This creative project involved preparation of a cultural landscape report for Lindenwood Cemetery in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Using methodologies adapted from the National Park Service and National Register of Historic Places, the report sought to define the existing conditions, historic significance, and appropriate treatment approach for the historic cemetery. Report chapters include site history and contextual documentation, existing conditions assessment, analysis of historic significance and integrity, treatment recommendations, and recommendations for further study. Lindenwood Cemetery was found to be significant for its association with the major four American cemetery design movements and its ability to display all four eras in a single landscape. Overall, Lindenwood retained a high level of integrity from its historic periods of significance advocating a minimally-invasive rehabilitation treatment approach. Treatment recommendations focused on maintenance and repair, guidelines for implementing new uses, and restoration of certain sunken garden elements. / Department of Landscape Architecture

The aim of this thesis is to establish a chronological framework for the grave-goods, and hence the graves, from all known Anglo-Saxon burial sites in the Upper Thames Region. Such a framework is considered essential to any reconstruction of early Saxon activity in the area and especially to any solution of the problems which surround the origin and early development of Wessex. It is based on a detailed typological study of material from 168 sites within a defined area. This area is bounded approximately on the west by the source of the Thames and the Cotswolds scarp, on the north by the Oxfordshire/Northamptonshire county boundary, on the east by the Thames/ Ouse watershed and the Chilterns scarp, and in the south by the Kennet Valley. The thesis is presented in three volumes, text (I), catalogue (II), and illustrations (III). The text is divided into three parts. Part I is introductory. The subject is set in the context of broader problems and previous hypotheses, and the value of the material to be analysed is assessed. The physical identity of the Upper Thames Region, the problems and methods of cataloguing sites, and the history of their discovery and recording are briefly discussed. Part II, in which the typology and chronology of the grave-goods are established, forms the core of the thesis. It consists of seventeen chapters and a summary chronological chart. The first chapter considers some general methodological problems and outlines the fundamental points of archaeological chronology for the period, on which that of the Upper Thames Region depends. Chapter 2 is a long analysis of brooches. The greatest attention is given to the manufacture and chronology of cast saucer brooches, but the dating of disc brooches is also set on a firmer basis, and there are important comments on all remaining forms (penannular, annular, button, great and small square-headed, small-long, and miscellaneous). Chapters 3 to 8 deal with the other objects found principally in women's graves (pins, finger rings and bracelets, necklaces, combs, toilet items, and bags, boxes, and girdlehung objects); they include discussion of the function of some of these items as well as their dating. Chapter 9 is about belt-equipment. The weapons found in men's graves are discussed in chapters 10 to 14 (swords, seaxes, shields, spears, and miscellaneous); in chapter 12 the first attempt at a typology of English shield bosses, based on computerised numerical taxonomy, is presented, while in chapter 13 Dr. M.J. Swanton's recently published typology of spearheads receives detailed criticism. Knives are briefly considered in chapter 15. Chapter 16, an analysis of the pottery, includes several modifications of Dr.J.N.L.Myres' work. This part concludes with chapter 17 on vessels of glass, metal, and wood. The chronologies thus established help to provide a date of burial for about one third of the catalogued graves and to indicate a date-range for the use of most sites. These data form the basis for deductions, made in Part III, about the history of the Saxon settlement in the Upper Thames Region. The background to this discussion is set out briefly in two sections, one on the nature of the Roman settlement in the Region, the other a critical survey of documentary evidence pertaining to the period. The synthesis deals in turn with the archaeology of the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries, and its possible historical interpretation. It is argued that the initial settlement during the first quarter of the fifth century consisted of a group of Saxons hired as foederati, who were posted at and near Dorchester-on- Thames; in the second quarter of the century their leaders usurped authority from their erstwhile British employers and assumed control of a wide area, planting out groups of settlers, probably including many new immigrants, during the second half of the century throughout most of the Region. These settlements grew in size, number, and wealth; their prosperity is reflected in the emergence of well furnished graves, probably belonging to leading families, the most spectacular of which is the early seventhcentury 'princely' burial at Cuddesdon near Dorchester. During the fifth and sixth centuries the Upper Thames Region appears to have been most closely connected with the other Saxon settlement along and south of the Thames, but in the sixth century connections with the Midlands, especially the West Midlands, were established, and there is some evidence of direct contact with East Kent. In the seventh century the Upper Thames shares the uniform material culture associated with 'Final Phase 1 or 'Proto-Christian' cemeteries. Direct connections between this evidence and documentary history are few, though it is argued forcibly that there is no evidence that the battle a of Badon had any effect on the Saxon settlement of the Upper Thames Region. The archaeological evidence also suggests that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entries relating to the battles fought by Ceawlin and Cuthwulf should not be taken at face value. In a final section the documentary evidence for the history of Wessex is specifically examined in the light of the archaeological conclusions. It is suggested that during the second half of the sixth century one of the leading families of the Upper Thames Region asserted its power not only over an enlarged Upper Thames Region, but also over Hampshire and Wiltshire, thus founding the royal dynasty of Cerdic and Cymric and creating what became known as the kingdom of the West Saxons.

Thesis (M.A.I.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-118). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 74 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-74).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 6 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-134).

Thesis (M.L.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes special study report entitled : Influence of vegetation on slope stabilization and landscape development on slope. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Thesis (Honors)--College of William and Mary, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-48). Also available via the World Wide Web.

The potential for contamination of groundwater by cemetery activities in the city of Maceió, in this work, is evaluated through analysis of its physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. The cemeteries selected for this evaluation are located in medium vulnerability areas, in where groundwater level is near to the ground surface. Two cemiteries were chosen for the the research, Nossa Senhora Mãe do Povo and São José, located in the neighborhoods of Jaraguá and Trapiche, respectively. Besides the wells located within the cemiteries area another well, located upstream of Nossa Senhora Mãe do Povo Cemetery (background) was monitored. The physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of groundwater have been modified by the use and occupation of land, by the local climate, the soil type and lack of sanitation. The microbiological analysis indicated pollution of fecal origin. The hygienic and sanitary conditions of the studied waters are not satisfactory, because the samples showed E. coli and / or total coliform. Clostridium perfringens were also detected (indicative of remote contamination), proteolytic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria, suggesting contamination by the presence of organic matter in aquifers groundwater. It was observed the presence of proteolytic bacteria in the São Jose Cemetery groundwater, suggesting necrochorume contamination. As for to physical and chemical parameters, some of them showed off the reference standards (color, turbidity, nitrate and dissolved total solids) for drinking water according to Decree 2914/211 of the Ministry of Health / O potencial de contaminação das águas subterrâneas por atividade cemiterial na cidade de Maceió, é avaliado neste trabalho, por meio de análise de sua qualidade físico-química e bacteriológica. Os cemitérios selecionados para esta finalidade estão inseridos em área considerada de média vulnerabilidade do aquífero, onde o nível freático encontra-se próximo à superfície do terreno. Para a pesquisa foram escolhidos dois cemitérios, Nossa Senhora Mãe do Povo e São José, localizados nos bairros de Jaraguá e Trapiche da Barra, respectivamente. Além de poços situados no interior dos cemitérios, foi monitorado um poço a montante do Cemitério Nossa Senhora Mãe do Povo. As características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas das águas subterrâneas avaliadas apresentam-se influenciadas pelo uso e ocupação do solo, pelas condições climáticas locais, pelo tipo de solo e pela deficiência de saneamento básico. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas dão indicativos de contaminação de origem fecal. As condições higiênicas e sanitárias das águas estudadas não são satisfatórias, pois as amostras coletadas apresentaram E. coli e/ou coliformes totais. Foram também detectados Clostridium perfringens (indicativo de contaminação remota), bactérias heterotróficas e proteolíticas, o que sugere poluição por matéria orgânica, nas águas subterrâneas do aquífero. A presença de bactérias proteolíticas foi observada nas águas subterrâneas do Cemitério São José, sugerindo a contaminação por necrochorume. Com relação aos parâmetros físicos e químicos, alguns (cor, turbidez, nitrato e sólidos totais dissolvidos) se mostraram fora dos padrões de referência para a água potável segundo a Portaria 2914/2012 do Ministério da Saúde

Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-19T16:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-25T12:15:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-25T12:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / COE, Agostinho Júnior Holanda. Nós, os ossos que aqui estamos, pelos vossos esperamos: a higiene e o fim dos sepultamentos eclesiásticos em São Luís (1828 – 1855). 2008. 140 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Discussion about the extinction of church burials and the construction of new cemeteries in São Luís. In the nineteenth century, with the affirmation of medicine, the burials conducted within religious temples became the target of numerous interdictions. The development of “hygienism” gradually constructed the idea that burials within religious temples were harmful to health, since they exhaled miasmatic vapors which caused physical and even moral damages to the living. With the increase of epidemics in the nineteenth century in São Luís, the medical discourse, which claimed for the construction of new cemeteries far from the towns, water fountains, and where the wind blew reversely in relation with the urban environment, acquired further visibility. In 1828, the “Imperial Law of Municipalities Restructuring” became one among various essays of reorganization of São Luís urban space and of construction of new burial places, far away from churches, since the existing cemeteries, up to the middle of the nineteenth century, were basically for poor and helpless. In 1855, after various previous epidemical irruptions, the city was attacked by a big irruption of smallpox, which led the norm into practice, with the building of the Gavião Cemetery. Since then, that cemetery became a burial place not only for indigents and slaves, but also for a considerable part of the wealthier classes of São Luís. / Discussão sobre o fim dos sepultamentos nas igrejas e a construção de novos cemitérios em São Luís. No século XIX, com a afirmação da medicina, os enterramentos realizados dentro dos templos religiosos passaram a ser alvo de merosas interdições. O desenvolvimento do “higienismo” foi gradativamente construindo a idéia de que os sepultamentos nos templos religiosos eram perniciosos à saúde, pois exalavam vapores miasmáticos causadores de malefícios físicos e até mesmo morais aos vivos. Com o acirramento das epidemias, no século XIX, em São Luís, o discurso médico, que primava pela construção de novos cemitérios longe das cidades, das fontes de água e onde os ventos soprassem contrariamente ao ambiente urbano, adquiriu maior visibilidade. Em 1828, a “Lei Imperial de Estruturação dos Municípios” se tornou uma dentre as várias tentativas de reorganização do espaço urbano de São Luís e de construção de novos locais de sepultamento, afastados das igrejas, já que os cemitérios existentes até meados do século XIX eram locais de enterramento basicamente de pobres e desvalidos. Em 1855, após vários surtos epidêmicos anteriores, a cidade é acometida por um grande surto de varíola, que levou a norma à prática, com a construção do cemitério do Gavião. Este passou a ser, a partir de então, local de sepultamento não só de indigentes e escravos, mas também de parte considerável das classes mais abastadas de São Luís.

Este projeto tem como objetivo o estudo das práticas fúnebres paulistanas e sua evolução ao longo do século XIX, período marcado por uma intensa secularização da sociedade. Novas ideias, formas de divertimento e de associação aportavam na cidade e gradativamente modificavam as tradições e costumes dos paulistanos, processo que atingiu igualmente a forma como se lidava com o sagrado e com a morte. Através dos debates acerca da construção de um cemitério público em São Paulo, buscamos entender como se deu a crítica aos costumes tradicionais na cidade, quais eram as forças motoras dessas transformações e quais as resistências impostas pela população. Antes entendidos como um dos pilares da Boa Morte cristã, uma garantia no caminho da salvação das almas, os enterros dentro das igrejas foram questionados durante o século XIX por médicos e legisladores que defendiam serem eles prejudiciais à saúde pública. As mudanças, no entanto, não foram recebidas passivamente pela população. Foram quase 30 anos de debates e tentativas frustradas, e, mesmo com a inauguração do cemitério da Consolação em 1858, as críticas não cessaram. / This project wants to comprehend the burial practices in Sao Paulo and its evolution throughout the nineteenth century, a period marked by intense secularization of São Paulo´s society. New ideas, entertainment´s and association´s forms landed in the city and gradually modified its traditions and customs, a process that also affected the way people dealt with the sacred and with death. Through the discussions about the construction of a public cemetery in São Paulo, we seek to understand how the critic of the traditional customs happened in the city, its driving forces and resistances. Understood as one guarantee on the path of salvation of souls, the burials within churches were questioned during the nineteenth century by doctors and politicians who argued they were harmful to public health. The changes, however, weren´t passively received by the population. It took nearly 30 years in debates and failed attempts, and even with the opening of Consolação cemetery in 1858, the critics haven´t ceased.