This thesis describes the development of a high-throughput approach towards the encapsulation of cancer cells in biopolymer microgels with tunable mechanical properties. In particular, this thesis is focused on: i) the high-throughput generation of biopolymer microgels with tunable mechanical properties ii) the measurement of the mechanical properties of the microgels, and iii) the high-throughput encapsulation of a cancer cell line within biopolymer gels. The microgels will be generated by (i) introducing in a microfluidic device two distinct streams of biopolymer solutions; (ii) mixing the streams; (iii) emulsifying the biopolymer and (iv) using thermosetting to transform the droplets in situ into microgels. By applying a compression force to the hydrogel microbead and measuring its deformation, the Young’s modulus and relaxation time of the microgel can be examined. The properties of cells were examined within the gels using various spectroscopic techniques such as absorption (UV-Vis) and fluorescence microscopy (fluorescent microscopy, confocal microscopy).

This thesis describes the development of a high-throughput approach towards the encapsulation of cancer cells in biopolymer microgels with tunable mechanical properties. In particular, this thesis is focused on: i) the high-throughput generation of biopolymer microgels with tunable mechanical properties ii) the measurement of the mechanical properties of the microgels, and iii) the high-throughput encapsulation of a cancer cell line within biopolymer gels. The microgels will be generated by (i) introducing in a microfluidic device two distinct streams of biopolymer solutions; (ii) mixing the streams; (iii) emulsifying the biopolymer and (iv) using thermosetting to transform the droplets in situ into microgels. By applying a compression force to the hydrogel microbead and measuring its deformation, the Young’s modulus and relaxation time of the microgel can be examined. The properties of cells were examined within the gels using various spectroscopic techniques such as absorption (UV-Vis) and fluorescence microscopy (fluorescent microscopy, confocal microscopy).

Ce projet explore les mécanismes de la morphogenèse des glandes mammaires, comme modèle de progression du carcinome du sein. La morphogenèse de la glande mammaire résulte de la coordination de réponses cellulaires distinctes (prolifération, différenciation, motilité, invasivité, apoptose) régulées par de nombreuses voies, y compris Wnt, EGF, FGF, Notch, SHH, Myc et l'activation hormonale. Nous estimons qu'il est essentiel d'analyser individuellement l'impact de ces voies dans la modulation de la prolifération, de la différenciation, de la motilité, de l'invasivité, de l'apoptose, de la cohésion intercellulaire et de la polarité dans les cellules impliquées dans une migration morphogénétique cohérente.Nous avons développé des modèles en 3D améliorés pour analyser l'impact d'EMT-TF dans un environnement 3D. Notre système permet de surveiller simultanément les voies mentionnées au niveau cellulaire pendant trois semaines, une période ajustée pour tester les médicaments de chimiothérapie. Notre premier modèle décrit l'émergence primaire des cellules envahissantes de carcinome mammaire de l'épithélium mammaire. Les cellules sont traitées avec des médicaments définis ou seront transfectées avec diverses constructions (en cours de validation) améliorant ou réprimant des voies spécifiques telles que Slug, en plus des constructions permettant de suivre l'évolution des structures cellulaires par marquage GFP en vidéomicroscopie. / This project explores the mechanisms of mammary gland morphogenesis, as a model for breast carcinoma progression. Mammary gland morphogenesis results from the coordination of distinct cell responses (proliferation, differentiation, motility, invasiveness, apoptosis) integrated by numerous pathways, including Wnt, EGF, FGF, Notch, SHH, Myc and hormonal activation. For the purpose of this study, we feel it is critical to analyze individually the impact of theses pathways in modulating proliferation, differentiation, motility, invasiveness, apoptosis, intercellular cohesion, and polarity in cells involved in a coherent morphogenetic migration.We have designed improved 3D models to analyze the impact of EMT-TF in a 3D environment. Our system allows monitoring simultaneously the mentioned pathways at a cellular level for three weeks, a period adjusted to test chemotherapy drugs.Our first model describes the primary emergence of invading breast carcinoma cells from mammary epithelium. Cells are treated with defined drugs or will be transfected with various constructs (under validation) enhancing or repressing specific pathways such as Slug, in addition to constructs allowing the monitoring of cell structures by GFP labeling for video microscopy..

The nucleus of epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) is a complex and highly compartmentalized organelle, whose structure is markedly changed during terminal differentiation and transition of the genome from a transcriptionally active state seen in the basal and spinous epidermal cells to a fully inactive state in the keratinized cells of the cornified layer. Here, using multicolor confocal microscopy, followed by computational image analysis and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that in normal mouse footpad epidermis, transition of KCs from basal epidermal layer to the granular layer is accompanied by marked differences in nuclear architecture and microenvironment including the following: (i) decrease in the nuclear volume; (ii) decrease in expression of the markers of transcriptionally active chromatin; (iii) internalization and decrease in the number of nucleoli; (iv) increase in the number of pericentromeric heterochromatic clusters; and (v) increase in the frequency of associations between the pericentromeric clusters, chromosomal territory 3, and nucleoli. These data suggest a role for nucleoli and pericentromeric heterochromatin clusters as organizers of nuclear microenvironment required for proper execution of gene expression programs in differentiating KCs, and provide important background information for further analyses of alterations in the topological genome organization seen in pathological skin conditions, including disorders of epidermal differentiation and epidermal tumors.