Les céréales domestiques, blé et orge, sont apparues sur plusieurs sites éloignés du Proche-Orient à partir de précurseurs sauvages originaire d'Anatolie. Cette thèse propose que la domestication de ces céréales est le résultat de quatre étapes successives et indépendantes: 1) au Natoufien ancien, une sédentarisation a augmenté la fertilité en rapprochant les naissances. Ceci a créé un nouveau besoin en aliments de sevrage qui a rendu les céréales indispensables comme ressource alimentaire. La croissance démographique a fait évoluer la structure sociale des communautés des groupes familiaux à des groupes locaux; 2) au Natoufien récent, la crise environnementale du Dryas récent a obligé certaines communautés à combler leurs besoins en céréales avec les premières mises en culture. Ces communautés ont réussi à maintenir leur vie sédentaire, leur population et leurs capacités technologiques en rigidifiant leur structure sociale en chefferies; 3) au PPNA, une expansion coloniale des communautés qui ont survécu au Dryas récent a transplanté les céréales sauvages dans l'ensemble du Proche-Orient en les adaptant à des sols et des climats nouveaux; 4) au PPNB, la recherche d'une plus grande productivité et un heureux hasard ont fait apparaître les céréales domestiques sur quelques sites. La domestication des céréales au Proche-Orient est donc le résultat d'un processus évolutif qui a modifié à la fois le contexte socio-culturel des communautés humaines et leur relation aux céréales. / Domestic cereals, wheat and barley, appeared at several distant sites in the Near East from wild progenitors from Anatolia. This thesis suggests that domestication of these cereals was the result of four successive and independant steps: 1) during early Natufian, sedentarisation raised fertility by decreasing the time inteval between consecutive births. This created a new need for weaning foods, so that cereals became a necessary part of subsistance. The increase in population led the social structure of communities to evolve from family groups into local groups; 2) during late Natufian, the Younger Dryas environmental crisis forced some communities to meet their needs for cereals by initiating their first cultivations. These communities could remain sedentary and maintain both their population and their technological potential by rigidifying their social structures into chiefdoms; 3) during PPNA, a colonial expansion of communities that survived the Younger Dryas transplanted wild cereals throughout the Near East and adapted them to new soils ans climates; 4) during PPNB, the search for an increased productivity and some chance led to the appearance of domestic cereals at some sites. Cereal domestication in the Near East thus appears as resulting from an evolutionary process which modified both the socio-cultural context of human communities and their relationship to cereals.

A produção de cereais constitui uma das atividades de maior importância para o Brasil. O país ocupa posições de liderança na produção mundial, e é um dos principais exportadores. Para que tal desempenho seja cada vez mais superado, o mercado requer custos de produção competitivos e esse se constitui em um dos grandes desafios atuais da agricultura brasileira. Quanto à participação no custo final de produção da tonelada, a operação de colheita é destaque dentre as etapas que compõem o processo produtivo das principais culturas de cereais. Nas culturas do milho e da soja, o custo de suas atividades oscila entre 30 a 40% do total das operações. Mediante tal significância, estratégias de otimização que visem a redução de seu custo operacional, e que ofereçam subsídios para o seu adequado planejamento tornam-se cada vez mais necessárias. Tendo em vista a aplicação de conceitos logísticos no planejamento e coordenação da operação de colheita como um recurso potencial para a redução de seu custo e para a melhoria da qualidade de sua realização, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar estratégias logísticas em sistemas de colheita de cereais. Em função da complexidade das inter-relações que os caracterizam, e do número envolvido de variáveis, optou-se por realizar as análises com base em um modelo computacional de simulação. SisColhe foi o nome escolhido ao programa de logística e simulação de colheita de cereais desenvolvido. As simulações características do estudo ocorreram a partir de três cenários hipotéticos. A partir do desenvolvimento dos cenários, norteou-se a avaliação das estratégias de colheita por seis distintas análises, compreendendo a definição do problema inicial e o desenvolvimento do algoritmo de simulação, a validação dos resultados do programa, a identificação dos parâmetros de maior contribuição para a formação do custo final da tonelada colhida e o entendimento das estruturas de custo e do desempenho operacional da maquinaria. Os resultados demonstraram que a parcela fixa dos custos possui maior participação na formação do custo final da tonelada colhida do que os variáveis, e que o fator de maior contribuição ao aporte de capital é o valor com o qual as colhedoras são adquiridas no mercado. A capacidade de colheita da frota de colhedoras é o parâmetro no qual residem os maiores potenciais de redução de custo. Essa regeu, inclusive, o desempenho dos demais equipamentos, carretas de transbordo e veículos de transporte, demonstrando um comportamento sistêmico entre os componentes da maquinaria. Em se tratando do custo de movimentação de produção, as atividades de carga e descarga dos veículos foram as responsáveis pela maior parcela na formação dos custos de transporte. No planejamento da colheita, o correto dimensionamento da frota, em conjunto com adoção de estratégias alternativas de incremento de desempenho operacional, mostraram-se estratégias viáveis em sistemas caracterizados pela retirada de grandes produções em curtos intervalos de tempo. Os resultados das simulações demonstraram que o SisColhe está apto a auxiliar a análise e a avaliação da colheita mecanizada de cereais. A lógica de comportamento da maquinaria e de suas inter-relações pôde ser reproduzida. As diferenças de validação mostraram-se aceitáveis face às simplificações impostas ao algoritmo e à variabilidade intrínseca ao ambiente agrícola. / Cereals production constitutes one of the most important agricultural activities to Brazil. The country occupies leadership positions in the world production, and it is one of the main exporters. So that such performance be each time more overcame, the market requests competitive production costs, and this is one of the brazilian agriculture great current challenges. Focusing the ton final production cost percentages distribution, the harvest operation is prominence among the main cereals cultures productive process stages. For corn and soybeans cultures, the cost of their activities oscillates among 30 to 40% of the total operations costs. By such significance, optimization strategies that seek for the reduction of its operational cost, and that create conditions for an better harvest planning become more and more necessary. Considering the application of logistical concepts in the harvest operation planning and coordination as a potential resource to the reduction of its cost and improvement of its accomplishment, the present work had for objective to analyze logistical strategies in cereals harvest systems. Due to the complexity of their interrelations, and to the involved variables number, it was decided to base the analyses on a computational simulation model. SisColhe was the chosen name to the logistics and cereals harvest simulation developed software. The simulations that compose the study happened taking in granted three hypothetical sceneries. The evaluation of the harvest strategies was oriented by six different analyses, comprising the initial problem definition and the development of the simulation algorithm, the program results validation, the most cost composition parameters identification and the cost structures and machinery operational performance behavior understanding. The results demonstrated that the fixed components have more participation in the harvest final cost composition than the varied ones, and the larger contribution factor to the capital a port is the value with which the harvesters are acquired. The fleet harvesters operational capacity is the parameter of largest cost reduction potential, since its influenced, besides, the performance of the others fleet equipments, demonstrating a systemic behavior among them. Taking in granted the cost of the production movement, the vehicles charge and discharge activities were the responsible for the largest transport costs portion. In the harvest planning, the correct fleet dimensioning, together with the adoption of performance increment alternative strategies were viable strategies in high productions and small time intervals characterized systems. The simulations results demonstrated that the SisColhe software is capable to aid the analysis and the evaluation of the cereals mechanized harvest. The machinery behavior logic and its interrelations could be reproduced. The validation differences were acceptable due to the algorithm simplifications imposed and to the intrinsic agricultural environmental variability.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de radiação gama no crescimento de Alternaria alternata e na produção das toxinas Alternariol (AOH) e Alternariol Monometil Éter (AME), em amostras de cereais. Como resultado, nos grãos de arroz e nas sementes girassol observou-se diminuição do número de UFC/g, proporcionalmente à dose de radiação utilizada. Nos grãos de trigo e milho, o aumento da dose, resultou-lhes aumento das UFC/g. A análise micotoxicológica revelou, nos grãos de trigo e sementes de girassol, menor produção de AOH. Já nos grãos de arroz e milho, o grupo irradiado com 5 kGy, foi o que mais produziu AOH. Resultado semelhante foi constatado em relação à produção de AME. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura possibilitou a visualização de alterações estruturais provocadas pelas diferentes doses de radiação gama. A análise dos padrões das toxinas AOH e AME irradiados, não sofreu alterações. / The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different gamma irradiation doses on the growth of Alternaria alternata and on production of mycotoxins Alternariol (AOH) and Alternariol Monomethyl Ether (AME) in cereal samples. The results showed a significant reduction in the number of CFU/g in rice grains and sunflower seeds, which were proportional to radiation dose used. However, in corn and wheat grains was observed an increase in the number of CFU/g with the increase of gamma irradiation. The radiation doses used resulted in a reduction of AOH levels. In rice and corn grains, the production of AOH was highest in the group irradiated with 5 kGy. Similar result was obtained with relation to AME. Scanning electron microscopy made it possible to visualize structural alterations on A. alternata induced by the different g-radiation doses used. Analysis of irradiated AOH and AME toxins standards didn´t show any alteration comparing to the control group.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Pasture Science)) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / Due to shortage of adequate pasture in large parts of South Africa, winter survival poses a problem to farmers. A shortage in winter grazing is the major problem on most farms in South Africa. Animals loose weight in winter which leads to low reproduction, production of milk, mutton and meat. The winter feed shortages counteract also the possible good performance of animals during summer. Winter supplementation contributes largely to high input costs in livestock production, which can make this enterprise uneconomically. This study was done at two different localities: Hygrotech’s experimental farm at Dewageningsdrift, Gauteng and Nooitgedacht Agricultural Development center, Mpumalunga. Five winter fodder crop cultivars (Witteberg oats, Overberg oats, LS 35 stooling rye, LS 62 stooling rye and Cloc 1 Triticale) were planted on six planting dates (05 April, 04 May, 06 June, 20 July, 20 August and 26 September). Five cutting treatments were applied on Dewageningsdrift:  First cut 8 weeks after planting and after that re-growth every six weeks (Ct 8),  First cut 10 weeks after planting and after that re-growth every six weeks (Ct 10),  First cut 12 weeks after planting and after that re-growth cut every six weeks (Ct 12),  First cut 14 weeks after planting and after that re-growth cut every six weeks (Ct 14),  First cut when more than 50% of plants were in the reproduction stage (RS). The same cultivars that were used at Dewageningsdrift were used on Nooitgedacht ADC. Only one planting date was applied here that was 02 February 2007. The cutting treatments differed also from that on Dewageningsdrift. Material was cut for the first time when it reached a grazing stage (± 50-60 cm high) and after that re-growth was measured four weeks. The main conclusions from the study were that, Witteberg oats has retained its nutritional value longer than other cultivars. LS 35 stooling rye was an early or short duration growing cultivar, if planted in February to April it will provide grazing early/Mid-winter. However it can also be planted in July to grow in spring. LS 62 stooling rye is a medium to long duration growing cultivar which optimum production period will be in late winter and spring. Witteberg oats is a medium/late producer and a long duration growing cultivar, thus if planted early (April) it can provide grazing until late winter. Overberg oats is an early/med long duration growing type, if planted in April it will produce mid-winter, planted in May to July it will produce late winter and planted in August it will provide spring grazing. Cloc 1 triticale is a long duration growing type. It will produce late winter when planted in April to July and in spring when planted in August/September.

Il fattore antisecretivo (AF) è una proteina secreta nel plasma e nei tessuti dei mammiferi, che ha dimostrato di essere un potente inibitore dell’ipersecrezione intestinale e dell'infiammazione. Dopo il bando degli AGP, diversi approcci nutrizionali finalizzati all’ottimizzazione della fase di transizione dello svezzamento e alla riduzione delle malattie intestinali sono stati proposti, ma con scarsi risultati rispetto agli antibiotici. Le diete in grado di indurre la secrezione endogena di AF potrebbero essere una valida alternativa agli AGP. Si ritiene che AF contenuto nel colostro e nel latte delle scrofe possa essere un fattore di protezione contro la diarrea nei suinetti. E’ stato dimostrato che è possibile incrementare il livello di AF nel plasma attraverso la dieta, sia nell’uomo che negli animali, con l’ingestione di cereali sottoposti ad un particolare processo idro-termico (HPC). In questa tesi è stato studiato l’effetto dell’aggiunta di HPC alla dieta di suinetti svezzati, sulle performance e sullo stato infiammatorio dell’epitelio intestinale. La supplementazione della dieta con HPC ha migliorato ADG e FCR durante tutto il periodo sperimentale. I valori I-FABP, considerato un parametro del danneggiamento della mucosa intestinale, nel plasma dei suinetti sono risultati bassi in tutti i gruppi e non influenzati dalla dieta. L'attività antisecretiva di AF-16, il dominio attivo della proteina, è stata valutata mediate su colture cellulari IPEC-J2 trattate con tossina colerica (CT) in Ussing chamber. AF-16 non ha inibito l’incremento di Isc indotto da CT. E’ stato osservato un ridotto incremento di Isc durante la somministrazione contemporanea di AF-16 e CT. L'attività anti-infiammatoria di AF-16 è stata studiata in colture di macrofagi RAW 264,7, trattati con LPS, e su macrofagi alveolari di suino stimolati con PMA. AF-16 ha ridotto la produzione di NO nei macrofagi stimolati con LPS in funzione del dosaggio, con maggiori effetti a dosaggi più elevati. L’effetto antiinfiammatorio di AF-16 non è stata confermata dai ROS test, neanche usando dosi elevate di peptide. I risultati confermano l’efficacia dei cereali HPC come promotori della crescita nei suinetti. Ulteriori studi in vitro sono necessari per capire il meccanismo d’azione di AF. / The antisecretory factor (AF) is a protein secreted in plasma and other tissue fluids in mammalians which was shown to be a potent inhibitor of intestinal fluid secretion and inflammation. After the AGP ban, several nutritional approaches aimed to the optimization of the weaning transition and reduction of gut diseases have been proposed, but the success rates are really low compared to antimicrobials. AF-inducing diets appear to be suitable alternatives to AGP. Indeed AF content in sows’ colostrum and milk appears to be a protection factor against diarrhoea in suckling piglets. Increased AF level in plasma by dietary means, such as feeding hydro-thermally processed cereals (HPC), has been demonstrated in human and animals. We tested the effect of two different HPC level of inclusion in a wheat-barley based diet on weaned piglets growth performance, reared in an experimental farm. The results confirmed the efficacy of HPC as growth promoters in piglet nutrition: HPC supplementation improved ADG and FCR. In vitro test were made to study the antisecretory and anti-inflammatory properties of the AF protein and its mechanism of action by using AF-16, the active region of the protein. The Ussing chamber experiments performed on polarized IPEC-J2 cells confirmed the neuronal involvement in the antisecretory activity of AF. In fact, AF-16 did not inhibit CT-induced Isc. A slower rate of Isc increase was observed during the simultaneous administration with AF-16 and CT. High dosages of AF-16 were found to reduce the LPS-stimulated NO production in RAW264.7 cell, thus supporting the hypothesis of an anti-inflammatory action. On the contrary, no significant results were obtained on PMA-stimulated ROS generation in pig alveolar macrophages.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Kaynakça var.

Coeliac disease is a chronic inflammatory disease treated with a gluten-free diet, excluding barley, rye and wheat. Hence, there is a demand for methods able to detect gluten in foods in order to ensure correct labeling of products. According to the Codex Alimentarius Commission, 20ppm gluten is the maximum amount allowed in food labeled gluten-free. PCR can detect DNA from cereals in food. Four real-time PCR-systems, using TaqMan®-probes for detection of barley, oat, rye and wheat were optimized and evaluated. Evaluations were carried out using seeds. Primers were targeted to genes coding for prolamines, seed storage proteins. PCR-systems targeted to barley, oat and wheat were shown to be specific for the cereals corresponding to each system. The system targeted to rye showed cross-reactions with durum wheat and spelt wheat. Detection limits were 50pg, corresponding to <10 haploid genome copies for each cereal. All systems were able to detect 250ppm amounts of DNA, most likely even smaller amounts are detectable. All systems showed an amplification efficiency of ≥95%. Systems for detection of barley, oat and wheat are ready for further evaluation, using food products as samples. The rye system however, needs to be re-designed before further evaluation can take place.

Certain aspects of our modern diet have been implicated in thedevelopment of non-communicable diseases. For instance, energyconsumed in excess of an individual's physiological requirements maylead to an increased risk of obesity, diabetes mellitus, gall bladder disease,coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and possibly some cancers.Although many of these diet-related diseases can be controlled by modernmedicine, they cannot be cured. Instead, prevention through public healthstrategies is the only satisfactory solution. One of the major strategies forprevention of diet-related diseases in Australia is to modify the nationaldiet (Rogers 1987). In April 1979, the Commonwealth Department of Health responded to theWorld Health Organisation's call for the development of national food andnutrition polices by proposing the Dietary Guidelines for Australians. "TheDietary Guidelines for Australians provide advice to the general populationabout healthy food choices, so that their usual diet contributes to ahealthy life-style and is consistent with minimal risk for the developmentof diet-related diseases" (National Health and Medical Research Council1992:ix). However, in order to achieve the aim of the dietary guidelines,supporting educational programs are required. This is because it isbelieved that as consumers become more informed about food, nutrition,health, and the dietary guidelines, they are more likely to begin changingtheir diet in the directions recommended by the CommonwealthDepartment of Health and Family Services (1998a). Public health professionals believe that behaviour-change theories arebeneficial in gaining an understanding of the evolution of peoples' foodand nutrition behaviours. Behaviour-change theories are typicallyintegrated into dietary interventions as a means of educating theAustralian population about healthy food choices. However, attempts tochange Australians' food and nutrition behaviours by applying behaviour-change theories have been adiaphorous. Therefore, public health professionals need to explore traditional food and nutrition practices inorder to determine more effective dietary change strategies for the Australian population. Qualitative research is complementary to existing quantitative studies onbehaviour-change. Since qualitative methodologies focus on the whole ofhuman experience and the meaning ascribed by individuals living theexperience, these methodologies permit broader understanding and deeperinsight into complex human behaviours such as food consumption thanwhat might be obtained from grossly measured quantitativeclassifications. Grounded theory was the qualitative methodology chosenfor this study because it allowed me to theorise about the rationale forconsumers' current food choices. Bread and Cereal consumption waschosen as an important staple food group in which to explore thisphenomenon. Thus, this research was designed to discover, understand,and theorise about the rationale for consumers' current Bread and Cerealfood choices. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with22 participants living in South-East Queensland. Adult males and femalesfrom three-generational families of varying ethnicity were recruited frommy personal network of associates. Interviews were analysed usinggrounded theory methodology for data analysis. The resulting Grounded Substantive Theory of Food Autonomy posits thatconsumers have different levels of power when it comes to selecting theBreads and Cereals they want to eat and that their power to choose themis governed by micro- and macroenvironmental forces.Microenvironmental forces envelop sociofamilial powers such as parents,partner, and offspring whereas macroenvironmental forces envelop thesociopolitical powers of the food industry, health professionals, andinstitutions. These forces influence a consumer's capacity to select theBreads and Cereals they want to eat. Consumers engage in the process ofinformation gathering in order to overcome these prevailing influences. The significance of the Grounded Substantive Theory of Food Autonomy asa means for explaining how consumers acquire food autonomy fromprevailing influences in order to eat the Breads and Cereals they desirehas important implications for public health nutrition education andpractice. An understanding of the life long nature underpinning a person'sfood behaviour will help nutrition and dietetic professionals understandbetter the range of change that is likely to be possible, and the best waysto facilitate food autonomy through appropriate education and compatibledietary interventions. Autonomy is not a new concept but when associatedwith food it introduces the public health professional to a paradoxicalperspective for studying consumers' food behaviour, which has beencustomarily looked at via the decision making process of food choice andbehaviour-change theories with adiaphorous effects.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Το πρόβλημα με τις μυκοτοξίνες είναι σημαντικό και δικαιολογημένα προκαλεί ανησυχίες. Αναφέρεται ως παγκόσμιος κίνδυνος και θεωρείται ως μία από τις πλέον σοβαρές προκλήσεις για την ασφάλεια των τροφίμων, την υγεία των ανθρώπων, των ζώων, και για τη σύγχρονη τοξικολογία. Με τον «όρο» μυκοτοξίνες εννοούμε τοξίνες οι οποίες παράγονται από μύκητες. Συγκεκριμένα πρόκειται για προϊόντα δευτερογενούς μεταβολισμού των μυκήτων (Aspergillus spp Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp, κ.α). Υπάρχει μία πληθώρα από διάφορες μυκοτοξίνες οι οποίες απαντώνται σε πολλές τροφές, όπως στο γάλα, στα δημητριακά, στους ξηρούς καρπούς, στα αποξηραμένα φρούτα, στο αλεύρι κ.α. που καταναλώνουν καθημερινά οι άνθρωποι, αλλά και σε ζωικές τροφές. ωστόσο μόνο για κάποιες από αυτές υπάρχουν τεκμηριωμένες μελέτες ενώ ακόμα λιγότερες είναι αυτές, για τις οποίες έχουν προσδιοριστεί τα νόμιμα επιτρεπτά όρια συγκέντρωσης στις τροφές, που καταναλώνονται καθημερινά. Οι μυκοτοξίνες θεωρούνται γενικά επικίνδυνες ενώσεις που παράγονται από ορισμένα είδη μυκήτων, οι οποίοι αναπτύσσονται σε προϊόντα αγροτικών καλλιεργειών είτε πριν τη συγκομιδή, είτε κατά την αποθήκευσή τους σε γεωργικές εγκαταστάσεις και παραμένουν δραστικές για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα και μετά την καταστροφή των μυκήτων από τους οποίους προήλθαν. Η εμφάνισή τους στα τρόφιμα και στα ποτά έχει αναγνωριστεί ως απειλή για την υγεία τόσο του ανθρώπου όσο και των ζώων, είτε αυτή προέρχεται από την άμεση μόλυνση των φυτικών ιστών, είτε από προϊόντα που έχουν παραχθεί από αυτά, είτε από την μεταφορά των μυκοτοξινών και των μεταβολιτών τους στους ζωικούς ιστούς, και κατά συνέπεια στο γάλα, στα αυγά και αλλού. Μερικές από αυτές τις μυκοτοξίνες, όπως για παράδειγμα οι αφλατοξίνες, παρουσιάζουν εξαιρετικά υψηλή τοξικότητα, γεγονός που τις καθιστά ενώσεις που χρήζουν ιδιαίτερη προσοχή. ως εκ τούτου κρίνεται απαραίτητο όλα τα αγροτικά προϊόντα που προορίζονται για τον άνθρωπο ή για ζωοτροφές να υποβάλλονται σε συνεχή και σχολαστικό έλεγχο. Αντικείμενο μελέτης της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να μελετήσει τις παραμέτρους (θερμοκρασία και υγρασία) οι οποίοι επηρεάζουν την ανάπτυξη της μυκοτοξίνης ζεαραλενόνης χρησιμοποιώντας ως υπόστρωμα αλεύρι από αποθηκευμένο αραβόσιτο. Στόχος ήταν ο έλεγχος των συνθηκών καλλιέργειας, αποθήκευσης και συντήρησης των πρωτογενών γεωργικών προϊόντων έτσι ώστε να ελαττώνεται η ανάπτυξη μυκοτοξινών στα γεωργικά προϊόντα και στα τρόφιμα. Η δραστηριότητα βοήθησε στη διερεύνηση του μηχανισμού δράσης των συνθηκών που οδηγούν στην ανάπτυξη μυκοτοξινών τόσο κατά την αποθήκευση της πρώτης ύλης, όσο και κατά τα στάδια επεξεργασίας, παραγωγής και τυποποίησης του τελικού προϊόντος. / The problem with mycotoxins is a significant and legitimate concern. Referred to as global risk and is considered one of the most serious challenges to food security, human health, animals, and modern toxicology. With the "average" mean toxins mycotoxins produced by fungi. It is a secondary metabolic products of fungi (Aspergillus spp Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp, etc.). There is a plethora of different mycotoxins found in many foods such as milk, cereals, nuts, dried fruits, flour, etc. consumed daily by people, but also in animal feeds. But only some of them are documented studies and even fewer are those, which have been identified, legally permissible concentration limits in foods consumed daily. The mycotoxins are generally considered harmful compounds produced by certain species of fungi which grow on agricultural products or crops before harvest or during storage in agricultural systems and remain active for a long time after the destruction of fungi of which came. Their occurrence in foods and beverages has been recognized as a health threat to both human and animal, whether it comes from direct infection of plant tissues or products derived there from, or the transfer of mycotoxins and their metabolites in animal tissues, and hence in milk, eggs and elsewhere. Some of these mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, are extremely high toxicity, which makes compounds that deserve particular attention. Therefore it is essential that all agricultural products intended for human or animal feed can be subjected to constant and meticulous. The subject of this paper is to study the parameters (temperature and humidity) that influence the development of the mycotoxin zearalenone using as substrate flour stored maize. The aim was to check the growing conditions, storage and maintenance of primary agricultural products and thus reduce the development of mycotoxins in agricultural products and foodstuffs. The activity helped to investigate the mechanism of action of the conditions that lead to the development of both mycotoxins during storage of raw materials and in processing, production and packaging of finished product.