Cell surface proteins play an important role in understanding cell-cell communication, cell signaling pathways, cell division and molecular pathogenesis in various diseases. Commonly used biotinylation regents for cell surface mapping have shown some potential drawbacks such as crossing the cell membrane, difficult recovery of biotinylated proteins from streptavidin/avidin beads, interference from endogenous biotin and nonspecific nature of streptavidin. With aim to solve these problems, we introduced sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) ester functionalized magnetic nanoparticles containing cleavable groups to label solvent exposed primary amine groups of proteins. Silica coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs) were linked to NHS ester groups via a cleavable disulfide bond. Additionally, the superparamagnetic properties of Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs facilitate efficient separation of the labeled peptides and removal of the detergent without any extra step of purification. In the last step, the disulfide bond between the labeled peptides and MNPs was cleaved to release the labeled peptides. The disulfide linked NHS ester modified Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs were tested using a small peptide, and a model protein (bovine serum albumin) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) of labeled peptides. In the next step, disulfide linked, NHS ester modified Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs (150 nm) successfully labeled the solvent exposed cell surface peptides of Saccharomyces cerevisae. Electron microscopic analysis confirmed the cell surface binding of NHS ester modified Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of 30 unique proteins containing 56 peptides. Another MNPs based labeling reagent was developed to target solvent exposed carboxyl acid residues of peptides and proteins. The surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs was modified with free amine groups via a disulfide bond. Solvent exposed carboxyl groups of ACTH 4-11 and BSA were labeled by using1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) chemistry. Upon cleaving the disulfide bond, labeled peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The MNPs containing labeling reagents offers specific labeling under physiological conditions and rapid magnetic separation of labeled peptides prior to mass spectrometric analysis. The ability of large Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs to specifically attach to cell surface makes them a potential candidate to study the surface of variety of different cell types and complex proteins surrounded by lipid bilayer.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-20T12:49:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alex Jesus de Carvalho - 2014.pdf: 1685689 bytes, checksum: 5b4f38809e4a3fe6252bba20b25d949b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-20T12:58:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alex Jesus de Carvalho - 2014.pdf: 1685689 bytes, checksum: 5b4f38809e4a3fe6252bba20b25d949b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T12:58:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alex Jesus de Carvalho - 2014.pdf: 1685689 bytes, checksum: 5b4f38809e4a3fe6252bba20b25d949b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus saprophyticus, one of the coagulasenegative staphylococci, is the second most common causative agent of urinary tract infection, affecting mainly sexually active women. Staphylococcus saprophyticus can cause acute diseases as pyelonephritis, sepsis, nephrolithiasis, endocarditis, urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis. This work aims to identify Staphylococcus saprophyticus surface proteins by using a proteolytic shaving approach, a methodology that was established to identify surface-exposed protein domains by tripsinization of intact cells. The peptides obtained were treated by trypsin, reduced, alkylated and identified by nano-chromatography using a nanoACQUITY UPLCTM system (Waters) coupled to a SYNAPT Q-TOF mass spectrometer (Waters). The homology analysis was performed using the software ProteinLynx 2.3 (Waters). Through the shaving, it was possible to identify 219 proteins, many of them, described as virulence factors. Of total, 01 is cell wall protein, 09 are extracelular proteins, 19 are membrane proteins and 190 are citoplasmatic proteins. Besides of the lysis process, the presence of cytoplasmic proteins on cell surface can be due to the activity of export pathways not yet identified and many of these proteins can be proteins with moonlighting function, in other words, proteins that plays more of one function, it can, in this case, plays functions on S. saprophyticus cell surface related to bacterial virulence. The main proteins with moonlighting function include metabolic enzymes of the glycolytic pathway; enzymes of other metabolic pathways, such as, glyoxalate cycle; chaperones and proteins related with the proteic folding. The prediction of cellular localization was performed through LocateP database. The results of this research help to elucidate the strategies and machineries used by proteins during the adhesion, infection and proliferation, leading us to understand the interaction between the pathogenic bacteria S. saprophyticus and the human host. The knowledge about the proteins present on the cell surface is of extreme importance, because many of these proteins represent targets to new drugs, therapeutic antibodies or vaccines, since the pathogen cell surface is the first to contact with the host cells during the infection process. / A bactéria Gram-positiva Staphylococcus saprophyticus, uma das bactérias estafilococos coagulase negativa, é o segundo agente mais comum causador de infecções do trato urinário, afetando principalmente mulheres sexualmente ativas. S. saprophyticus pode causar doenças agudas como pielonefrite, sepse, nefrolitíase, endocardite, uretrite, epididimite e prostatite. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar proteínas de superfície de S. saprophyticus pela abordagem de shaving proteolítico, uma metodologia que foi estabelecida para identificar proteínas que possuem domínios proteicos na superfície celular utilizando a tripsinização de células intactas. Posteriormente, os peptídeos obtidos foram tripsinizados, reduzidos, alquilados e identificados através de nano-cromatografia utilizando um sistema nanoACQUITY UPLCTM (Waters) acoplado a um espectrômetro de massas SYNAPT Q-TOF (Waters). Com isso foi possível identificar 219 proteínas, muitas delas descritas como fatores de virulência. Do total, 01 proteína é de parede celular, 09 extracelulares, 19 de membrana e 190 citoplasmáticas. Além do processo de lise, a presença de proteínas citoplasmáticas na superfície celular pode ser devida à atividade de vias de exportação ainda não identificadas e muitas dessas proteínas podem ser proteínas com função moonlighting, ou seja, proteínas que desempenham mais de uma função, podendo, neste caso, desempenhar funções na superfície de S. saprophyticus relacionadas à virulência bacteriana. As principais proteínas com função moonlighting incluem enzimas metabólicas da via glicolítica; enzimas de outras vias metabólicas, tais como, ciclo do glioxalato; chaperonas e proteínas relacionadas com o dobramento proteico. A predição de localização celular foi realizada com o banco de dados LocateP. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuíram na elucidação das estratégias e maquinarias utilizadas pelas proteínas durante a adesão, infecção e proliferação, levando-nos a compreender a interação entre a bactéria patogênica S. saprophyticus e o hospedeiro humano. O conhecimento acerca das proteínas presentes na superfície celular é de extrema importância, visto que muitas dessas proteínas representam alvos para novas drogas, anticorpos terapêuticos ou vacinas, uma vez que a superfície celular do patógeno é a primeira a entrar em contato com as células do hospedeiro durante o processo de infecção.