<p>Robust regulation of spindle orientation is essential for driving asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs), which generate cellular diversity within a tissue. During the development of the multilayered mammalian epidermis, mitotic spindle orientation in the proliferative basal cells is crucial not only for dictating daughter cell fate but also for initiating stratification of the entire tissue. A conserved protein complex, including LGN, Nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) and dynein/dynactin, plays a key role in establishing proper spindle orientation during ACDs. Two of these proteins, NuMA and dynein, interact directly with astral microtubules (MTs) that emanate from the mitotic spindle. While the contribution of these MT-binding interactions to spindle orientation remains unclear, these implicate apical NuMA and dynein as strong candidates for the machinery required to transduce pulling forces onto the spindle to drive perpendicular spindle orientation. </p><p> In my work, I first investigated the requirements for the cortical recruitment of NuMA and dynein, which had never been thoroughly addressed. I revealed that NuMA is required to recruit the dynein/dynactin complex to the cell cortex of cultured epidermal cells. In addition, I found that interaction with LGN is necessary but not sufficient for cortical NuMA recruitment. This led me to examine the role of additional NuMA-interacting proteins in spindle orientation. Notably, I identified a role for the 4.1 protein family in stabilizing NuMA's association with the cell cortex using a FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching)-based approach. I also showed that NuMA's spindle orientation activity is perturbed in the absence of 4.1 interactions. This effect was demonstrated in culture using both a cortical NuMA/spindle alignment assay as well as a cell stretch assay. Interestingly, I also noted a significant increase in cortical NuMA localization as cells enter anaphase. I found that inhibition of Cdk1 or mutation of a single residue on NuMA mimics this effect. I also revealed that this anaphase localization is independent of LGN and 4.1 interactions, thus revealing two independent mechanisms responsible for NuMA cortical recruitment at different stages of mitosis. </p><p> After gaining a deeper understanding of how NuMA is recruited and stabilized at the cell cortex, I then sought to investigate how cortical NuMA functions during spindle orientation. NuMA contains binding domains in its N- and C-termini that facilitate its interactions with the molecular motor dynein and MTs, respectively. In addition to its known role in recruiting dynein, I was interested in determining whether NuMA's ability to interact directly with MTs was critical for its function in spindle orientation. Surprisingly, I revealed that direct interactions between NuMA and MTs are required for spindle orientation in cultured keratinocytes. I also discovered that NuMA can specifically interact with MT ends and remain attached to depolymerizing MTs. To test the role of NuMA/MT interactions in vivo, I generated mice with an epidermal-specific in-frame deletion of the NuMA MT-binding domain. I determined that this deletion causes randomization of spindle orientation in vivo, resulting in defective epidermal differentiation and barrier formation, as well as neonatal lethality. In addition, conditional deletion of the NuMA MT-binding domain in adult mice results in severe hair growth defects. I found that NuMA is required for proper spindle positioning in hair follicle matrix cells and that differentiation of matrix-derived progeny is disrupted when NuMA is mutated, thus revealing an essential role for spindle orientation in hair morphogenesis. Finally, I discovered hyperproliferative regions in the interfollicular epidermis of these adult mutant mice, which is consistent with a loss of ACDs and perturbed differentiation. Based on these data, I propose a novel mechanism for force generation during spindle positioning whereby cortically-tethered NuMA plays a critical dynein-independent role in coupling MT depolymerization energy with cortical tethering to promote robust spindle orientation accuracy. </p><p> Taken together, my work highlights the complexity of NuMA localization and demonstrates the importance of NuMA cortical stability for productive force generation during spindle orientation. In addition, my findings validate the direct role of NuMA in spindle positioning and reveal that spindle orientation is used reiteratively in multiple distinct cell populations during epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis.</p> / Dissertation

<p>FtsZ, a bacterial tubulin homologue, is a cytoskeleton protein that plays key roles in cytokinesis of almost all prokaryotes. FtsZ assembles into protofilaments (pfs), one subunit thick, and these pfs assemble further to form a “Z ring” at the center of prokaryotic cells. The Z ring generates a constriction force on the inner membrane, and also serves as a scaffold to recruit cell-wall remodeling proteins for complete cell division in vivo. FtsZ can be subdivided into 3 main functional regions: globular domain, C terminal (Ct) linker, and Ct peptide. The globular domain binds GTP to assembles the pfs. The extreme Ct peptide binds membrane proteins to allow cytoplasmic FtsZ to function at the inner membrane. The Ct linker connects the globular domain and Ct peptide. In the present studies, we used genetic and structural approaches to investigate the function of Escherichia coli (E. coli) FtsZ. We sought to examine three questions: (1) Are lateral bonds between pfs essential for the Z ring? (2) Can we improve direct visualization of FtsZ in vivo by engineering an FtsZ-FP fusion that can function as the sole source of FtsZ for cell division? (3) Is the divergent Ct linker of FtsZ an intrinsically disordered peptide (IDP)?</p><p> One model of the Z ring proposes that pfs associate via lateral bonds to form ribbons; however, lateral bonds are still only hypothetical. To explore potential lateral bonding sites, we probed the surface of E. coli FtsZ by inserting either small peptides or whole FPs. Of the four lateral surfaces on FtsZ pfs, we obtained inserts on the front and back surfaces that were functional for cell division. We concluded that these faces are not sites of essential interactions. Inserts at two sites, G124 and R174 located on the left and right surfaces, completely blocked function, and were identified as possible sites for essential lateral interactions. Another goal was to find a location within FtsZ that supported fusion of FP reporter proteins, while allowing the FtsZ-FP to function as the sole source of FtsZ. We discovered one internal site, G55-Q56, where several different FPs could be inserted without impairing function. These FtsZ-FPs may provide advances for imaging Z-ring structure by super-resolution techniques.</p><p> The Ct linker is the most divergent region of FtsZ in both sequence and length. In E. coli FtsZ the Ct linker is 50 amino acids (aa), but for other FtsZ it can be as short as 37 aa or as long as 250 aa. The Ct linker has been hypothesized to be an IDP. In the present study, circular dichroism confirmed that isolated Ct linkers of E. coli (50 aa) and C. crescentus (175 aa) are IDPs. Limited trypsin proteolysis followed by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed Ct linkers of E. coli (50 aa) and B. subtilis (47 aa) as IDPs even when still attached to the globular domain. In addition, we made chimeras, swapping the E. coli Ct linker for other peptides and proteins. Most chimeras allowed for normal cell division in E. coli, suggesting that IDPs with a length of 43 to 95 aa are tolerated, sequence has little importance, and electrostatic charge is unimportant. Several chimeras were purified to confirm the effect they had on pf assembly. We concluded that the Ct linker functions as a flexible tether allowing for force to be transferred from the FtsZ pf to the membrane to constrict the septum for division.</p> / Dissertation

CD23, the low affinity receptor for IgE, is expressed mainly on B cells and has been shown to regulate IgE production. Previously, recombinant mouse and human CD23 were constructed with a trimerizing isoleucine zipper motif attached in frame to the N-terminus of the entire extracellular CD23 (lz-ECCD23). The goal was to examine the role of the necessity of the CD23 stalk for binding IgE. Using PCR-based mutagenesis to delete the majority of the stalk, binding to IgE was lost. Further studies examined the effect of lz-ECCD23 in preventing IgE from binding FcεRI and therefore acting as a therapeutic agent. It was determined that the lz-ECCD23 construct was capable of doing this, albeit most effectively at 4°C rather than at physiological temperature. In addition, antibodies to the stalk region of CD23 were developed and assessed for their capacity to modulate IgE. Rabbit anti-CD23stalk (RAS) antibodies were found to inhibit IgE production in IL-4/antiCD40 stimulated B cells. The inhibition observed was dependent on the Fc portion of the antibody, implicating a role for FcγRIIb, an inhibitory receptor, in the IgE reduction. It was also shown that the addition of anti-stalk antibodies caused significant release of soluble CD23 (sCD23). Finally, I show that optimal IgE production was cell density dependent and was achieved through the addition of IL-21 and/or IL-10 to IL-4/antiCD40 stimulated B cells. While IgE production is inversely proportional to plated cell densities, it is directly correlated to increased cellular division, as determined by CFSE staining, and to increased cellular differentiation, as determined by FACS analysis for differentiation markers. This work is the first demonstration that IgE production in humans is dependent on cell density, that IL-21 affects all isotypes tested, and that maximal Ig production is found at lower cell densities, correlating with increased cell division. I also show for the first time that the increase in IgE observed after IL-10 addition to IL-4 and anti-CD40 stimulated cells correlates with increased cellular division. When IL-10 and IL-21 were added together, there was a synergistic increase in IgE, but interestingly, no further cell division was seen, suggesting an increase in differentiation.

Spr0334, new protein of cell division in Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen. The geonome of this bacteria encodes a single gene for eukaryotic-like serine / threonine protein kinase called StkP. StkP regulates many physiological processes such as pathogenesis, competence for genetic transformation, resistance to various stresses and resistance to antibiotics. It also affects the transcription of many genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, DNA repair and iron uptake. Recent studies have shown that StkP is located in the cell division septum and significantly regulates cell division and morphology. Its substrates include, among others, cell division protein DivIVA, FtsZ and FtsA. Analysis of phosphoproteome maps of wild type and ΔstkP mutant strain of S. pneumoniae showed that in vivo StkP phosphorylates several putative substrates including the protein Spr0334. Mass spectrometry analysis identified phosphorylation sites of the protein Spr0334: threonine 67 and threonine 78. Furthermore, it was found that the protein Spr0334 is located in the cell division septum, which led to the hypothesis that it could be newly identified cell division protein in S. pneumoniae. The main aim of this thesis was to describe the function of the...

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / Michael A. Herman / All multicellular organisms consist of a variety of cell types. One of the mechanisms to generate this cellular diversity is the asymmetric cell division, which requires the establishment of cell polarity. In Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites, 807 of 949 somatic cell divisions are asymmetric. The centrosome and the Wnt signaling pathway both have been shown to regulate cell polarity and subsequently asymmetric divisions in many model organisms. However, it is not clear whether the Wnt signaling pathway manipulates the cell polarity through specific cellular organelles, such as the centrosome. To address this question, we examined a centrosomal component, SPD-5, to see whether it cooperates with the Wnt signaling pathway to regulate certain asymmetric cell divisions. We showed that SPD-5, which was originally found to be critical for the embryonic development, also played a role during certain post-embryonic cell divisions in C. elegans. Specifically the asymmetric divisions of seam cells that required SPD-5 function were also known to be regulated by the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus the stem-cell like seam cell divisions could be an intriguing system to study the interaction of centrosomes and the Wnt pathway. We found that SPD-5 was required for a successful cell division, similar to other centrosomal components. This suggests that SPD-5 still functions as a centrosomal component during C. elegans post-embryonic development. It has been shown that establishment of seam cell polarity relies on the asymmetric localization of certain Wnt pathway components. Interestingly, we found that SPD-5 was required for the proper localization of several Wnt components in a way that was independent of a key MTOC (microtubule-organizing center) member γ-tubulin. In addition, SPD-5 genetically interacted with the Wnt pathway components APR-1/APC and POP-1/Tcf to regulate asymmetric divisions of seam cells. These data suggest that SPD-5 interacts with the Wnt signaling pathway in controlling the polarity of seam cells. Overall, our results suggest a novel role of SPD-5 in cooperating with the Wnt signaling pathway to regulate cell polarity and asymmetric cell division, in addition to its function as a centrosomal component.

Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes single serine/threonine protein kinase StkP and its cognate protein phosphatase PhpP. This signalling couple phosphorylates/dephosphorylates many target proteins involved in various cellular processes. So far, only few ot them was characterized in detail. Global phosphoproteomic analysis in the ∆stkP mutant strain background resulted in the identification of protein Spr0175 as phosphorylated on threonine 7. The main aim of this work was to characterize this new substrate. The ∆spr0175 mutant strains were prepared in the wild type genetic background Rx and R6 and then monitored for their growth and cell morphology. Mutant strains exhibited morphological defects revealing potential involvement of Spr0175 in the process of cell division. In the wild type D39 the deletion was unsuccesful, which may entail possible essentiality of Spr0175 in D39 strain. The results obtained also confirmed that the Spr0175 is modified in in vitro and in vivo conditions at threonine 7. In vitro study also confirmed minor phosphorylation at T4 residue. By using co-immunoprecipitation assay we demonstrated that Spr0175 protein can form oligomeric structures. Another aim of this work was cellular localization of Spr0175. By using fluorescent microscopy we showed that GFP-Spr0175 fusion...

Estudou-se o comportamento frente a radiação UV de células humanas XP12RO, deficientes em reparo-excisão de dímeros de pirimidina. Cinéticas de incorporação de precursor radiativo de DNA em tempos crescentes apos a exposição a UV mostraram uma rápida inibição da taxa de síntese, até se alcançar um platô bem abaixo do valor obtido para células não irradiadas. Tanto o tempo para que este platô fosse alcançado quanto o valor basal de síntese obtido dependiam da dose de UV fornecida. Este tempo era compatível com o necessário para que a maquinaria de replicação percorresse a distância média interdímeros esperada para a dose de UV aplicada. Verificou-se também que o DNA recém-sintetizado após UV apresentava um peso molecular e uma taxa de elongação bem menores que nos controles não irradiados, sugerindo todos estes resultados que o dímero se constitue num bloqueio temporário para a replicação de DNA. Utilizando uma metodologia baseada no tratamento do DNA nativo com S1 endonuclease de Aspergillus oryzae, específica para DNA simples-fita, foi possível detectar a existência de lacunas de DNA replicado após UV, lacunas estas que desaparecem gradativamente com o passar do tempo pós-irradiação. DNA não irradiado manteve-se refratário à enzima, nas mesmas condições. A digestão enzimática acarretava o aparecimento de duas populações distintas de DNA, uma de alto peso molecular e outra de peso molecular bem menor, ambas se equivalendo em quantidade. Este fenômeno pôde ser observado em uma ampla faixa de doses de UV, tanto em células XP12RO como em outras linhagens celulares, e mesmo sob condições diversas de proliferação celular. Além disso, o desaparecimento das lacunas, no caso de células de roedor previamente irradiadas com UV, era retardado pela presença de cafeína, um conhecido inibidor de reparo pós-replicação (RPR) nestas linhagens. Foi efetuada uma análise da progressão da forquilha de replicação e da distribuição de lacunas do DNA replicado após UV, através de ensaios enzimáticos combinados com bandeamento de DNA em gradientes isopícnicos de CsCl. Os resultados assim obtidos levaram-nos a considerar um modelo de replicação a partir de molde lesado onde síntese descontínua (3\'-5\') propicia a formação de lacunas, enquanto que síntese contínua (5\'-3\') é retardada temporariamente pela presença da lesão, sem contudo acarretar a formação de descontinuidades físicas no DNA replicado. A mesma metodologia de digestão de DNA com S1 endonuclease permitiu verificar a ocorrência de uma nítida relação causal entre a frequência de lacunas e a frequência correspondente de dímeros, em crescentes doses de UV, sugerindo fortemente que dímeros estão opostos às lacunas no DNA recém sintetizado. Além disso, um tratamento estatístico da cinética de clivagens enzimáticas observada para as lacunas tornou possível calcular a extensão física destas, detectando-se a presença de duas populações distintas, onde 65% correspondem a 1250 nucleotídeos e 35% correspondem a 150 nucleotídeos. Finalmente, foi verificado que DNA recém-sintetizado longos tempos após UV apresenta um drástico declínio da frequência de lacunas, não obstante a frequência de dímeros permanecer essencialmente inalterada. Estes resultados favorecem a hipótese de ocorrer um processo induzido de RPR, o qual permitiria à maquinaria de replicação transpor eficientemente os dímeros presentes, apesar destes não terem propriedades codificadoras. / The synthesis of DNA in human XP12RO cells, deficient in excision repair of pyrimidine dimers was studied. The rate of incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA was measured at different times after irradiation. The DNA synthesis decreases shortly after irradiation, reaching a lateau whose value and time to be attained was dependent on the UV dose. This time period was the one expected for the replication machinery to coyer the interdimer distance at the UV dose applied. It was also verified that the newly synthesized DNA after UV irradiation presented much smaller molecular weight and elongation rate, when compared with the non-irradiated controls. These results suggest that the dimer imposes a delay to DNA replication machinery. Using a methodology based on the treatment of native DNA with S1-endonuclease from Aspergillus orizae, specific for single-stranded DNA, it was possible to detect gaps in the DNA replicated after UV treatment. Thesee gaps disapeared gradually with time after irradiation. The nonirradiated DNA remained refractory to the enzyme, under the same experimental conditions. The enzymatic digestion originated approximately equal alounts of two distinct double-stranded DNA populations, one of high molecular weight and other of much smaller molecular weight. This fenomenon could be seen on a wide range of UV doses, in XP12RO cells as well as in other cells lines, and did not depend on the particular conditions of cell proliferation. Furthermore, the gap disappearence, in the case of rodent cells previously irradiated with UV, was delayed by the presence of caffeine, a known post-replication repair (PRR) inhibitor in these cell lines. An analysis of the progression of the replication fork and of the distribution of gaps in the DNA replicated after UV irradiation was carried out through enzymatic assays combined with DNA banding in isopicnic CsCl gradients. The results thus obtained led us to consider a model for replication on damaged template, whereby gaps are formed only in the strand replicating opposite the fork movement (3\'-5\'). The strand replicating in the same direction as the fork movement (5\'-3\') is temporarily delayed by the presence of the lesion, without originating gaps in the replicative DNA. The same methodology of DNA digestion with S1-endonuclease permitted us to verify the occurrence of a nitid relationship between the gap frequency and the corresponding dimer frequency, for different doses of UV, strongly suggesting that the dimers are opposite the gaps in the newly-synthesized DNA. Furthermore, an statistical analysis of the dependende of DNA cleavage by S1-endonuclease on the enzyme concentration rendered it possible to calculate the size of the gaps. Two distinct populations were detected, 65% corresponding to 1250 nucleotides and 35% corresponding to 150 nucleotides. Finally, it was verified that the nascent DNA synthesized long periods after UV are essentially free of gaps although the dimer frequency remained almost unaltered. These results favour the hypothesis of the occurrence of an induced process of PRR, which would permit the replication machinery to efficiently bypass the dimers, in spite of the fact that these lesions do not exhibit codifying properties.

A divisão bacteriana é efetuada por um complexo macromolecular conhecido como divisomo. Um componente central do divisomo é FtsZ, uma proteína homóloga de tubulina que se polimeriza no meio da célula formando uma estrutura em forma de anel (anel Z). O controle da divisão é exercido por proteínas que modulam a habilidade de FtsZ de formar o anel Z. Dois fatores principais estão envolvidos na seleção do correto sitio de divisão. O melhor estudado é o sistema Min, o qual é responsável pelo bloqueio específico de sítios de divisão não desejados nos polos da célula. O componente do sistema Min que inibe a polimerização de FtsZ é a proteína MinC e é sabido que MinC requer MinD para se ativar, mas o mecanismo dessa ativação não está completamente compreendido. No presente trabalho investigamos o papel da associação de MinD à membrana na ativação de MinC. Usando um mutante que não mais se associa à membrana (MinD&#916;MTS) mostramos que o efeito de MinC em inibir a divisão celular é altamente dependente de seu recrutamento à membrana por MinD. No entanto, ensaios in vitro mostraram que o complexo MinCD&#916;MTS é mais eficiente em desfazer polímeros de FtsZ que MinC sozinho, indicando que MinD promove a ativação de MinC por outro mecanismo além de recrutamento à membrana. Esta ativação pode resultar de um efeito alostérico ou da criação de um sítio para FtsZ na interface do complexo MinCD, porém resultados preliminares não conseguiram detectar aumento da afinidade de MinC por FtsZ quando na presença de MinD. / Bacterial division is performed by a macromolecular complex known as the divisome. The central component of the divisome is FtsZ, a tubulin protein homolog, which polymerizes at the mid-cell forming a ring-like structure (Z-ring). This division is regulated by proteins that modulate ability of FtsZ to form the Z-ring. Two principal factors are involved in selecting the correct site of division. The best-studied factor is the Min system, which is responsible for the specific blockade of unwanted potential sites in the cell poles. The component of the Min system that inhibits FtsZ polymerization is the MinC protein. MinC requires the MinD protein for activation, but the mechanism of this activation is not completely understood. Here, we investigate the role of the association of MinD to the membrane during MinC activation. Using a mutant that does not interact with the membrane (MinD&#916;MTS) we show that the effect of MinC in inhibiting cell division is highly dependent on its recruitment to the membrane by MinD. However, in vitro assays show that MinCD&#916;MTS is more efficient in disrupting FtsZ polymers than MinC alone, indicating that MinD promotes MinC activation by a mechanism other than membrane recruitment. This activation could be due to an allosteric effect or the formation of a site for FtsZ on the MinCD interface; however, preliminary results could not detect any increase in the affinity of FtsZ to MinC in the presence of MinD.

As embryos proceed through development, they must undergo a series of cell fate decisions. At each division, potency is progressively restricted until a terminally differentiated, postmitotic cell is produced. An important part of that cell type determination is repression of alternative fate possibilities. In this thesis, I have explored the mechanisms by which a single transcription factor activates certain cell fates while inhibiting others, using the Caenorhabditis elegans ALM and BDU neurons as a model. ALM neuron identity is regulated by two interacting transcription factors: the POU homeobox gene unc-86 and the LIM homeobox gene mec-3. I investigated fate determination in BDU neurons, the sister cells of ALM. I found that BDU identity is broadly defined by a combination of unc-86 and the Zn finger transcription factor pag-3, while the neuropeptidergic subroutine of BDU is determined by the LIM homeobox gene ceh-14. In addition, I found that reciprocal homeotic transformations occur between ALM and BDU neurons upon loss of either mec-3 or pag-3. In mec-3 mutants, ALM neurons acquire the gene expression profile and morphological characteristics of BDU cells, while in pag-3 mutants, BDU neurons express genes normally found in ALM and change some aspects of their morphology to resemble ALM. While these fate switches appear to be a simple case of cross-repression, the mechanism is in fact more complicated, as pag-3 is expressed not just in BDU but also in ALM. In this thesis, I present evidence that MEC-3 inhibits execution of BDU identity in ALM by physically binding to UNC-86 and sequestering it away from the promoters of BDU genes. This work expands upon the literature examining simultaneous activation of one identity program and repression of alternate programs by introducing a novel mechanism by which a transcription factor competes to direct specific cell fates.

Aurora A and B are the major kinases that control key events in mitosis, such as centrosome function, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, through phosphorylation of multiple proteins. These kinases share identical consensus target motifs, so the substrate specificity is determined by distinctive sub-cellular localization of the Auroras. Many proteins have been identified as targets of either Aurora A, or Aurora B, or both kinases by mass spectrometry studies. However, only a few of the identified phosphorylation sites in these targets have a characterized function in vivo. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of certain mitotic events by Aurora kinases remain unclear. The objective of my work was to develop a tool for identifying new substrates of both Aurora kinases. More specifically, I aimed to identify the molecular targets of Aurora A at the kinetochores, and determine how Aurora A contributes to the error correction near spindle poles. I first demonstrated that the outer kinetochore protein HEC1/Ndc80, phosphorylated by Aurora B at kinetochores, can also be phosphorylated by Aurora A close to the centrosomes (Chapter 2). My finding showed that Aurora kinases can share substrates in the cells and revealed the mechanism by which Aurora A contributes to the error-correction near spindle poles. To identify and characterise novel substrates of Aurora kinases, I developed a bioinformatic approach in collaboration with the Centre Bioinformatician, Alastair Kerr. This bioinformatic method uses the Auroras’ shared consensus motifs combined with several parameters that control the substrate specificity of Aurora kinases. I tested the phosphorylation of the chosen candidates in vitro using radiolabelled kinase assays. In my study, five proteins were validated - SPICE1, TTLL4, AHCTF1, CLASP2 and an uncharacterized protein KIAA1468 - as in vitro substrates of Aurora A and Aurora B kinases (Chapter 3). I then focussed on the Aurora kinases-dependent regulation of spindle and centriole-associated protein, SPICE1, in cells (Chapter 4). Using either site-directed mutagenesis of SPICE1 or inhibition of Aurora kinases with small molecule inhibitors, I found that the predicted phosphorylation of the SPICE1 C terminus had the function in cells of directing the SPICE1 localization on the spindle MTs. My results demonstrate the high accuracy of this genome-wide bioinformatics approach. By complementing mass spectrometry studies, here lies a potential for the identification of other unknown substrates, which is important for the general understanding of how Aurora kinases regulate the mitotic apparatus.