This thesis deals with the investigations on the nonlinear electrical and manganetotransport properties of polycrystalline multi-phase ceramic composites of Zno/pervoskite manganite. Multifunctional properties are studied such as the enhanced low-field magnetoresistance(LFMR). magnetically tuneable low-voltage nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) characteristics with larger nonlinearity coefficients suitable for semiconducting and magnetoelectric devices. A brief introduction on the structure-property correlations, electronic and magnetic structures, nonlinear electrical conduction, phase separation, grain size and grain boundary effects on transport properties of manganites are presented. The nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of ZnO based varistors are also summarized. The thesis describes the synthesis of the ceramics and the methodology of different techniques utilized in characterizing the samples. The phase conversions in calcium manganite with changing Ca/Mn ratios as well as the oxygen non-stoichiometry and their influence on electrical transport properties were studied. The realization of low-voltage varistors prepared from ZnO+ CaMnO3 ceramic composites was described. An energy band model consisting of n-p-n heterojunctions of n-ZnO1-γ:Mn/p-CMZO/n-ZnO1 γ:Mn has been proposed in order to explain the large nonlinearity coefficients obtained at low field-strengths of 1.8 to 12 V/mm. The detailed investigationos on the structural identification and physico-chemical analyses of Ca4Mn7Zn3O21-δ(CMZO) phases having the beta-alumina or magnetoplumbite-type structures were carried out. The thesis also embodies the magnetically tuneable nonlinear I-V characteristics and the magnetotransport properties of ZnO/La(Sr)MnO3 and ZnO/La(Ca,Sr)MnO3 ceramic composites. The present investigations demonstrate that the ferromagnetic insulating (FMI) La06 Sr04Mn1-yZnyO3(y = 3 to 8 at.%) when present as minor phase in ZnO1- γ:Mn ceramics enables in attaining magnetically tunealbe nonlinear I-V characteristics. Wherein, the dominant ZnO1- γ:Mn phase remains paramagnetic. The results also indicate that the prevalence of ferromagnetism in ZnO1-γ:Mn is not significant for realizing magnetically tuneable I-V curves. The controversial results related to the existence of ferromagnetism in ZnO(doped)leading to diluted magnetic semiconductors(DMS) have been investigated. Another novel aspect of the present work is the low-field magnetoresistive(LFMR) property of ZnO/La(Sr)MnO3 and ZnO/La(Ca.Sr)MnO3 ceramic composites which been explained on the basis of spin-polarised tunneling across the intergrain regions. The influence of Zn2+ as a diamagnetic substitutent in modifying the crystallographic phase content, electrical transport and magnetic properties of Lao6Sro4MnO3 were studied in detail. The results point towards the fact the large decrease of Tc and Ms at lower Zn contents(≤ 8 at.%)is due to the dominant role played by the excess oxygen vacancy (Vo) as an electron donor in p-type Lao6Sro4Mn1-yZnyO3-δ rather than the charge compensatively predictable values. The modifications of electronic and magnetotransport properties were carried out on Lao6Sro4MnO3 substituted with diamagnetic ions such as Mg2+ - Al3+ - Ti4+ - Nb5+ - Mo6+ or W6+ at Mn-sublattice. The TEM studies including HREM results point to the fact the large ΔT(= Tc-TM-1)is accountable in terms of charge conduction within the electronically heterogeneous phase mixtures of charge ordered insulating (CO1) bi-stripes prevailing within the charge disordered FMI phases.

Este trabalho compreendeu os estudos de síntese química de pós por via úmida, de processamento cerâmico e de redução do óxido de níquel contido nos compósitos de céria dopada com samária e gadolínia, aplicados, principalmente, como anodos de Células a Combustível de Óxido Sólido. A rota adotada para a preparação dos pós com composição Ce0,8(SmGd)0,2O1,9/NiO e proporção em massa de 40 : 60% foi a coprecipitação de hidróxidos associada ao tratamento solvotérmico, utilizando-se como matérias-primas cloretos de cério, níquel, samário e gadolínio. O surfactante aniônico brometo de cetil trimetil amônio (CTAB) também foi utilizado na etapa de precipitação na relação molar Metal / CTAB entre 1 e 3. A influência do solvente orgânico utilizado no tratamento solvotérmico dos pós foi analisada utilizando o etanol, propanol e o butanol, nas condições de temperatura de 150ºC por 16 h, com e sem calcinação a 600ºC por 1h, e moagem em moinho de bolas. As amostras compactadas foram sinterizadas em temperaturas entre 1200 e 1400ºC por 1h. A redução in situ do NiO-SGDC foi estudada na amostra cerâmica preparada nas seguintes condições: síntese por coprecipitação usando ou não o CTAB, tratamento solvotérmico em butanol, calcinação a 600ºC, prensagem e sinterização a 1350ºC por 1h. O processo de redução das amostras sintetizadas em butanol foi avaliado em forno tubular em atmosfera dinâmica de 4%H2/Ar, fixando-se a temperatura a 900°C e variando-se o tempo entre 10 e 120 minutos. A redução também foi relizada nos compósitos sintetizados utilizando o CTAB na proporção Metal/CTAB = 2, tratados termicamente em etanol e butanol, após calcinação, prensagem e sinterização em forno tubular sob atmosfera de H2/Ar em isotermas de 700, 800 e 900°C por períodos entre 2 e 240 minutos. Os pós, as cerâmicas e os compósitos sintetizados em laboratório foram comparados com os materiais compósitos produzidos com pós de origem comercial. A caracterização dos pós foi realizada por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), área de superfície específica por adsorção gasosa de nitrogênio (BET), análise térmica (TG/DTA) e distribuição granulométrica por espalhamento de feixe laser (Cilas). As cerâmicas foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, DRX e medidas de densidade pela técnica de imersão em água (método de Arquimedes). As cerâmicas e os compósitos foram caracterizados eletricamente por medidas de resistência elétrica pelo método de quatro pontas DC. Os resultados mostraram que os pós sem calcinação apresentaram as estruturas cristalinas características da céria e do hidróxido de níquel, e elevada área de superfície específica (80 m2/g). As cerâmicas provenientes dos pós tratados com etanol e propanol apresentaram boa homogeneidade química, estrutural e valores de densidade de 99% em relação a densidade teórica. Verificou-se que 80 a 90% do NiO é reduzido e as porosidades atingidas pelos compósitos são da ordem de 30%. A caracterização elétrica mostrou que a condutividade iônica da fase cerâmica do anodo, sintetizado solvotermicamente em butanol, possui valor de 0,03S.cm-1 na temperatura de 600°C, valor superior aos encontrados na literatura. A caracterização elétrica dos compósitos reduzidos revelou alta condutividade elétrica característica do níquel metálico, indicando percolação adequada da fase de níquel e distribuição homogênea de ambas fases cerâmica e metálica. As rotas de síntese e os materiais estudados são, portanto, adequados para a aplicação como anodo das IT-SOFCs. / This work comprises studies of powder chemical synthesis by wet route, ceramic processing and reduction of nickel oxide added to samaria and gadolinia doped ceria ceramic composite, mainly applied as Solid Oxide Fuel Cells anode. The route adopted for the powders preparation with composition Ce0.8(SmGd)0.2O1.9/NiO and mass ratio of 40:60% was hydroxides coprecipitation and solvothermal treatment, using as start materials the cerium, nickel, samarium and gadolinium chlorides. The anionic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was also used in the precipitation stage with the molar ratio Metal/CTAB ranging between 1 and 3. The influence of organic solvent used in the powders solvothermal treatment was analyzed by using ethanol, propanol and butanol at temperature of 150°C for 16h, with and without calcination at 600°C for 1h, and grinding in a ball mill. The compacted samples were sintered at temperatures between 1200 and 1400°C for 1h. The in situ reduction of NiO-SGDC was studied in the samples synthesized by coprecipitation using CTAB and without it, followed by solvothermal treatment in butanol, calcined at 600°C, pressed and sintered at 1350°C for 1h. The reduction procedure was evaluated in a tubular oven and atmosphere of 4% H2/Ar, setting the temperature at 900°C and time range between 10 and 120 minutes. The composites synthesized using the CTAB in the proportion of Metal/CTAB = 2, followed by solvothermal treatment in ethanol and butanol, after calcining, compaction and sintering, was also reduced in a tubular oven and atmosphere of 4% H2/Ar, setting the temperature at 700, 800 and 900°C and time range between 2 and 240 minutes. The powders, ceramics and the sinterized cermets syntesized in laboratory were compared to the materials produced with comercial powders. The powders characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area by nitrogen gas adsorption (BET), thermal analysis (TG / DTA) and particle size distribution by scattering beam laser (Cilas). Ceramics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD and density measurements by the technique of immersion in water (Archimedes method). The ceramics and cermets condutivity was characterized by the four probe DC method. The results obtained showed that the powders without calcination presented the crystal structures characteristics of ceria and nickel hydroxide, and high specific surface area (80m2/g) . The ceramic prepared from powders treated with ethanol and propanol had a high chemical and structural homogeneity and density values corresponding to 99% of the theoretical density. It was found that 80 to 90 % of NiO is reduced and the porosity of the composite reached about of 30 %. The anode ceramic phase synthesized solvothermically in butanol presented electrical conductivity of 0.03S.cm-1 at 600°C, higher than found at literature. The reduced cermets electrical characterization showed high electrical conductivity feature of metallic nickel, indicating the nickel phase good percolation and homogeneous distribution of both ceramic and metallic phases. Considering all these results, the synthesis routes and studied materials are suitable for use as the anode IT- SOFCs.

Os resíduos sólidos galvânicos despertam especial atenção, devido à sua composição tóxica. Tais resíduos geralmente são estocados nas empresas de galvanoplastia, criando um preocupante passivo ambiental, em particular, nas áreas densamente povoadas, como a zona leste da cidade de São Paulo, que, por sua vez, possui um pólo de empresas de galvanoplastia do setor de cromação. Face ao pressuposto, na primeira parte do trabalho, um estudo foi realizado com a compilação dos dados de empresas galvânicas situadas na zona leste de São Paulo, abordando aspectos socioeconômicos e de processo, que influenciam na geração e na destinação dos resíduos sólidos industriais. Na segunda parte do trabalho, amostras selecionadas de resíduos sólidos foram avaliadas quanto às suas características químicas e físico-químicas e foi apresentada a viabilidade do uso tecnológico visando o aproveitamento destes resíduos. Os principais resultados obtidos mostraram que nas dezessete empresas visitadas são geradas 106 toneladas de resíduos sólidos por ano e estes são armazenados em condições precárias, podendo afetar a população vizinha em caso de acidentes ambientais. Os resíduos constituídos majoritariamente por Ni, Cr, B, Cu, Ca, S, C, Na, Fe e Zn, quando aquecidos até 1400°C, apresentaram formações de compostos identificados como Ca2Cr2O5, BaCrO4, NiCr2O4, CuCrO2, CaSO4, Ni2SiO4, NiO e CuO. Estes compostos são difíceis de serem obtidos e, por si só, apresentam potencial para comercialização como matérias-primas para a produção de produtos cerâmicos. Os resíduos sólidos galvânicos foram incorporados em matrizes vítreas, indicando uma alternativa satisfatória e de baixo custo para a inertização dos constituintes nocivos à saúde. Os vidros obtidos apresentaram aspectos coloridos, podendo ser utilizados como produtos finais ou como matérias-primas para a produção de esmaltes cerâmicos ou pigmentos inorgânicos. Existem diversas possibilidades de destinação dos lodos galvânicos e, independente de qual seja adotada, conclui-se que é de extrema importância a sua retirada de dentro das empresas, para eliminar o enorme e crescente passivo ambiental. / Solid galvanic waste has attracted special attention due to its toxic composition. These wastes are usually stored in galvanic companies, creating a worrying environmental liability, especially in densely populated areas, as eastern side of São Paulo city, which area has many galvanic companies of chroming sector. Therefore, on the first part of this research, a study was made with the collection of informations of the galvanic companies situated on the eastern side of São Paulo, considering the socioeconomics aspects and process, which interfere on the destination and generation of the industrials solid waste. On the second part of the research, selected samples of the solid waste were analyzed related to its chemical and physical-chemical characteristics and it was showed the viability of technological using viewing the utilization of this waste. The main results show that in the seventeen companies visited, 106 tons/year of solid waste have been produced and being stored in precarious conditions, may affecting the neighbor population in case of environment accidents. The waste mainly composed of Ni, Cr, B, Cu, Ca, S, C, Na, Fe and Zn, when heated up to 1400°C, showed compounds formations identified such as Ca2Cr2O5, BaCrO4, NiCr2O4, CuCrO2, CaSO4, Ni2SiO4, NiO and CuO. This compounds are difficult to obtain and are economically important as raw materials for the ceramic products production. The solid galvanic waste were incorporated into the glassy matrix, indicating that this technique is a good alternative and with low cost for the inertization of these chemical compounds, which are harmful to the health. The glasses are colorful, and can be used as final products or as raw materials for the production of ceramic enamel or inorganic pigments. There are many possibilities of destination of the galvanic waste and, independent of which one is adopted, it may be concluded that is of extreme importance to take it out of the companies, to eliminate the enormous and growing environmental liability.

<div> <div> <div> <p>Transparent alumina is a candidate material for ballistic applications where visible or infrared wavelength transmission is required. However, the transparency of polycrystalline alumina can be limited due to the rhombohedral crystal structure being inherently birefringent. Birefringence causes light scattering at grain boundaries and is detrimental to the transparency. It has been shown experimentally that the application of a high magnetic field during processing can lead to crystallographic alignment and the reduction of birefringent light scattering. This alignment method is effective but is limited in terms of scalability. This research addresses these limitations through the use of simple and cost-effective shear and elongational forming processes such as uniaxial warm pressing and direct ink writing (DIW) for the improvement of final sintered transparency. To further support the improvement of these processes as alternatives and to evaluate the possibility of using powder ratios to improve the alignment, this research will also investigate the sintering behavior during hot-pressing of equiaxed and platelet powders. </p> <p>Platelet ceramic-filled thermoplastic blends were developed and formed into sheets through uniaxial warm pressing. The solids loading (30 – 40 vol.%) and platelet diameter (1.2 and 11μm) were varied to compare effects on viscosity, percent reduction, and final alignment. All ceramic- filled thermoplastic polymer blends exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. Crystallographic alignment of green body samples was quantified by the orientation parameter (r) and grain misalignment angle (full width at half maximum, FWHM) obtained from rocking curve analysis. Blends with 11μm diameter platelets displayed a higher temperature sensitivity constant, better flow properties, and higher alignment compared to blends with 1.2μm diameter platelets. Optimal samples produced with blends containing 30 vol.% of 11μm diameter platelets demonstrated an alignment of r = 0.251 +/- 0.017; FWHM = 11.16° +/- 1.16°. A sample with optimal alignment was hot-pressed to transparency and obtained an in-line transmission of 70.0% at 645nm. The final alignment of this pre-aligned hot-pressed sample (r = 0.254 +/- 0.008; FWHM = 11.38° +/- 0.54°) improved when compared to a non-pre-aligned sample (r = 0.283 +/- 0.005; FWHM = 13.40° +/- 0.38°).</p><p>Additionally, the use of direct ink writing, an additive manufacturing technique, as a viable alignment process for producing transparent alumina was investigated. Highly loaded (> 54 vol.%) equiaxed alumina suspensions were developed with platelet additions ranging from 0-20vol.% of the total solids loading. An increase in the amount of platelet powders from 5-20vol.% increased the dynamic yield stress from 104Pa to 169Pa and decreased in the equilibrium storage modulus from 17,036Pa to 13,816Pa. It was found that the DIW process significantly increased the alignment in one orientation when compared to samples cast from the same suspensions and this behavior may be connected to the rheological properties. Lastly, an optical analysis showed that sample developed with 5vol.% platelet suspensions had higher in-line transmission values across the visible spectrum when compared to samples developed with 20vol.% suspensions. A sample cast from a 5vol.% platelet suspensions had the lowest grain alignment but possessed an in-line transmission of 42.8% at 645nm, which was the highest of the samples produced in this study. An optical loss analysis showed, that this sample has the lowest backwards scattering losses due to residual porosity and this result was supported by the density data. It is suggested that the alignment of the DIW samples is more complex and a more advanced texture analysis will need to be conducted to properly characterize the grain alignment.</p><p>Lastly, the densification behavior of equiaxed and platelet powder ratios with no intentional pre-alignment was investigated. An initial sintering investigation identified the optimum maximum pressure selected for the hot-pressing process as 20MPa. Under the selected hot- pressing parameters, the effects of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100wt.% equiaxed powder additions on the sintering behavior, optical properties, and grain alignment was investigated. The data showed that an increase in the amount of equiaxed powders decreased the initial powder compact displacements rate. Additionally, an increase in the wt.% equiaxed powders from 0wt% to 75wt% decreases the in-line transmission from 70.9% to 40.2%, respectively at 645nm. Lastly, an increase in the wt.% equiaxed powders from 0wt% to 75wt decreased the alignment from (r = 0.321 +/- 0.005; FWHM = 16.26° +/- 0.40°) to (r = 0.509 +/- 0.022; FWHM = 34.63° +/- 2.61°), respectively.</p></div></div></div>