One hundred years may or may not seem a long time. To the geologist, one hundred years is but a moment. To the historian it may represent a convenient yardstick to measure events or empires. To the average individual, one hundred years may seem a short time when history tells us that old world civilization was brought to the shores of California in 1542 by Cabrillo, and the first Franciscan mission was established in 1769. One hundred years is a long time When it includes such a period of phenomenal events as mankind has experienced in the past ten decades. Certainly the course of California since the discovery of gold in 1848 or the gold rush of 1849 has undergone unparalleled change. Practically no region of the State has escaped alteration in some form, including Central California and the City of Stockton. It is intended to present one small aspect of that total picture of Central California's and the City of Stockton's past one hundred years. Historians employ all manner of tools to aid them in their quest for truth. Records, diaries, letters, photographs, even garbage dumps serve as instruments for exploring antique lands, cultures, and events. There i no better instrument for understanding the past than a traditional cemetery with well maintained grounds and records. Central California and the City of Stockton are fortunate to have such a cemetery serving the community today as it has for the past one hundred years. A consideration of Rural Cemetery's past one hundred years is more than a chronicle or burials and maintenance problems. It is a source for better understanding the community's history, growth, and citizens. It is not intended to present the entire story of the Stockton region since the "days of '49." By delving into the history of the Rural Cemetery, this writing will present part or that interesting story. Through this approach, the history of' a cemetery and its community will unfold.

Cemeteries are an integral part of the cityscape, which as a societal function are responsible for the interment of the deceased in a dignified manner. Cemeteries as a space imbued with cultural, historical, religious and emotional significance - as a site for grief, reflection and contemplation they also have a significant physical presence in the city. Cemeteries are a somewhat hidden issue in urban planning in Sweden today, but as a land intensive development that locks the land from future reuse it is paramount that the complexity is examined. The Burial Act (SFS 1990:1144) governs burial practice, services and the organisation structure of cemeteries in Sweden which creates an interesting set of conditions. The thesis investigates future cemetery planning in the context of Gothenburg, Sweden, as the city is faced with a shortage of burial space in the coming decade. Simultaneously, Gothenburg is growing and land for future development is highly contested. This provides motivation for why cemetery planning needs to be understood in an urban context. The thesis will use two case studies, first the case of Järva cemetery in Stockholm as inspiration for cemetery planning in current society and secondly the case of Gothenburg to guide the research regarding how to plan for cemeteries that are socially just. An extensive literature review and interviews with relevant actors, are used to gain knowledge of cemetery planning and the functions of cemeteries in a European context, as well as future trends regarding cemetery planning. The interviews are examined through the themes of physical considerations, qualities of cemeteries, diversity in burial provision and governance. Results of the interviews indicate the multifaceted nature of planning for cemeteries. The method of scenario planning is subsequently utilized as a tool to explore how a future cemetery in Gothenburg can be planned, developed and designed through four possible scenarios - small-peripheral, small-urban, large-urban and large-peripheral. A scenario analysis is carried out using a social justice theoretical framework to illuminate how a socially just cemetery development can be established and potential challenges regarding this. The concepts analysed through the theoretical framework are planning, ownership and management, finance, social infrastructure and environmental impact. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the cemetery scenarios analysis and providing recommendations for future cemetery planning in Gothenburg.

<p>The study Packning i tid och rum (Crowding in Time and Space) is a Master Thesis in Human Geography within Geography, presented at Södertörn University College.</p><p>The aim is to investigate the connections between time and space, more particularly, geographical changes over time. This is done by focusing on the Study of Land use as a phenomenon and on-going processes in demarcated areas. Distinct areas are given special interest, i.e. how they are used. The study deals with three different kinds of sites in three levels of scale: a market garden, cemeteries and a residential area.</p><p>The main focus of the study is on the cemeteries. Sources to geographical data and other pieces of information are geographical systems, statistics, interviews, own observations, and photographs. This material has been worked up with simple statistic methods, map studies, and qualitative methods. The Time Geography and the New Regional Geography are used as a theoretical framework. There is an ambition to search for general understanding. The work is strongly inspired by the geographer Torsten Hägerstrand’s work and approach. It is also influenced by Systems Theory.</p><p>The results confirm that there is a closer crowding of geographic objects in time and space within the cemeteries. Chorological changes could indicate similar processes at the garden center and residential area. Space is a limited resource and packing problems need to be solved. Some strategies to achieve that aim are found. At the end is discussed if closer crowding, needs more of register, measuring and restrictions and that some things are accepted to take large place in space since they are temporal.</p> / <p>Studien Packning i tid och rum är ett examensarbete i ämnet geografi, inriktning kulturgeografi, vid Södertörns högskola.</p><p>Syftet är att utforska sambandet mellan tid och rum och då som geografiska förändringar över tiden. Det sker genom att studera markanvändning som fenomen och pågående processer i avgränsade områden. Speciellt intresse ägnas åt hur ytor disponeras. Tre olika slags områden studeras: en handelsträdgård, begravningsplatser och ett bostadsområde.</p><p>Tyngdpunkten i undersökningen ligger på studiet av begravningsplatser. Geografiska data och annan information har hämtats från geografiska informationssystem, statistik, intervjuer, egna observationer och fotografier. Materialet har bearbetats med enkel statistisk metod, kartstudier och kvalitativa metoder. Som teoretisk ram används tidsgeografi och den nya regionalgeografin. Det finns en ambition att söka efter generell förståelse. Arbetet är starkt inspirerat av geografen Torsten Hägerstrands arbete och synsätt. I arbetet finns även inslag av systemteoretiskt tänkande.</p><p>Resultaten visar att det sker en tätare packning av geografiska objekt i tid och rum på kyrkogårdarna. Korologiska förändringar kan tyda på liknande processer i handelsträdgården och bostadsområdet. Utrymmet är en begränsad resurs och packning är ett problem att lösa. Olika strategier för att hantera trängseln observeras. Avslutningsvis diskuteras förhållandet att ju tätare packning desto mer av registerhållning, mätning och restriktioner fordras och att vissa saker tillåts breda ut sig i rummet om de är tillfälliga.</p>

This study focuses on the burial practices in the Bronze Age Xiaohe-Gumugou cemeteries, north-west China, in order to understand how people constructed their social identities and delivered the social cognitions through generations. The Xiaohe-Gumugou cemeteries, as the main sites of the Xiaohe cultural horizon, have central roles for the understanding of the formation of the Bronze Age cultural groups and the cultural interactions between the west and the east in the Tarim Basin. However, current research is lacking in-depth examinations of the material culture of the cemeteries, and the contexts of the surrounding archaeological cultures in a timespan from Bronze Age to Iron Age. Through detailed comparisons of the construction of coffins and monuments, the dress of the dead, and the burial goods assemblages, this study provides an overview of the social structural development, from the Gumugou group’s heterogenous condition to the Xiaohe group’s homogeneous and mature state. Also, through relating to the results of biological and osteological analyses, and applying geographical analyses to the material, this study suggests that the early settlers in the Tarim Basin, the Xiaohe-Gumugou people have created their own social identities. Although the Xiaohe-Gumugou people might have migrated from southern Siberia or Central Asia, the archaeological material shows indications of their own typical features. When newcomers joined the society, the local burial customs were accepted and applied in a new cultural setting. / Denna studie fokuserar på gravskick på gravfälten Xiaohe och Gumugou i nordvästra Kina, för att förstå hur människor konstruerade social identitet och överförde kulturella föreställningar mellan generationer. Xiaohe-Gumugou-gravfälten, som de viktigaste platserna i Xiaohe-kulturhorisonten, är centrala för förståelsen av bildandet av bronsålderns kulturgrupper och de kulturella växelverkningarna mellan väst och öst i Tarimbäckenet. Tidigare forskning saknar fördjupade undersökningar av gravfältens materiella kultur samt den historiska kontexten med de omgivande arkeologiska kulturerna under tidsperioden från bronsålder till järnålder. Genom detaljerade jämförelser av konstruktionen av kistor och monument samt de dödas klädsel och gravgåvor, ger denna studie en översikt över utvecklingen av sociala strukturer, från Gumugou-gruppens heterogena situation till Xiaohe-gruppens homogena och mogna tillstånd. Genom att relatera till resultaten från biologiska och osteologiska analyser och tillämpa geografiska analyser på materialet, tyder den här studien på att de tidiga bosättarna i Tarimbäckenet, Xiaohe-Gumugou-folket, har utvecklat egna sociala identiteter. Trots att Xiaohe-Gumugou-folket kan ha migrerat från södra Sibirien eller Centralasien visar det arkeologiska materialet indikationer på egna typiska egenskaper. När nykomlingar anslöt till samhället accepterades de lokala begravningssederna och tillämpades i ett nytt kulturellt sammanhang.

Les nécropoles constituent un élément essentiel dans l'étude des caractères définitoires du peuplement et des rituels de la mort dans les sociétés d'entre la fin du Bas-Empire et le début de l'époque mérovingienne (Ve-VIe siècles). Dans le nord de la France, l'archéologie d'époque mérovingienne s'est développée rythmée par les découvertes effectuées depuis le XIXe siècle, au même temps que les sociétés savantes, les musées et congrès scientifiques faisaient leur apparition. À travers l'étude des nécropoles ont peut tracer des lignes essentielles dans l'analyse du peuplement urbain et rural pendant l'Antiquité tardive dans le nord-est de la Gaule, toujours dans un cadre géopolitique pertinent sur la base des démarcations administratives anciennes. Leur étude permet aussi d'observer des changements éventuels opérés dans la dynamique des relations entre les vivants et les morts à partir de la topographie funéraire et son évolution. Ces rapports trouvent leur expression maximale dans les rituels funéraires, considérés comme l'ensemble des pratiques destinées à exprimer les croyances d'un groupe culturel déterminé. D'autre part, le phénomène de l'inhumation habillée et sa conséquence immédiate qui représente la présence du mobilier dans les sépultures, permet d'aborder les rapports socioéconomiques des communautés à travers l'expression matérielle d'un ensemble de phénomènes tels la compétitivité, la solidarité ou l'assimilation culturelle. Un des aspects fondamentaux, issu de l'analyse du mobilier funéraire, regarde la caractérisation des éléments de parure d'influence exogène, une question qui renvoie au concept d'ethnicité à l'époque des Grandes Migrations et les possibilités de l'archéologie à l'heure de déterminer l'identité culturelle des inhumés. / Cemeteries are an essential element in the study of the defining characters of the settlement and death rituals in societies within the end of the Lower Empire and the beginning of the Merovingian period (fifth-sixth centuries). In northern France, Merovingian archaeology developed punctuated by discoveries made since the nineteenth century, at the same time as the learned societies, museums and scientific conferences were appearing. Through the study of cemeteries may have drawn the main lines in the analysis of urban and rural settlement during late antiquity in northeastern Gaul, always in a relevant geopolitical framework based on the old administrative boundaries. Their study also observes any changes of the dynamics of relationships between the living and the dead from the funeral topography and its evolution. These reports find their maximum expression in funeral rituals, considered all as practices to express the beliefs of a particular cultural group of people. On the other hand, the phenomenon of burial dressed and its immediate consequence is that the presence of the furniture in burials, can address the socio-economic relations of communities through the expression of a set of physical phenomena such competitiveness, solidarity and cultural assimilation. A fundamental aspect from the analysis of the grave goods, looks characterization ornamental elements with exogenous influence, a question that refers to the concept of ethnicity in the Migration Period and the possibilities of archaeology to determine the cultural identity of buried people.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErikaASilva.pdf: 3405619 bytes, checksum: d3f09e9868a79b5a848184dd730074d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation titled O cotidiano da morte e a secularização dos cemitérios em Belém na secunda metade do século XIX (1850/ 1891) tried to show understanding around death s meaning along with dead and mortuary ceremonies in Belém in the second half of the 19º century. Thus, the composition studies about the changes in the trip of death from the buries inside a church to open-sky cemeteries, plus the secularization of these spaces. Those questions have gained importance in the following pages cause they started a new parallel about the urban space threated by wide-spread diseases and miasmas exhalated from putrescent bodies. Taking that to explain the tensions formed in the core of Belém s society wich made same significant changes in the path of that specifical society before death and deads. The construction of the cemeteries- Nossa senhora da soledade and Santa Izabel - implacate in complex questios like start to bury dead bodies into open-sky cemeteries intead instead of inside churchs, the wish of the Catolic church to have exclusiveness in these new places, the secularization of those cemeteries and buries keeping in mind the unsolved religious, cultural and social conflicts to understanding the attitudes of the whites, indians, colored, catolics, protestants, masons and the way they used to react before the dead and death. So the city was visualized, it s quotidian and the existing and dying of it s inhabitants and seeing closest the representation before death and dead. To be well acquired with the text the central axel inquire the understanding of how different Belém s social divisions in the 80 s deal with circle of life including bury, mortuary ceremonies and the secularization of the cemeteries / Esta dissertação de título O cotidiano da morte e a secularização dos cemitérios em Belém na segunda metade do século XIX (1850 / 1891) , procurou visualizar o caminhar e o permanecer em torno dos significados da morte, dos mortos e dos ritos fúnebres em Belém durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Assim, a dissertação versa sobre as transformações no cotidiano da morte decorrente da mudança dos locais dos enterramentos do interior das Igrejas para os cemitérios a céu aberto, mas também sobre o projeto de secularização destes espaços. Estas questões, aliás, ganham expressividade nas páginas seguintes, pois delas surgiram outros tangenciamentos como os debates acerca da salubridade do espaço urbano ameaçado por epidemias e miasmas emanados dos corpos em decomposição. Foi nesta perspectiva que se buscou interpretar determinadas tensões que se formaram no interior da sociedade belenense e que contribuíram para mudanças significativas no caminhar dessa sociedade frente à morte e aos mortos. A construção dos cemitérios o de Nossa Senhora da Soledade e o de Santa Izabel envolveram questões complexas como o abandono do costume de enterrar nas igrejas e passar a enterrá-los em cemitérios a céu aberto, a exclusividade que a Igreja Católica desejava ter nesses novos espaços, o debate em torno da secularização dos cemitérios e dos enterros civis levantando questões que não ficaram circunscritas às inquietações religiosas, mas estabeleceram conflitos políticos, culturais e sociais, enfim seguir os passos de brancos, índios e negros, Católicos, Protestantes e Maçons e tentar compreender suas atitudes diante da morte e dos mortos. Para isso procurou-se visualizar a cidade, seu cotidiano, o viver e o morrer de seus habitantes, encarar o mais próximo possível as representações frente à morte e aos mortos. Entenda-se então que os eixos centrais da presente dissertação são os que buscam perceber como diferentes segmentos sociais da Belém oitocentista lidaram com o processo de vida e morte, com os enterramentos, os ritos fúnebres, e a secularização dos cemitérios

The subject of this thesis deals with instances where members of the community dig the grave for the grieving family. This thesis is limited to Unicoi County. Looking at past and present occurrences of this practice, this project will explain how it came to be and why it is still being exercised. The primary sources for this project include newspaper articles from the Erwin Record, interviews with members of the community. Secondary sources were used to frame the overall context and draw comparisons with the rest of Appalachia. The digging of the grave by the community began as a necessity in the rural areas of Unicoi County. Due to the growing economic prosperity of these areas, and the eventual easy access to roads, the tradition began to waver and was preserved and practiced only by the small, isolated community churches.

The study Packning i tid och rum (Crowding in Time and Space) is a Master Thesis in Human Geography within Geography, presented at Södertörn University College. The aim is to investigate the connections between time and space, more particularly, geographical changes over time. This is done by focusing on the Study of Land use as a phenomenon and on-going processes in demarcated areas. Distinct areas are given special interest, i.e. how they are used. The study deals with three different kinds of sites in three levels of scale: a market garden, cemeteries and a residential area. The main focus of the study is on the cemeteries. Sources to geographical data and other pieces of information are geographical systems, statistics, interviews, own observations, and photographs. This material has been worked up with simple statistic methods, map studies, and qualitative methods. The Time Geography and the New Regional Geography are used as a theoretical framework. There is an ambition to search for general understanding. The work is strongly inspired by the geographer Torsten Hägerstrand’s work and approach. It is also influenced by Systems Theory. The results confirm that there is a closer crowding of geographic objects in time and space within the cemeteries. Chorological changes could indicate similar processes at the garden center and residential area. Space is a limited resource and packing problems need to be solved. Some strategies to achieve that aim are found. At the end is discussed if closer crowding, needs more of register, measuring and restrictions and that some things are accepted to take large place in space since they are temporal. / Studien Packning i tid och rum är ett examensarbete i ämnet geografi, inriktning kulturgeografi, vid Södertörns högskola. Syftet är att utforska sambandet mellan tid och rum och då som geografiska förändringar över tiden. Det sker genom att studera markanvändning som fenomen och pågående processer i avgränsade områden. Speciellt intresse ägnas åt hur ytor disponeras. Tre olika slags områden studeras: en handelsträdgård, begravningsplatser och ett bostadsområde. Tyngdpunkten i undersökningen ligger på studiet av begravningsplatser. Geografiska data och annan information har hämtats från geografiska informationssystem, statistik, intervjuer, egna observationer och fotografier. Materialet har bearbetats med enkel statistisk metod, kartstudier och kvalitativa metoder. Som teoretisk ram används tidsgeografi och den nya regionalgeografin. Det finns en ambition att söka efter generell förståelse. Arbetet är starkt inspirerat av geografen Torsten Hägerstrands arbete och synsätt. I arbetet finns även inslag av systemteoretiskt tänkande. Resultaten visar att det sker en tätare packning av geografiska objekt i tid och rum på kyrkogårdarna. Korologiska förändringar kan tyda på liknande processer i handelsträdgården och bostadsområdet. Utrymmet är en begränsad resurs och packning är ett problem att lösa. Olika strategier för att hantera trängseln observeras. Avslutningsvis diskuteras förhållandet att ju tätare packning desto mer av registerhållning, mätning och restriktioner fordras och att vissa saker tillåts breda ut sig i rummet om de är tillfälliga.

In the fall of 1999, human skeletal remains and historic artifacts were discovered on private farmland approximately two kilometres south of the Town of Battleford, Saskatchewan. Document searches and a ground-penetrating radar survey of the property resulted in the discovery that the land was once used as a cemetery for the Catholic Church of St. Vital during the years of 1879 to 1885. Numerous interest groups were brought together in the process of handling this sensitive situation, including the landowners, the Heritage Resource Branch of the Department of Saskatchewan Culture, Youth and Recreation, the Rural Municipality of Battle River, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince Albert, and the Battleford Tribal Council. A decision was made to relocate the burials to the current town cemetery. In the meantime, permission was granted for the University of Saskatchewan to play the lead role in the excavation and analysis process. The partial and complete skeletal remains of thirty individuals were recovered, and in addition to a basic osteological analysis of the individuals that included sex determination, age at death and population affinity, a detailed assessment of the pathological conditions was also undertaken. The document and artifact analyses will be the subject of a separate thesis by Colette Hopkins.

In the fall of 1999, human skeletal remains and historic artifacts were discovered on private farmland approximately two kilometres south of the Town of Battleford, Saskatchewan. Document searches and a ground-penetrating radar survey of the property resulted in the discovery that the land was once used as a cemetery for the Catholic Church of St. Vital during the years of 1879 to 1885. Numerous interest groups were brought together in the process of handling this sensitive situation, including the landowners, the Heritage Resource Branch of the Department of Saskatchewan Culture, Youth and Recreation, the Rural Municipality of Battle River, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince Albert, and the Battleford Tribal Council. A decision was made to relocate the burials to the current town cemetery. In the meantime, permission was granted for the University of Saskatchewan to play the lead role in the excavation and analysis process. The partial and complete skeletal remains of thirty individuals were recovered, and in addition to a basic osteological analysis of the individuals that included sex determination, age at death and population affinity, a detailed assessment of the pathological conditions was also undertaken. The document and artifact analyses will be the subject of a separate thesis by Colette Hopkins.