The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the territories of the death under the perspective of the perception of residents and frequent visitors of catholic temples from the towns of Laranjeiras and São Cristóvão during the eighteenth century. Therefore, the changes involved with the relation of the society with death were analyzed and, hence, the initial assumption is that the death had drawn the dominant landscape in the towns owing to its direct relationship with the churches-cemeteries. In the current days, towns presenting this sort of landscape, such as São Cristóvão and Laranjeiras in Sergipe, are possible targets of archeological studies. By analyzing the remainder death landscapes in these towns, it is realized how present in the quotidian of people the death was, drawing a different landscape in the current times, once as time gone by, the rituals have gone through changes. These towns shelter a considerable number of churches with gravestones inside and, sometimes,cemeteries outside. Thus, it was evidenced that the sacred spaces of the towns still cover the death territory, notwithstanding a new territory, with new symbols and representations. The pre-existing territory of the death, which had drawn the current archeological landscapes, is now perceived as part of a past that, once considered re-signified history, conceals its own signification. Ultimately, it was verified the existence not simply of a death territory, but also an overlapping of death multi-territories, foe every time a space-territory dissociation is processed, a new space-representation connection is established, revealing a new territory of the death / O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os territórios da morte sob a perspectiva da percepção de moradores e frequentadores de templos católicos das cidades setecentistas de Laranjeiras e São Cristóvão. Para tanto, foram analisadas as mudanças que envolvem a relação da sociedade com a morte e, dessa forma, a premissa inicial é de que a morte formava uma paisagem dominante nas cidades a partir da sua relação direta com as Igrejas-Cemitérios. Nos dias atuais, as cidades com esse tipo de paisagem, como São Cristóvão e Laranjeiras em Sergipe, comportam uma leitura arqueológica. Analisando as paisagens da morte restantes nessas cidades, percebe-se como no passado a morte estava presente no cotidiano das pessoas, conformando uma paisagem diferente dos dias atuais, visto que, no decorrer do tempo os rituais sofreram mudanças. Essas cidades abrigam um número muito grande de Igrejas com lápides no seu interior e, algumas, cemitérios no exterior. Desse modo, verificou-se que o espaço sagrado das cidades ainda abriga o território da morte, porém um novo território com novos símbolos e representações. O antigo território da morte, que formou as atuais paisagens arqueológicas, é percebido como parte de um passado que, como história re-significada, guarda seu significante. Enfim, verificou-se a existência não de um território da morte, mas a sobreposição de multiterritórios da morte, pois sempre que se processa uma separação espaçorepresentação, uma nova aproximação espaço-representação surge, revelando-nos um novo território da morte.

Les communautés du Bronze final et du Premier âge du Fer (Xe s.-Ve s. av. J.-C.), situées entre Garonne et Èbre, sont essentiellement connues par leurs nécropoles à crémation. Cette recherche, qui repose sur une abondante documentation de plus de 400 nécropoles, entend aborder la question des pratiques funéraires sous un nouvel angle, en réalisant une synthèse des données archéologiques sur une vaste échelle géographique afin d’avoir une vision d’ensemble des pratiques funéraires et de leurs dynamiques dans le temps. Après avoir introduit des notions historiographiques importantes et discuté les éléments relatifs au cadre chronologique de l’étude (proposition d’un système chronologique inter-régional), nous proposons d’étudier une sélection de nécropoles bien documentées. Ces nécropoles seront analysées suivant une grille d’analyse précise qui permettra de réaliser des analyses statistiques afin d’étudier d’éventuels groupes funéraires. Les résultats de ces analyses sont exposés de manière chronologique ce qui nous donnera l’occasion, dans un second temps, de discuter la répartition géographique de ces groupes funéraires et leur évolution dans le temps et l’espace. / Final Bronze Age and First Iron Age communities (10th - 5th century B. C.), situated between the Garonne and the Ebro Rivers are essentially known though their cremation burial cemeteries. This work, based on an abundant documentation of more than 400 cemeteries, intends to approach the question of the funeral practices under a new point of view, by realizing a synthesis of the archaeological data on a large geographical scale to get an overall view of the funerary practices and their dynamics throughout time. After introducing the important background notions and discussing the chronological elements (proposal of an inter-regional chronological system), we suggest studying a selection of cremation burial cemeteries well documented. These cemeteries will be studied according to a grid of analysis which will allows us to realize statistical analyses to study possible funeral groups. The results of these analyses are explained in a chronological way which give us the opportunity, in a second time, to discuss the geographical distribution of these funeral groups and their evolution in time and space.

Ce mémoire s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche plus global sur l’évaluation du potentiel archéologique du mont Royal réalisé par l’Université de Montréal en partenariat avec la Ville de Montréal et le ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec. Plus précisément, il a pour objectif de mettre en œuvre et d’apporter une réflexion sur l’outil dans la gestion du patrimoine archéologique. Au Québec, malgré l’importance de cet outil à l’étape du diagnostic en archéologie préventive, il existe peu de connaissances empiriques sur son efficacité et sur la validité des différentes méthodologies employées. Nous avons donc voulu mieux comprendre la démarche de l’évaluation du potentiel à partir de l’approche du paysage culturel et de celle de l’écologie historique, et ce, afin de voir comment cela pouvait apporter une nouvelle façon d’envisager le potentiel archéologique. L’élaboration de notre cadre théorique s’est appuyée, notamment, sur une trentaine d’études de potentiel archéologique produite au Québec. À l’aide de ce cadre théorique, le potentiel archéologique du versant nord du Mont-Royal a été documenté sur une période allant de la fin du XVIIe siècle jusqu’au XXe siècle. La recherche théorique a été complétée par des inspections visuelles des zones, permettant ainsi de documenter plus finement certains éléments environnementaux, tels la topographie, le couvert végétal, l’hydrographie, etc. Dans la construction du paysage culturel, c’est l’aspect mythique et symbolique de la montagne qui nous intéresse. Nous en avons retenu trois thèmes principaux qui s’échelonnent dans le temps, c’est-à-dire la montagne pittoresque et le paysage forestier, la montagne agricole et l’industrie des tanneries et, enfin, l’arrivée des cimetières et des établissements religieux. Pour chacun de ces thèmes, des orientations de recherche sont énoncées en guise de réflexion sur les éléments d’intérêt archéologique présentés. Ces thèmes, nous le suggérons, pourront être pris en compte dans un contexte d’archéologie préventive. / This thesis is part of a broader research project on the archaeological potential of Mount Royal carried out by Université de Montreal in partnership with the City of Montreal and the Ministry of Culture and Communications of Quebec. More specifically, it aims to assess the utility and efficiency of archaeological potential studies as a tool in cultural resource management. In Quebec, despite the importance of this tool in preventive archaeology at the diagnostic stage, there has been very little empirical study of its effectiveness and the validity of the different methodologies used. We therefore wish to bring a better understanding to the assessment of archaeological heritage potential by using a cultural landscape and historical ecology approach, in order to see how this can bring about a new way of considering archaeological potential. The development of the theoretical framework for this paper was based on some thirty archaeological assessments produced in Quebec. It is through this theoretical framework that the archaeological potential of the territory under study, namely the northern slopes of Mount Royal, was documented for a period starting at the end of the 17th century up to the 20th century. The theoretical research was complemented by visual inspections of the geographical zones, thereby permitting a more precise documentation of certain environmental features such as the topography, the ground vegetation and tree cover, the hydrography, etc. In the construction of the cultural landscape, the mythical and symbolic aspects of the mountain retain our interest. We have chosen three main themes, namely the picturesque mountain and the forest landscape, the agricultural mountain and the tanning industries and, lastly, the arrival of cemeteries and religious institutions. For each theme, research orientations are formulated in order to reflect the elements of archaeological interest that we present. These themes may be taken into account for archaeological resource management.

No description available.

No / Historical evidence documents mass migration from Ireland to London during the period of the Great Irish Famine of 1845-52. The rural Irish were reliant on a restricted diet based on potatoes but maize, a C(4) plant, was imported from the United States of America in 1846-47 to mitigate against Famine. In London, Irish migrants joined a population with a more varied diet. To investigate and characterize their diet, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were obtained from bone collagen of 119 and hair keratin of six individuals from Lukin Street cemetery, Tower Hamlets (1843-54), and bone collagen of 20 individuals from the cemetery at Kilkenny Union Workhouse in Ireland (1847-51). A comparison of the results with other contemporaneous English populations suggests that Londoners may have elevated delta(15) N compared with their contemporaries in other cities. In comparison, the Irish group have lower delta(15) N. Hair analysis combined with bone collagen allows the reconstruction of perimortem dietary changes. Three children aged 5-15 years from Kilkenny have bone collagen delta(13) C values that indicate consumption of maize (C(4)). As maize was only imported into Ireland in quantity from late 1846 and 1847, these results demonstrate relatively rapid bone collagen turnover in children and highlight the importance of age-related bone turnover rates, and the impact the age of the individual can have on studies of short-term dietary change or recent migration. Stable light isotope data in this study are consistent with the epigraphic and documentary evidence for the presence of migrants within the London cemetery.

This dissertation deals with sepulchral artworks of Franta Úprka (1868-1929), the Czech sculptor. At first his life is described. Franta Úprka was born in Kněždub, south-eastern Moravia. Beginning of his artistic activity belonged to the end of 19th century, when he worked as an assistant of two famous Czech sculptors - A. P. Wagner and Bohuslav Schnirch. His own career took place in the first two decades of the 20th century. Name Úprka is best known for Joža Uprka, Moravian painter and Franta's elder brother. Although Franta Úprka lived and worked in Prague from 1890th, the midpoint of his artistic interests and main theme of his sculptures was depicting people, traditions and subjects from his home country, Moravian Slovakia. Moravian Slovakia was specific part of Moravian countryside full of long lasting and still surviving folklore, folk traditions, peculiar vivacious characters and intact nature. As Auguste Rodin said during his visit of Moravian Slovakia in 1902 it was kind a Greek Helada overflowing with bright colours, sunshine and cheerful relaxed atmosphere. On the other side, common people lived there their uneasy rural lives with all ordinary worries and pleasures. Both sights of the issue were solved by Úprka's artworks. Very specific and the most significant part of his chef-d'oeuvre...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina Jorge.pdf: 3084239 bytes, checksum: 3de3e9558aa23fb366967551b5a3e910 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-13 / The intention of this research was to investigate as in the city of S?o Paulo, in elapsing of century XIX, the co-participation of knowing doctors to them, of engineering, of the architecture and the performance of the administrators they had implied in the modification in the urban configuration of the city and had defined a new structure in organization and functioning. It investigates, over all, the debate and practical the relative ones to the implantation of the hospitals, isolation hospitals, cemeteries and saint marries of mercy through the urban historical study of the S?o Paulo city. It tried to perceive how the urban practice implemented by the administrators through the doctors and engineers were based on the miasma theory. These buildings, according to related theory, would contain organic substance that when decomposing, exhaled miasmas, and therefore, they would have to be situated outside of the urban defined borders at that time. The studies had been made under the point of view of the public health, investigating the origin and formation of the buildings relating them, and the relation of these buildings with the urban way. It is also distinguished in this research, how the prescriptions in the medicine and architecture treaties about the salubrious of the cities, had been transferred to the legislation, through the Municipal Laws. By means of the law off August 30th of 1828, that it extinguished the positions of Physicist and Surgeon, the City councils had started to be responsible for public health and, through the Imperial Decree of October 1st of 1828, established it form of the elections of the members of the City councils and included the first Code of Positions in the organic law of the respective Chambers. / O prop?sito dessa pesquisa foi o de investigar como na cidade de S?o Paulo, no decorrer do s?culo XIX, a co-participa??o dos saberes m?dicos, da engenharia, da arquitetura e a atua??o dos administradores implicaram na modifica??o no tecido urbano da cidade e definiram uma nova estrutura de organiza??o e funcionamento. Investiga, sobretudo, o debate e as pr?ticas relativas ? implanta??o dos hospitais, lazaretos, cemit?rios e casas de miseric?rdia atrav?s do estudo hist?rico urban?stico da cidade de S?o Paulo. Procurou-se perceber como as pr?ticas urbanas implementadas pelos administradores atrav?s dos m?dicos e engenheiros aos seus servi?os estavam fundamentadas na teoria miasm?tica. Estes edif?cios, segundo a referida teoria, conteriam mat?ria org?nica que ao se decompor exalavam miasmas e, portanto, deveriam se localizar fora do meio urbano definido na ?poca. Os estudos foram feitos sob o ponto de vista da sa?de p?blica, investigando a origem e forma??o dos edif?cios relacionados ? mesma e a rela??o desses edif?cios com o meio urbano. Destaca-se nessa pesquisa tamb?m, como as prescri??es presentes nos tratados de medicina e arquitetura sobre a salubridade das cidades foram transferidas para a legisla??o, atrav?s das Posturas Municipais. Mediante a lei de 30 de agosto de 1828, que extinguiu os cargos de F?sico-mor e Cirurgi?o-mor, as C?maras Municipais passaram a ser respons?veis pela sa?de p?blica e, atrav?s do Decreto Imperial de 1? de outubro de 1828, estabeleceu-se a forma das elei??es dos membros das C?maras Municipais e incluiu-se o primeiro C?digo de Posturas na lei org?nica das respectivas C?maras.

The contextual study of the oriental imports and their local imitations discovered in the Early Iron Age cemeteries at Knossos is of great importance, as it reveals the attitude of the Knossian society towards imports coming from the Near East during a period that lasted more than four centuries. Another important part of this study is a coherent analysis of the distribution of the fully published tombs and cemeteries. The main argument of this thesis is that there were different elite groups at Knossos which were in competition with each other and, for this reason, used different clusters of tombs and/or cemeteries. It is argued that the oriental imports and their close copies were used by those different elite groups in order to mark political and ideologies differences. / El estudio contextual de las importaciones orientales y sus imitaciones producidas en Creta, descubiertas en los cementerios de la Edad del Hierro temprana de Cnosós, es de gran importancia porque nos revela cómo la sociedad de Cnosós reaccionó a las importaciones procedentes de Oriente Próximo durante un período que duró más de cuatro siglos. Otra parte importante de este estudio es un análisis coherente de la distribución de las tumbas y los cementerios cuyos datos han sido publicados en su totalidad y su asociación con las importaciones. El argumento principal de esta tesis es que hubo distintos grupos de élite que competían unos con otros y por eso utilizaron tumbas y cementerios distintos. Estos grupos también utilizaron las importaciones orientales y sus imitaciones con el fin de marcar sus diferencias, políticas e ideológicas.

Orientador: Sidney Chalhoub / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:09:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sial_VanessaVivianeDeCastro_M.pdf: 24681420 bytes, checksum: 3b203dcdd5968b58423026a2a3ba5eab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa, a partir do projeto de construção do Cemitério Público Bom Jesus da Redenção no Recife do século XIX, como se deram as transformações dos costumes fúnebres, mediante a imposição de normas sanitárias relacionadas às práticas funerárias tradicionais, que eram entendidas pelos médicos higienistas como um dos fatores de propagação das epidemias. Neste sentido, os cemitérios extramuros desencadearam novas práticas culturais e adaptações nas atitudes diante da morte. Os médicos higienistas, que influenciaram decisivamente na elaboração e aprovação destas normas sanitárias pelo poder público, acreditavam que os corpos cadavéricos eram possíveis focos de emanações miasmáticas, sendo agentes de grande poder de infecção do ar, causadores de toda sorte de epidemias na cidade. A proibição dos sepultamentos nas igrejas gerou múltiplos pontos de discussão e conflitos na sociedade recifense do século XIX, assim como ocorreu em várias outras cidades brasileiras: dentro do poder público, na elaboração de leis e regulamentos para as novas práticas fúnebres, como também na população, que viu suas crenças mais íntimas ameaçadas, sobretudo entre membros de irmandades religiosas e os emergentes comerciantes dos novos serviços mortuários. Ademais, o estudo das transformações dos costumes fúnebres foi fundamental para a compreensão do conflito entre a Igreja e o Estado na segunda metade do século XIX, sobretudo pela negação da Igreja em conceber o direito dos não-católicos a serem sepultados nos cemitérios públicos, interpretados como elementos decisivos no processo de secularização da morte no Brasil oitocentista / Abstract: From the study of the construction project of the Public Cemetery Bom Jesus da Redenção, in the XIXth century Recife, this work analyses how the traditional funerary customs were modified after the imposed new sanitary norms. In this sense, the outdoor cemeteries triggered new cultural practices and new adapted attitudes related to death. The hygienist physicians, decisively influencing the elaboration and approval of these norms by the public authorities, believed that the dead bodies were possible focuses of miasmatic emanations, becoming powerful infectious agents of the air, and sources of all possible epidemies in the city. The prohibition of burials inside churches originated many arguments and conflicts in the Recife's society of the XIX century, as also happened in other Brazilian cities: into the public authority, in the elaboration of laws and regulations regarding the new burial practices, as well as in the population, that perceived as menaced its most intimate burial practices, mostly between those belonging to religious fraternities and emerging dealers of the new funereal services. Besides, the study of the transformations of the funereal customs was fundamental to the understanding of the conflict between Church and State in the second half of the XIX century, mostly because of the Church refusal in accept the right of the non-catholic to be buried in the public cemeteries, viewed as decisive elements for the secularization of the death in the eighteenth century Brazil / Mestrado / Historia Social / Mestre em História

The dead have a lot to say, but in the fast-paced context of ultra-capitalist societies, who has the time to listen? If social sciences and societies have depicted death in the West as denied, the dying as abandoned and the dead as forgotten, then how do we reconcile this dark portrait with the importance of The End in the stories of our lives? One cannot help but wonder: what kind of relationships do westerners truly foster with death? This study proposes a new reading of the practices and beliefs surrounding death in contemporary western societies by questioning the pessimistic death theories of the 20th century. The investigation raises two concerns, namely the possibility of an increased sense of loneliness among the dead and the dying, and the effects of technology and consumer lifestyles on alienating the aging and dying from the living. Drawing on Gramscian and Foucauldian theory on the concept of hegemony, the study combines historical and ethnographic data related to the domination of institutions and industries over death in the urbanized societies of Canada, France, the United States and England. To uncover the deeper hegemonic processes that shape the experience of death in the 21st century, the study goes back in time and retraces the changes that have occurred around death under different regimes. From the Early Middle Ages to the late capitalist era, the reader is brought on a journey across the changing landscape of death by means of 70 annotated illustrations which invite us to reflect on a central question, namely, what makes death a grave affair? Beginning with a sociohistorical analysis of the rise of individualism as linked to the disenchantment of death in the West, followed by an experiential ethnography of silence in one of North America’s largest sepulchral space—Montreal’s Mount Royal and Notre-Dame-des-Neiges cemeteries, the journey ends with an investigation of the affairs related to the commodification of death and aging in North America. The results of the study show that the possibilities of loneliness among the dead and the dying are not more significant today than they were in the past. The current landscape of death rather attests to an abundance of intentions which seek to highlight the importance of caring for and commemorating loved ones. What this finding reveals, is that western societies harbour misconceptions that undermine the complexity, richness and continuity of the bonds which keep the living and the dead engaged in a meaningful relationship that, we shall see, affords more possibilities than ends. / Les morts ont sans doute beaucoup à dire, mais dans le contexte effréné des sociétés ultracapitalistes, qui donc a le temps de les écouter ? Si, de prime abord, sciences sociales et sociétés dépeignent la mort en Occident contemporain comme étant niée, les défunts oubliés et les mourants délaissés, ce piètre portrait ne reflète pourtant pas l’importance que l’on attribue généralement à toute fin. À cet égard, nous serions en droit de nous demander ce qu’il en est vraiment de la relation des Occidentaux à ce destin inéluctable. Cette étude propose une nouvelle lecture des pratiques et perspectives entourant la mort dans les sociétés occidentales contemporaines en remettant en cause les théories pessimistes de la mort issues du 20e siècle. Deux enjeux sont soulevés, le premier concerne la possibilité d’une solitude accrue chez les morts et les mourants ; et le deuxième vise à comprendre si et comment diverses forces individualisantes du capitalisme — telles que la technologie ou la surconsommation — auraient contribuées à les isoler du vivant. Avec l’éclairage qu’apportent Gramsci et Foucault sur la notion d’hégémonie, la recherche met en dialogue diverses données ethnographiques et historiques relatives à la domination des industries et des institutions de la mort dans les sociétés urbanisées du Canada, de la France, des États-Unis et de l’Angleterre. Afin de comprendre les dynamiques qui sous-tendent l’expérience de la mort au 21e siècle, l’étude remonte dans le temps et retrace les changements qui se sont produits autour de la Grande faucheuse sous différents régimes. Du christianisme médiéval jusqu’à l’ère capitaliste, le lecteur est invité à parcourir 70 illustrations annotées — voyage qui l’incite à se pencher sur une question principale, à savoir, qu’est-ce qui fait de la mort une grave affaire ? Débutant par une analyse sociohistorique sur la montée de l’individualisme en Occident comme étant liée à un désenchantement envers la mort, suivie d’une ethnographie expérientielle du silence dans l’un des plus grands sites funéraires d’Amérique du Nord — les cimetières Mont-Royal et Notre-Dame-des-Neiges de Montréal, le parcours se termine par une enquête sur la marchandisation du vieillissement et de la mort en Amérique du Nord. Les résultats de l’étude révèlent que la solitude des morts et des mourants n’est pas plus grande aujourd’hui que dans le passé. Qui plus est, le paysage actuel de la fin de vie atteste d’un foisonnement d’intentionnalités qui visent à souligner l’importance de prendre soin des êtres chers et de les commémorer. L’approche anthropologique de ce mémoire démontre que les sociétés occidentales entretiennent des préjugés qui masquent la complexité, la richesse et la continuité des liens que tisse l’imaginaire entre morts et vivants — une co-construction qui, on le verra, ouvre plus de possibilités qu’elle ne scelle de fins.