce but, les échantillons ont été immergés dans un fluide biologique (SBF, Simulated Body Fluid) afin de promouvoir le dépôt de phosphate de calcium. Après étude de fluides de compositions différentes, le fluide SBF 1.5, enrichi en ions Ca2 + and PO43-, a été choisi. Les analyses par XRD, FTIR et XPS ont mis en évidence la formation en surface d’une couche cristalline d’hydroxyapatite quelle que soit la nature des sous-couches, Ta, TaN ou TaN/Ta, après immersion de trois semaines. Le mécanisme de dépôt d’hydroxyapatite implique la formation de liaisons Ta-OH par hydratation de la couche passive d’oxyde de tantale présente en surface.Pour étudier les propriétés de biocompatibilité, les échantillons ont été placés en milieux de culture contenant des ostéoblastes. Tous les matériaux observés présentent une adhésion des cellules en surface avec la formation de filipodia. L’un des principaux problèmes des implants osseux est la formation en surface d’un biofilm du à la colonisation de bactéries. Des essais en milieu bactériologique ont donc été réalisés avec des bactéries de type Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, agents pathogènes très fréquemment observés lors d’opérations chirurgicales. Ces essais expérimentaux ont permis de déterminer la réaction des différents matériaux étudiés au contact de ces bactéries. Il s’est avéré que l’adjonction de couches de tantale permet de réduire fortement la formation de bio-films en comparaison avec des couches de titane, qui présentent une croissance importante de bio-films à base de P. aeruginosa.Des films minces de silice ont également été étudiés en tant qu’agents bactéricides. Ces études ont montré l’absence de colonies microbiennes et l’absence de la formation de bio-films en surface. / Thin films have been the subject of intense study in materials because they offer multiple applications of great interest. Various surfaces have been modified with thin films or coatings to study how to improve their bioactivity and biocompatibility properties to form a biomaterial. Thin films of Ta, TaN and Ta/TaN were deposited on glass substrates, metallic substrates, SS316LVM and Ti, by RF Sputtering technique. By High angle XRD and GIXRD it was found that the nature of the substrate has a strong influence on the Ta phase formed. Formation of ordered α-Ta phase was obtained on SS316LVM, but the disordered metastable β-Ta phase was formed on Ti and on TaN substrates. While TaN crystallizes in the cubic phase (Fm3m) NaCl type on metallic substrates but shows a preferential orientation in the (200) plane on the glass substrate. The chemical analysis of the surfaces by XPS reveals that in the surfaces of the deposited layers are several oxidized chemical species such as Ta2O5, TaOxNy TaxOy due to Ta is a very reactive metal and is readily oxidized even at low partial pressures as for our synthesis conditions. Characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy reveals that the microstructure of the films was homogeneous with small clusters size and a cauliflower type, also the films exhibit the typical columnar growth for films deposited by PVD techniques, following the growth of zone I described by the model developed by Movchan and Demchisin and Thornton. Biomimetic method was used to evaluate the bioactivity in all surfaces which involves immersing the thin films in simulated body fluid (SBF) to promote the deposition of calcium phosphates, two concentrations were used to assess qualitatively which could deposit the stoichiometric calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite and make it more efficiently. The SBF 1.5 enriched in Ca2 + and PO43- ions was chosen. A new layer was deposited upon the surfaces and it was determined by XRD, FTIR and XPS that crystalline Hydroxyapatite phase was formed, so that all our surfaces have the ability to form apatite spontaneously after an immersion period of three weeks. The mechanism of deposition of HAp involves the formation of small amounts of Ta-OH groups by a hydration of the tantalum oxide passive layer on its surface. To study biocompatibility properties, films were placed in cell culture containing osteoblasts, all surfaces exhibit cell adhesion and formation of filipodia. Whereas one of the main problems of bone implants is biofilm formation caused by bacterial colonization, tests were made with the bacterium Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, which is a major human opportunistic pathogens in surgical procedures, causing infections in soft tissue, bones, among others. This assay allowed us to know how the different surfaces react when exposed to this bacteria, Titanium had greater growth of P. aeruginosa and biofilm formation in all periods of study, while Ta surfaces showed the lowest activity of biofilm formation. Mesoporous silica thin films where used as bactericidal agents, and it was found by MEB that no microbial colonization or biofilm formation occur on these surfaces.

Plaquetas e células tumorais interagem em uma reação cruzada com proteínas do plasma, via integrina αIIbβ3 e αvβ3, respectivamente. A integrina αvβ3 também encontra-se presente na angiogênese tumoral. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a GST-INS, uma disintegrina recombinante do veneno de Bothrops insularis em eventos da progressão tumoral. Em condições estáticas, GST-INS foi capaz de inibir totalmente a adesão de células HUVECs e SK-MEL-28 às plaquetas em comparação ao controle e ao Aggrastat® (inibidor seletivo da integrina αIIbβ3). Além de inibir a TCIPA (agregação plaquetária induzida por células tumorais) a GST-INS também inibiu a invasão de SK-MEL-28 em substrato de matrigel. Células t.End.1 ou SK-MEL-28 pré-incubadas com GST-INS não formaram túbulos no substrato de matrigel. Análise por microscopia confocal mostrou que GST-INS liga-se a integrina αv presente nas células SK-MEL-28. Nossos resultados sugerem que essa disintegrina pode ser utilizada como potencial ferramenta no estudo e desenvolvimento de antiangiogênicos e antimetastáticos. / Platelets and tumor cells interact in a cross-react with plasma proteins via integrin αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 , respectively.The integrin αvβ3 is also strongly stimulated in tumor angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of GST-INS, a recombinant disintegrin from Bothrops insularis venom on events of tumor progression. Under static conditions, GST-INS was able to completely inhibit the adhesion of endothelial cells (HUVECs) and melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28) to platelets compared to control and Aggrastat® (selective inhibitor of integrin αIIbβ3). In addition, GST-INS inhibit TCIPA (platelet aggregation induced by tumor cells) GST-INS also inhibited SK-MEL-28 on matrigel invasion substrate. t.End.1 cells or SK-MEL-28 pre-incubated with GST-INS were not able to form tubules in matrigel substrate. Analysis by confocal microscopy showed that GST-INS binds to integrin αv present in SK-MEL-28 cells. The results suggest that disintegrin can be used as a potential tool in the study and development of antiangiogenic and antimetastatic.