Note:

This research describes the changes in cell morphology of Azotobacter vinelandii cells cultured in dialyzed soil medium. This particular culture medium was assumed to provide the bacteria with an environment similar to their natural habitat, the soil.

T cells are key players in adaptive immune response. Originating from the thymus, they seek and eliminate infected cells in various locations of our body. T cells are not anchorage-dependent in nature. However, in our body, cells are constantly under physiological stress. It is not yet known how natural changes in physical environment could affect T cell behaviors. This thesis focuses to study the role, pathway, and main mechanism of rigidity sensing in T cells. Most studies of T cell rigidity sensing have showed that T cell responses are sensitive to external forces. It is unclear whether T cells could generate forces, translate them to biochemical signaling, and regulate their function based on the physical sensing. We tested the idea by developing the use of substrate with varying modulus to analyze the impact of rigidity to T cell activation. We demonstrated that mouse naive CD4+ T cells were capable of sensing and transmitting information from substrate modulus, ultimately affecting the regulation of cytokine secretion, a key indicator of T cell activation. Interestingly, this cytokine secretion correlated with increasing substrate rigidity. This increased cytokine secretion diminished when T cells lost the ability to contract in sensing the underlying substrate rigidity. Contrary to the presumption that T cells are not able to regulate their function based on the forces applied to the environment, our study provides the first demonstration that substrate rigidity has a functional impact to naive CD4+ T cell activation. To understand the translation process from physical to biochemical signaling in T cells, we determined the signaling pathway that regulated T cell rigidity sensing. We found that T cell rigidity sensing was associated with the signaling molecules of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, the central pathway of T cell response. Analysis of TCR signaling molecules revealed that T cell rigidity sensing was mediated downstream of the early signaling components in the TCR complex. Lastly, we developed a method of combining micron-scale patterning in elastic substrates to determine whether T cell mechanosensing was mediated from local adhestion sites or globally throughout the cell. Circular features of primary signal for naive CD4+ T cells were spatially segregated and patterned on elastic substrates to analyze T cell contractility in generating forces across the segregated primary signals, leading to sustained TCR triggering. We found out that T cell contractility failed to generate forces when the primary signals were arranged in equilateral triangle geometry, leading to loss of TCR triggering. This result shows that T cell rigidity sensing is mediated globally throughout the whole cell rather than locally from adhesion sites. Furthermore, the loss of TCR triggering by T cells when sensing the equilateral triangle geometry in elastic substrates opens up new ideas in characterizing force generation within the cell.

published_or_final_version / Anatomy / Master / Master of Philosophy

Following 1 hr incubation with ACTH, cytochalasin D or ACTH/cytochalasin, detergent-solubilized mouse adrenal tumor cells cytoskeletal changes were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Steroid production was also examined.

N^6,O^2' -Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (Bt_2cAMP) was investigated for its effects on various tissue culture cells infected with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant, LA31 and Bratislava 77 (B77), a wild-type Rous sarcoma virus. Specifically, known parameters of transformation were investigated and a possible site of action has been tenably proposed. The drug Bt_2cAMP was found to have little effect on the transformation related properties of primary chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) infected with either virus or normal rat kidney fibroblasts (NRK) infected with the wild-type B77-RSV. However, significant inhibition of the transforming properties in NRK infected with the ts mutant LA31 (LA31-NRK) were reported at the permissive temperature 33 degrees centigrade (33 C).

The basis of this investigation is to characterize growth property differences in normal versus virally transformed cells. Using a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus, the cells' transformation state is regulated by the growth temperature; at 33°C the cells are transformed, while at 39°C the cells have normal characteristics. The morphology of NRK cells is elongated and fibroblastic; when transformed the cells are rounded. Normal cells grow to a monolayer and stop, while transformed cells grow to saturation densities greater than just a monolayer amount. Transformed cells can form foci when grown in mixture with normal cells. Normal cells must be in contact with the culture vessel in order to grow, but transformed cells lack anchorage dependence for growth.

Using cultured Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells which produce the steroid 20(-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20-DHP), it was found that 10-5 M corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone increased basal and inhibited ACTH-induced 20-DHP production. The steroid effects were concentration-dependent, reversible, and specific since six other steroids did not stimulate steroidogenesis and varied in their ability to inhibit ACTH-induced steroidogenesis. Cytochalasin D inhibited steroid-stimulated 20-DHP production, suggesting a mechanism of steroid stimulation similar to that of ACTH. Steroidogenesis stimulated by cholera toxin, (Bu) 2 cAMP, or pregnenolone was not inhibited by exogenous steroid; corticosterone increased basal and inhibited ACTH-induced intracellular cAMP production. Steroids altered cell surface morphology. These findings suggest that steroids alter adrenal steroidogenesis by acting within the plasma membrane.

This thesis presents an investigation into the factors affecting the morphology of hybrid inorganic/organic photoactive layers used in photovoltaic cells. Although optimisation of the organic (polymer) phase has received substantial attention, research into the morphology of the inorganic phase (semiconducting nanocrystals) remains limited. It is believed that there is a strong link between the morphology of the final photoactive film and the quality of the initial nanocrystal dispersion. To this end, two nanocrystal systems were investigated; zinc oxide (ZnO) and lead sulphide (PbS). ZnO nanocrystals were synthesised and found to possess reproducible characteristics. It was determined that colloid stability was initially dependent upon the presence of acetate groups bound to the surface, which in turn required a small quantity of methanol to be present in the organic dispersant. It was also discovered that while methanol evaporated readily from the surface of the nanocrystals, another molecule, 1-propylamine (1-PA), did not. Further investigations showed that while methanol only weakly physisorbed to the surface of ZnO nanocrystals, 1-PA formed strong, dative covalent bonds with Zn2+, preventing evaporation despite a low boiling point. Subsequent investigations into the effects of different ligands upon colloid stability found that amine-based groups typically possessed superior stabilising capabilities compared to alcohol-based analogues. The characteristics of nanocrystal / polymer blends were also investigated. It was determined that the nanocrystal dispersion became unstable at higher concentrations of polymer due to depletion aggregation. Films of nanocrystal / polymer blends were cast from dispersions containing either alcohol or amine-based ligands, and it was observed that dispersions stabilised with 1-PA possessed smooth morphologies on the micrometer scale. Investigations at the nanometer scale, however, revealed aggregates large enough to favour recombination.The latter half of this thesis regards the characterisation of PbS nanocrystals and investigations into triggered aggregation. It was determined that while PbS nanocrystals possessed reproducible characteristics, the stabilising molecule, oleic acid (OA) was insulating. The effects of exchanging the OA groups for a shorter ligand, butylamine (BA) were investigated.Finally, PbS nanocrystals were treated with a bidentate ligand, 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) to induce triggered aggregation. It was observed that the system was highly sensitive to the concentration of EDT in dispersion, forming small, relatively dispersed aggregates at low [EDT], and micrometer-sized crystalline structures at high [EDT]. The characterisation and entrapment of these nanocrystal structures within semi-conducting polymer films is also discussed.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die morphologische und funktionelle Charakterisierung endometrialer Epithel- (EEZ) und Stromazellen (ESZ) des Pferdes bei separater Primärkultur auf permeablen Kunststoffoberflächen mit Hilfe (immun-)zytologischer, zytochemischer und transmissionselektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen, ein-schließlich einer vergleichenden Betrachtung der immunhistologischen und histochemischen Eigenschaften der Epithel- und Stromazellen in situ. Mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen der endometrialen Funktionsmorphologie zum Zeitpunkt der Zellisolierung und den Zelleigenschaften in vitro sollten überprüft werden. Zur Zellgewinnung dienten transzervikal entnommene Endometriumbioptate (n = 14) sowie vollständige Uteri euthanasierter Stuten (n = 6). Parallel entnommene Gewebeproben wurden fixiert und als In-situ-Vergleichsmaterial verwendet. Nach einer mechanischen und enzymatischen Gewebedissoziation erfolgte die Trennung von Epithel- und Stromazellen mittels Filtration, Dichtegradientenzentrifugation sowie Differenzialadhärenz. Ein Teil der aufgereinigten Zellen wurde Formalin-fixiert und für (immun-)zytologische und zytochemische Untersuchungen, insbesondere hinsichtlich des Separationserfolges, aufbereitet. Die Kultivierung der übrigen Zellen beider Zellarten fand separat voneinander auf unbeschichteten Membraneinsätzen (Millicell® PET) in einem Gemisch aus DMEM und Ham’s F-12 unter Zusatz von 10 % fötalem Kälberserum (ESZ bis ca. 60 % Konfluenz) bzw. unter Zusatz von 2,5 % fötalem Kälberserum sowie verschiedener Additive (ESZ ab ca. 60 % Konfluenz sowie EEZ) bei 37 °C in wasserdampfgesättigter, mit 5 % CO2 angereicherter Raumluft statt. Konfluente Kulturen wurden in Formalin bzw. Glutaraldehyd fixiert und für die Lichtmikroskopie respektive Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie aufgearbeitet. Zum Zeitpunkt der Zellisolierung befanden sich die Endometrien überwiegend in der Phase der physiologischen Inaktivität (n = 5) oder der regulären zyklischen sekretorischen (n = 8) bzw. proliferativen (n = 3) Aktivität. In jeweils einer der Gewebeproben war eine irreguläre sekretorische, eine irreguläre proliferative bzw. eine im Übergang zwischen Sekretion und Proliferation anzusiedelnde Funktionsmorphologie festzustellen. In einem weiteren Fall wurden die Zellen aus einem graviden Uterus isoliert. Die Separation von ESZ während des Winteranöstrus verlief mit unzureichendem Erfolg, die Kulturen zeigten eine starke Kontamination mit epithelialen Zellen. Die morphologischen, immunzytologischen und zytochemischen Eigenschaften der beiden separierten Zellpopulationen unmittelbar vor Beginn der Kultivierung ermöglichten keine eindeutige Unterscheidung zwischen Epithel- und Stromazellen. Bei den aus sekretorisch differenzierten Endometrien isolierten ESZ war die Zeitdauer bis zum Erreichen der Konfluenz tendenziell länger als bei Verwendung proliferativ differenzierter Endometrien, während bei den EEZ diesbezüglich keine deutlichen Unterschiede erkennbar waren. Zum Zeitpunkt der Konfluenz konnten anhand der lichtmikroskopischen Morphologie 4 verschiedene EEZ- und 3 verschiedene ESZ-Typen nachgewiesen werden. Ultrastrukturell war eine Unterscheidung der EEZ von den ESZ möglich, innerhalb dieser beiden Zellpopulationen besaßen die lichtmikroskopisch verschiedenen Zelltypen jedoch jeweils vergleichbare Eigenschaften. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der In-vitro-Morphologie und dem Zyklusstand zum Zeitpunkt der Zellisolierung war nicht zu erkennen. Unabhängig von der lichtmikroskopischen Morphologie wiesen die EEZ in der Regel laterale Zellverbindungen in Form von tight junctions auf, was auf einen polarisierten Phänotyp schließen lässt. Der Nachweis von Proteoglykanen mittels Alzianblau-Färbung verlief in allen kultivierten Zellen mit negativem Ergebnis. Mit Hilfe der PAS-Reaktion waren in der Mehrzahl der EEZ sowie in zahlreichen ESZ in vitro Polysaccharide/Glykoproteine nachweisbar. Die kultivierten EEZ exprimierten stets Zytokeratin 19 und in keinem Falle Desmin; in einem Teil der Zellen konnten die Zytokeratine 8 und 18, Vimentin sowie α-Glattmuskel-Aktin nachgewiesen werden. Demgegenüber enthielten die ESZ keines der untersuchten Zytokeratine, zum Teil trat in diesen Zellen jedoch eine Expression von Vimentin, Desmin und α-Glattmuskel-Aktin auf. Insgesamt war ein eindeutiger Nachweis des zellulären Ursprungs equiner endometrialer Epithel- und Stromazellen in vitro ausschließlich anhand der Zytokeratin-19-Expression möglich. Die Eigenschaften der kultivierten EEZ wichen bei der Zellisolierung aus physiologisch inaktiven Endometrien hinsichtlich der PAS-Reaktion sowie des Nachweises von Zytokeratin 8 und Vimentin von denen der aus den aktiven Endometrien gewonnenen Zellen ab. Darüber hinaus wurden keine deutlichen Einflüsse der endometrialen Funktionsmorphologie zum Zeitpunkt der Zellisolierung auf die zytochemischen und immunzytologischen Charakteristika der kultivierten Zellen offensichtlich. Auf der Grundlage dieser Arbeit können weiterführende Untersuchungen im Zellkulturmodell des equinen Endometriums erfolgen, insbesondere hinsichtlich von Veränderungen der Zelleigenschaften bei Einwirken definierter Milieufaktoren.