無 / The objective of this study is to establish a base for understanding inflexibility, with different kinds of integration problems being examined and explained. Studies of process integration have focused mostly on the design and management of efficient operation with information technology but very little on the difficulty in making changes with tightly linked processes. In order to eliminate risks of integration failure, there is a need for deep understanding of the types and causes of inflexibility with process integration. Based on the literature and industry experience of process integration and enterprise flexibility/inflexibility, this study proposes that inflexibility can be classified as either operational, organizational, or systems inflexibility. Sources of inflexibility have been investigated from views of business design, users’ willingness and capability, and systems designers’ designs. Cases studied shown that these three sources of inflexibility are interrelated and can reciprocally affect business performance. Companies applying process integration may eliminate the risk of integration downsides by carefully managing business design, user willingness and system design capability. Only with a broad and thorough view of the system, people and process interactions can a firm capitalize its investment in process integration.

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abstract: Decades ago in the U.S., clear lines delineated which neighborhoods were acceptable for certain people and which were not. Techniques such as steering and biased mortgage practices continue to perpetuate a segregated outcome for many residents. In contrast, ethnic enclaves and age restricted communities are viewed as voluntary segregation based on cultural and social amenities. This diversity surrounding the causes of segregation are not just region-wide characteristics, but can vary within a region. Local segregation analysis aims to uncover this local variation, and hence open the door to policy solutions not visible at the global scale. The centralization index, originally introduced as a global measure of segregation focused on spatial concentration of two population groups relative a region's urban center, has lost relevancy in recent decades as regions have become polycentric, and the index's magnitude is sensitive to the particular point chosen as the center. These attributes, which make it a poor global measure, are leveraged here to repurpose the index as a local measure. The index's ability to differentiate minority from majority segregation, and its focus on a particular location within a region make it an ideal local segregation index. Based on the local centralization index for two groups, a local multigroup variation is defined, and a local space-time redistribution index is presented capturing change in concentration of a single population group over two time periods. Permutation based inference approaches are used to test the statistical significance of measured index values. Applications to the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area show persistent cores of black and white segregation over the years 1990, 2000 and 2010, and a trend of white segregated neighborhoods increasing at a faster rate than black. An analysis of the Phoenix area's recently opened light rail system shows that its 28 stations are located in areas of significant white, black and Hispanic segregation, and there is a clear concentration of renters over owners around most stations. There is little indication of statistically significant change in segregation or population concentration around the stations, indicating a lack of near term impact of light rail on the region's overall demographics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2012

A Avenida Assis Brasil, na zona norte de Porto Alegre, é uma importante centralidade para a metrópole e sua região de influência. Nesta avenida convergem grandes contingentes populacionais diariamente, estes deslocamentos se dão pela concentração de grandes centros comerciais, hospital, shoppings centers, supermercados, além de muitos outros serviços, todos, ligados pelas mais de cem linhas de ônibus que circulam pela avenida. Esta centralidade faz parte da história de Porto Alegre, ela começou a ser formada na década de 1930 com os primeiros movimentos de urbanização através de loteamentos feitos nesta área, além disso, após a década de 1940 inúmeras indústrias situaram-se próximas à avenida à fim de aproveitar as vantagens locacionais. O espaço urbano desta área ganhou importância através do desenvolvimento do comércio local, que é alternativa ao centro da metrópole. As tendências atuais da metropolização tornam este processo mais complexo. Hoje em dia a financeirização do espaço tem levado à produção de inúmeros prédios e vem sendo o motor da urbanização nesta centralidade. O trabalho se propõe a ser um estudo sobre a influência dos diferentes tempos históricos na constituição da centralidade da Avenida Assis Brasil, utilizando o método regressivo-progressivo de Lefebvre. Buscaremos entender os momentos do percebido, do concebido e do vivido na centralidade da zona norte porto-alegrense, da sua constituição até o estágio atual da metropolização. Como resultado, conseguimos estabelecer relações entre o tipo de ocupação dos prédios com seu tempo estimado de construção. Além disso, a metodologia nos proporcionou à vermos novas tendências de urbanização em parte da Avenida. / Assis Brasil Avenue, in the north of Porto Alegre, is an important center for the metropolis and its region of influence. In this avenue converges large population contingents daily, these displacements are given by the concentration of big shopping centers, hospital, shopping malls, supermarkets, in addition to many other services, all linked by more than one hundred bus lines that circulate along the avenue. This centrality is part of the history of Porto Alegre, it began to be formed in the 1930s with the first urbanization movements through subdivisions made in this area, moreover, after the 1940s countless industries were located near the avenue for locational advantages. The urban space of this area gained importance through the development of local commerce, which rivals the center of the metropolis. Current trends in metropolization make this process more complex. Nowadays the financialization of space has led to the production of numerous buildings and has been the motor of urbanization in this centrality. This work proposes to be a study of the influence of different historical times in the constitution of the centrality of Avenida Assis Brasil, using Lefebvre's regressive-progressive method, we will try to understand the moments of perceived, conceived and lived in the centrality of the north port zone from its constitution to the present stage of metropolization. As a result, we have been able to establish relationships between the type of occupation of the buildings with their estimated time of construction. In addition, the methodology has given us to see new trends of urbanization in part of the Avenue.

A Avenida Assis Brasil, na zona norte de Porto Alegre, é uma importante centralidade para a metrópole e sua região de influência. Nesta avenida convergem grandes contingentes populacionais diariamente, estes deslocamentos se dão pela concentração de grandes centros comerciais, hospital, shoppings centers, supermercados, além de muitos outros serviços, todos, ligados pelas mais de cem linhas de ônibus que circulam pela avenida. Esta centralidade faz parte da história de Porto Alegre, ela começou a ser formada na década de 1930 com os primeiros movimentos de urbanização através de loteamentos feitos nesta área, além disso, após a década de 1940 inúmeras indústrias situaram-se próximas à avenida à fim de aproveitar as vantagens locacionais. O espaço urbano desta área ganhou importância através do desenvolvimento do comércio local, que é alternativa ao centro da metrópole. As tendências atuais da metropolização tornam este processo mais complexo. Hoje em dia a financeirização do espaço tem levado à produção de inúmeros prédios e vem sendo o motor da urbanização nesta centralidade. O trabalho se propõe a ser um estudo sobre a influência dos diferentes tempos históricos na constituição da centralidade da Avenida Assis Brasil, utilizando o método regressivo-progressivo de Lefebvre. Buscaremos entender os momentos do percebido, do concebido e do vivido na centralidade da zona norte porto-alegrense, da sua constituição até o estágio atual da metropolização. Como resultado, conseguimos estabelecer relações entre o tipo de ocupação dos prédios com seu tempo estimado de construção. Além disso, a metodologia nos proporcionou à vermos novas tendências de urbanização em parte da Avenida. / Assis Brasil Avenue, in the north of Porto Alegre, is an important center for the metropolis and its region of influence. In this avenue converges large population contingents daily, these displacements are given by the concentration of big shopping centers, hospital, shopping malls, supermarkets, in addition to many other services, all linked by more than one hundred bus lines that circulate along the avenue. This centrality is part of the history of Porto Alegre, it began to be formed in the 1930s with the first urbanization movements through subdivisions made in this area, moreover, after the 1940s countless industries were located near the avenue for locational advantages. The urban space of this area gained importance through the development of local commerce, which rivals the center of the metropolis. Current trends in metropolization make this process more complex. Nowadays the financialization of space has led to the production of numerous buildings and has been the motor of urbanization in this centrality. This work proposes to be a study of the influence of different historical times in the constitution of the centrality of Avenida Assis Brasil, using Lefebvre's regressive-progressive method, we will try to understand the moments of perceived, conceived and lived in the centrality of the north port zone from its constitution to the present stage of metropolization. As a result, we have been able to establish relationships between the type of occupation of the buildings with their estimated time of construction. In addition, the methodology has given us to see new trends of urbanization in part of the Avenue.

The problem of this study was to answer the question: "How to community groups participate in the formation and interim operation of unified school districts?" Interim operation is the period of time following a successful election when the newly chosen governing board is preparing for the actual operation of the district, which occurs on the first succeeding or second succeeding July 1, depending upon the date of the election.4 The first purpose of this research was to discover (1) the attitudes of community groups toward unification, (2) the manner in which community groups supported or opposed unification, and (3) the ways that community groups involved themselves with the governing boards in the interim operation of the new districts. The second purpose was to recommend changes in legislation The third purpose was to recommend guidelines to local communities for otimum participation in the unification movement.

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