Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. TBI is frequently followed by cerebral ischemia which is a great contributor to secondary brain damage. The main causes of cerebral ischemia are pathophysiological changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Treatment of TBI patients is currently based on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) targeted treatment protocols. However, ICP and CPP alone do not provide information of the oxygen availability in the brain. Monitoring of brain tissue oxygenation (BtipO2) may give additional and valuable information about the risk for development of ischemia in TBI patients. The aims of this thesis were to study BtipO2 monitoring devices in-vitro regarding accuracy and stability, to detect threshold level of cerebral ischemia in-vivo and finally to examine the cerebral oxygen levels and cerebral metabolism in TBI patients. The BtipO2 probes performed with high accuracy and stability at different clinically relevant oxygen concentrations. A pig TBI model was developed by step-wise intracranial volume/pressure increase. Volume increase resulted in a gradual increased ICP, decreased CPP, intracranial compliance and BtipO2, respectively. Brain death (BD) was confirmed by negative CPP and negligible amount of previously injected microspheres in the brain tissue. The model simulated the clinical development of BD in humans with a classical pressure-volume response and systemic cardiovascular reactions. The model should be suitable for studies of brain injury mechanisms. From the same in-vivo model it was also possible to detect the threshold level of cerebral ischemia in the pig, where BtipO2 below 10 mmHg and CPP below 30 mmHg was associated with an impaired cerebral metabolism (microdialysis lactate to pyruvate ratio >30). BtipO2 together with cerebral microdialysis were studied in 23 severe TBI patients. We observed different patterns of changes in BtipO2 and cerebral microdialysis biomarkers in focal and diffuse TBI.  Increased cerebral microdialysis levels of glutamate, glycerol or the lactate/pyruvate ratio were observed at BtipO2 < 5 mmHg, indicating increased vulnerability of the brain at this critical level of tissue oxygenation in TBI patients.

The protein-energy malnutrition is one of the most serious nutritional problems that occur in developing countries. The energy and nutritional deficiency in early life can cause significant changes in different stages of development of central nervous system, since the cases of hyperplasia, hypertrophy and myelinization occur in more intense. The brain uses glucose as its main energy substrate. However, under certain physiological conditions, as during the weaning or during prolonged fasting, the cells may use other substrates in order to meet their metabolic needs. The transport of glucose to the nerve cells requires the presence of specific transporter proteins called GLUT s (Glucose Transporters) to perform the transport of glucose by facilitated diffusion. Besides the transporters of glucose, transporter proteins of monocarboxilatos (MCTs) are responsible for neuronal influx of lactate, MCT1 being the main responsible for providing energy to neurons during maturation of nervous tissue. The acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter of the nervous system and is associated with the maintenance processes of attention, learning and memory. In the synaptic cleft acetylcholine is degraded by the enzyme cholinesterase, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the butyrilcholinesterase (BuChE). Increased activity of fractions of AChE has been associated with states of dementia in elderly patients and the loss of cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. This work is proposed to study the expression of neuronal glucose transporter GLUT3 and activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain of young adult rats (84 days of life) who were breastfed in litters formed by 6 (control group) or 12 pups (undernourished group). The results showed that the weight of the brains of malnourished rats was significantly lower (P <0001, Student s t test) compared to controls. The blood glucose levels and the expression of GLUT3 in total cortical membranes was also reduced by malnutrition (P <0001, Student s t test). The activity of AChE in different brain homogenate showed a significant interaction (P = 0019, two-way ANOVA, Tukey s test) between nutritional status and the type of fraction of the homogenate, with a significant reduction (p< 0,05) in activity this enzyme in the brain homogenate in control group. These results show for the first time that malnutrition during the period of weaning reduces the expression of GLUT3 and vi that the increased activity of acetylcholinesterase associated with decreased in the expression of the main glucose transporter in the brain could contribute to cognitive deficits and changes in brain metabolic activity. / A desnutrição energético-protéica consiste em um dos problemas nutricionais mais graves que ocorrem em países em desenvolvimento. A deficiência energética e nutricional no início da vida pode ocasionar importantes alterações nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central, uma vez que os processos de hiperplasia, hipertrofia e mielinização ocorrem de forma mais intensa. O cérebro utiliza a glicose como seu principal substrato energético. No entanto, em certas condições fisiológicas, como durante a fase de amamentação ou durante o jejum prolongado, as células podem utilizar outros substratos a fim de suprir suas necessidades metabólicas. O transporte de glicose para as células nervosas requer a presença de proteínas transportadoras específicas denominadas GLUTs (glucose transporters) que efetuam o transporte de glicose através de difusão facilitada. Além dos transportadores de glicose, proteínas transportadoras de monocarboxilatos (MCTs) são responsáveis pelo influxo neuronal de lactato, sendo o MCT1 o principal responsável pelo fornecimento energético aos neurônios durante o processo de maturação do tecido nervoso. A acetilcolina é um dos principais neurotransmissores do sistema nervoso, sendo associada com a manutenção de processos de atenção, aprendizagem e memória. Na fenda sináptica a acetilcolina é degradada por enzimas colinesterásicas, a acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e a Butirilcolinesterase (BuChE). O aumento da atividade de frações da AChE vem sendo associada com estados de demência em pacientes idosos e com a perda da função cognitiva em pacientes com Doença de Alzheimer. O presente trabalho se propôs a estudar a expressão do transportador neuronal de glicose GLUT3 e a atividade da AChE no cérebro de ratos adultos jovens (84 dias de vida) que foram amamentados em ninhadas formadas por 6 (grupo controle) ou 12 filhotes (grupo desnutrido). Os resultados demonstraram que o peso dos cérebros dos ratos desnutridos foi significativamente menor (P<0,001, teste t de Student) comparado ao grupo controle. Os níveis glicêmicos e a expressão do GLUT3 nas membranas corticais totais foram também diminuídos pela desnutrição (P<0,001, teste t de Student). A atividade da AChE nos diferentes homogenados do cérebro mostrou uma interação significativa (P = 0,019, ANOVA two-way, Tukey teste) entre o estado iv nutricional e o tipo de fração do homogenado, apresentando uma redução significativa ( p< 0,05) na atividade desta enzima do homogenado de células em animais controle . Esses resultados mostram pela primeira vez que a desnutrição durante o período de amamentação diminui a expressão do GLUT3 e que o aumento da atividade da acetilcolinesterase associado com a diminuição da expressão do principal trnasportador de glicose para o cérebro poderia contribuir para déficits cognitivos e alterações da atividade metabólica cerebral.

Orientador: Gabriela Castellano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T20:04:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_CarlosSatoBaraldi_M.pdf: 2085782 bytes, checksum: 169421816d56753ab8dbb39c00e0a51f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A técnica de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética (MRS, do inglês Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy)baseada no núcleo do hidrogênio (1 H -MRS)tem sido muito usada em estudos neurológicos na determinação de padrões metabólicos para várias patologias. A informação fornecida por esta técnica é única, pois permite monitorar níveis de metabólitos específicos, envolvidos em vários aspectos da função cerebral. Até o momento, a grande maioria dos estudos de 1 H -MRS in vivo têm sido "estáticos ", no sentido de que uma única medida é feita, sem se preocupar com informação temporal. Isso se deve à baixa razão sinal-ruído inerente a esta técnica, que obriga à realização de aquisições longas e médias temporais, sacrificando a resolução temporal. No entanto,o advento da técnica de ressonância magnética funcional e de outras técnicas de neuroimagem dinâmicas, que medem parâmetros dinâmicos como fluxo sanguíneo, taxa de oxigenação do sangue, atividades elétrica e magnética do cérebro, naturalmente fez surgir o interesse em se ter uma técnica que pudesse fornecer informação dinâmica sobre as vias metabólicas associadas à função cerebral - uma MRS funcional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi, portanto, verificar a viabilidade da utilização da técnica de MRS in vivo em experimentos funcionais, tendo sido o primeiro realizado nesta área, no Brasil. Para isso foi primeiramente realizado um estudo extensivo sobre os poucos trabalhos existentes na área e as bases bioquímicas da ativação neuronal. Em seguida, foram realizados experimentos e desenvolvidos vários métodos de análise para tentar detectar a variação temporal dos principais metabólitos presentes num espectro cerebral (N-acetil-aspartato total: NAA, Creatina total: Cre, grupo Colina: Cho, grupo Glutamato/Glutamina: Glx, e Lactato: Lac)em indivíduos saudáveis, durante um experimento com estímulo visual. Os experimentos apresentaram uma série de dificuldades, e não foi possível alcançar a alta resolução temporal desejada, sendo que a resolução média ficou na ordem de minutos -o que concorda, no entanto, com a maioria dos trabalhos encontrados na literatura. Não detectamos variações significativas nos níveis de NAA, Cre e Cho, o que também está de acordo com a maioria dos estudos encontrados na literatura. Por outro lado, foram encontradas variações nos níveis de Lac (que aumentaram com o estímulo, o que concorda com a literatura, porém não voltaram ao nível basal após o estímulo, o que não concorda), e variações nos níveis do grupo Glx (que aumentaram com o estímulo, voltando em seguida ao nível basal, o que concorda com a literatura). Embora os resultados encontrados não tenham sido totalmente concordantes com a literatura e não tenha sido possível melhorar a resolução temporal (em relação aos trabalhos da literatura), acreditamos que este trabalho deixa uma significativa contribuição através dos diversos protocolos experimentais e métodos de análise testados, e abre o caminho para pesquisas futuras na área / Abstract: The technique of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy using the hydrogen nucleus (1 H -MRS) has been widely used for neurologic research for determining metabolic patterns for many pathologies. The type of information provided by this technique is unique, since it allows monitoring specific metabolic concentrations involved in cerebral function.Until now, the majority of the in vivo 1 H -MRS studies have been "static ", meaning that data acquisition is done with no concern for temporal information. The reason for this is the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)inherent to this technique, which imposes long acquisitions and time averaging that sacrifices temporal resolution. However, the development of function Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)and other time resolved neuroimaging techniques, that measure dynamic parameters such as blood flow, blood oxygenation rate, electric and magnetic cerebral activity, naturally brought up the interest on a technique that would allow a time resolved measure of the specific metabolic concentrations involved on cerebral metabolism - something like a functional MRS. Therefore the goal of this work was to study the feasibility of using the in vivo MRS technique for functional experiments, being the .rst of its kind performed in Brazil.To do so,initially an extensive bibliographic research was done, to comprehend not only the details of these experiments but also the neurochemistry behind the MRS signal.Next, experiments were performed and many analysis methods were developed, in order to attempt to detect temporal variations of the main metabolites present on a typical cerebral spectrum (total N-acetyl-aspartic acid: NAA, total Creatine: Cre, total Choline: Cho, Glutamine/Glutamate group: Glx and Lactate: Lac) in healthy subjects, during a visual stimulation experiment. Those experiments presented a series of difficulties and the desired high temporal resolution was not attained, achieving an average resolution of minutes - the same resolution found on the majority of the works published. We did not detect any significant variation of the NAA, Cre or Cho levels, which supports the conclusions of other works published. On the other hand, we detected variations in the Lactate levels (which increased with the stimulus, as reported in other works, but did not return to base-line levels, which disagrees with the published works), and in the Glx levels (which increased with the stimulus, returning to baseline levels after it, which agrees with the published literature). Although the results found are not totally in agreement with the published literature and it was not possible to improve the temporal resolution (compared to published works), we believe that this work leaves a significant contribution to the field, through the experimental protocols and analysis methods tested, and opens paths for future research in this area / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Notre laboratoire a récemment développé une méthode d'imagerie bi-photonique de phosphorescence en profondeur, pour mesurer la Po2 in vivo, avec une résolution micrométrique dans le cerveau de rongeurs anesthésiés (Parpaleix et al. 2013). Le laboratoire a également fait l'observation que la valeur de la Po2 à mi-distance entre deux érythrocytes d'un capillaire, rapporte indirectement la Po2 dans le tissu voisin. Mon projet de thèse a été de mettre au point une approche permettant de mesurer la Po2 cérébrale chez l'animal éveillé non-stressé. Pour ce faire, j'ai développé une approche chirurgicale permettant d'observer en microscopie bi-photonique, le bulbe olfactif et le cortex somato-sensoriel de souris éveillées. J'ai ensuite mis au point une technique d'entrainement permettant à ces souris d'être maintenues en contention en l'absence de stress. La première partie de mon travail, menée dans la couche glomérulaire, a permis de déterminer une Po2 érythrocytaire de 60.6 mm Hg et une Po2 tissulaire de 23 mm Hg, un flux érythrocytaire moyen de 30.6 cellules/s et un hématocrite moyen de 34.6 %.Dans un deuxième temps, j'ai reproduit ces mesures dans le cortex somato-sensoriel et observé des différences régionales touchant la Po2 tissulaire moyenne et les paramètres vasculaires, tels l'hématocrite et le flux érythrocytaire. Enfin, j'ai analysé combien l'anesthésie change l'état d'oxygénation cérébrale. Mes données, obtenues dans des conditions vraiment physiologiques, permettront d'améliorer les modèles de diffusion de l'oxygène, ainsi que l'analyse quantitative du métabolisme cérébral et l'interprétation de la nature des signaux mesurés en imagerie cérébrale humaine. / Two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy allows depth-resolved micron-scale measurements of oxygen partial pressure (Po2) in the brain. The spatiotemporal resolution of these measurements has shown that the portion of capillary plasma in the vicinity of red blood cells (RBCs) has a higher Po2(Po2RBC) than that distant from RBCs(Po2InterRBC). Our group has shown that Po2InterRBC equilibrates with neuropil Po2 and can thus be used to non-invasively measure tissue Po2 (Parpaleix et al., 2013). The relevance of reported high-resolution Po2 values remains uncertain as measurements have only been performed during anaesthesia, which affects both neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow, and thus brain Po2.I measured Po2 at rest, in the awake, unstressed mouse in two brain regions, the olfactory bulb glomerular layer (GL) and the somatosensory cortex. The first section of my research, conducted in the GL, produced the first measurements of blood flow and Po2 parameters in the cerebral microvasculature in physiological conditions. I determined mean Po2 levels of values of 60.6 mmHg for Po2RBC, 23 mmHg for tissue Po2. In the cortex Po2 values show differences between the superficial layers. Furthermore the relationships of RBC Po2 and tissue Po2 to the blood flow parameters differed between the cortical layers, and also in comparison to the olfactory bulb GL.I compared both vascular and tissue Po2 between the awake and anaesthetised states, and observed that anaesthetics can dramatically change Po2 at the microvascular scale. This finding emphasises the importance of measuring these values in the physiologically normal brain.

Patienten mit zerebralen Läsionen, wie der aneurysmatischen Subarachnoidalblutung (SAB) und dem schweren Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT), haben ein hohes Risiko für sekundäre Schädigungen des Gehirns aufgrund einer Minderdurchblutung (Ischämie) und einem Sauerstoffmangel (Hypoxie). Bei der SAB ist heutzutage die verlaufsbestimmende Komplikation das Auftreten einer Vasospasmus- assoziierten Ischämie, d.h. einer Minderdurchblutung aufgrund einer Gefäßverengung, die mit einer hohen Langzeitmorbidität mit schweren neurologischen Defiziten und einer hohen Mortalität assoziiert ist. Seit Beginn der 90er Jahre wird bei SAB- und SHT- Patienten das Mikrodialyseverfahren zur Messung des zerebralen Stoffwechsels eingesetzt und steht als Methode auf der Intensivstation seit 1997 zu Verfügung. Hierbei werden mittels einem, in das gefährdete Hirngewebe inserierten Katheter die extrazellulären Konzentrationen verschiedener Parameter gemessen. Patienten mit SAB weisen in Phasen einer klinischen Verschlechterung (z.B. Auftreten einer Lähmung) charakteristische Veränderungen des Hirnstoffwechsels auf. Vergleichsmessungen mit der Positronenemissionstomographie zeigen als mögliche Ursache für einen gestörten Hirnstoffwechsel einen erniedrigten zerebralen Blutfluß. Auch bei einer drohenden Hypoxie (Hirngewebe-PO2 < 10 mmHg) sind bereits metabolische Veränderungen zu beobachten. Die frühzeitige Erkennung und - wenn möglich - Behandlung einer Ischämie / Hypoxie könnte die Prognose von Patienten nach SAB und SHT wesentlich verbessern. / Patients with cerebral lesions run a high risk of developing cerebral hypoxic and ischemic damage due to secondary insults. To minimize the risk of secondary cerebral hypoxia and ischemia, new monitoring techniques of cerebral oxygenation and metabolism have been developed and may help to understand the pathophysiology of secondary brain damage for a better treatment and outcome in critical patients. Cerebral microdialysis is a relatively new technique for measuring brain molecules of the extracellular space. The technical aspects, the interpretation of the commonly measured parameters, the use of the commonly used oxygenation parameters (monitoring of brain tissue PO2 and the microdialysis technique to monitor cerebral metabolism) in patients with head injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage are considered. Pitfalls of the techniques and their future potential are discussed.

Un dysfonctionnement du métabolisme cérébral est observé au décours d'un traumatisme crânien (TC). L’œdème cérébral et l’hypoxie cérébrale post-traumatiques sont des acteurs principaux de l’apparition des lésions ischémiques secondaires responsables en partie de la défaillance énergétique. Cette hypoxie tissulaire résulte de troubles macrocirculatoires, de troubles de la microcirculation et/ou de troubles de la diffusion de l’oxygène des capillaires sanguins aux tissus. La baisse de la consommation en oxygène est également liée à une dysfonction mitochondriale post traumatique de la chaine respiratoire. Ces phénomènes ischémiques ou hypoxiques aboutissent ainsi à une élévation de lactate endogène en condition anaérobie. Cependant, l'élévation de lactate endogène post traumatique est liée majoritairement à une crise métabolique conduisant à une hyperglycolyse en dehors de tout phénomène hypoxique ou ischémique. L'objectif de notre étude était donc d’étudier l'œdème cérébral, l'oxygénation cérébrale, la défaillance mitochondriale post traumatique et le métabolisme cérébral dans un modèle expérimental de traumatisme crânien diffus par impact accélération chez l'animal. Nous avons étudié les effets de différents neuroprotecteurs sur le métabolisme cérébral à l'aide d'un monitorage multimodal. Les effets de la rhEpo (5000UI/Kg), du mannitol (1g/kg) et du lactate de sodium molaire (1.5 ml/Kg soit 3mOsm/kg) ont été étudiés sur l'œdème cérébral (IRM, microscopie électronique), sur l'hypoxie cérébrale tissulaire (IRM BOLD, mesure de la pression tissulaire en O2, saturation veineuse en O2 du sinus longitudinal supérieur), sur le métabolisme cérébral (spectroRMN) et sur la mitochondrie (analyse de la capacité de rétention calcique, de la chaine respiratoire, microscopie électronique et mesure du calcium intramitochondrial) chez des rats wistar mâles. Notre hypothèse était que l’injection de différents neuroprotecteurs permettrait d’améliorer le métabolisme cérébral post traumatique par des effets bénéfiques sur l’hémodynamique cérébrale et l'œdème cérébral, sur l'hypoxie tissulaire ou sur la dysfonction mitochondriale post TC. Nos résultats ont démontré que la rhEpo avait un effet bénéfique sur l'hypoxie cérébrale post traumatique par le biais d'une diminution de l'œdème cérébral péri capillaire en phase aigue associée à une diminution de la dysfonction mitochondriale proapoptotique. Le mannitol améliore l'hypoxie cérébrale post traumatique en jouant sur la microvascularisation cérébrale perturbée par l'œdème astrocytaire péri capillaire. Enfin, le lactate de sodium molaire avait des effets bénéfiques anti œdémateux et sur la dysfonction mitochondriale post TC améliorant ainsi la crise métabolique post traumatique. Ces résultats permettent d'améliorer la compréhension de la physiopathologie des lésions survenant au décours du traumatisme crânien ainsi que les mécanismes d'action de différentes molécules neuroprotectrices. / Cerebral metabolism is impaired after a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Post traumatic cerebral edema and hypoxia are mainly responsible of the development of secondary ischemic lesions after TBI leading to metabolic impairment. Tissular hypoxia can result from disorders in macro and microcirculation and/or disturbance in the diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries to tissue. The decrease in oxygen consumption observed after brain injury is also related to a post traumatic dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. These ischemic or hypoxic phenomena may be responsible for metabolic disorders leading to elevated level of endogenous lactate under anaerobic conditions. However, the elevation of endogenous lactate is mainly the consequence of a metabolic crisis that led to a state of hyperglycolysis without cerebral hypoxia or ischemia after TBI. The aim of our study was to investigate cerebral edema, cerebral oxygenation, mitochondrial and metabolic impairment post TBI in an experimental model of impact acceleration diffuse brain injury in rats. We also analyzed the effects of various neuroprotective agents on cerebral metabolism using a multimodal monitoring. The effects of rhEpo (5000UI/Kg), mannitol (1g/Kg) and of molar sodium lactate (1.5 ml/Kg or 3mOsm/kg) were investigated on brain edema (MRI, electronic microscopy), on brain tissue hypoxia (BOLD MRI, measurement of the tissular pressure of O2, venous O2 saturation of the upper longitudinal sinus), on brain metabolism (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) and on mitochondria (study of the calcium retention capacity, of the respiratory chain, morphological analysis with electronic microscopy and measurement of intramitochondrial calcium) in male wistar rats. We hypothesized that the injection of various neuroprotective agents would improve posttraumatic cerebral metabolism by restoring a better cerebral hemodynamic status, by improving cerebral edema, tissular oxygenation and/or mitochondrial function. On the early phase of TBI, we demonstrated that rhEpo had a beneficial effect on post traumatic cerebral hypoxia by decreasing post-traumatic cerebral capillaries collapse due to astrocytic end-foot swelling. This effect was associated with an improvement in cellular apoptosis induced by mitochondrial pathways. Mannitol improved brain hypoxia by decreasing peri vascular astrocytic edema. Sodium lactate had benefic effects on cerebral hypoxia by decreasing cerebral edema and improved mitochondrial and metabolic impairments after TBI. These results help understanding physiopathological events after TBI and the various effects of neuroprotective agents that can be used in future clinical research.

Ce mémoire est séparé en deux volets, tous deux axés sur la spectroscopie proche infra-rouge (NIRS) pour la quantification des paramètres hémodynamiques. La NIRS est principalement basée sur la mesure des coefficients d'absorption (μa) et de dispersion (μs’) des tissus afin de retrouver les concentrations d'oxy- et de déoxyhémoglobine dans le sang. L'imagerie à l'aide de la NIRS est basée sur le parcours des photons à travers le tissu biologique à différentes longueurs d'onde du spectre proche infra-rouge. Le premier appareil de NIRS dont il sera question est un appareil de spectroscopie résolue dans le temps. Ce type de système retrouve des concentrations absolues d'hémoglobine à l'aide d'un bandeau placé sur la peau d’un sujet, dans ce cas-ci sur le front. Le modèle d’analyse des données permet la séparation des contributions extra-cérébrales et cérébrales aux données. Cette méthode fournit des données plus exactes sur la saturation en oxygène du cerveau, par rapport à un modèle homogène où le signal est contaminé par les couches superficielles. Une étude sur les changements hémodynamiques cérébraux de jeunes adultes pendant une activité physique a été réalisée, et l’article en détaillant les résultats est transcrit au chapitre 2. Le chapitre 3 comprend un retour sur cette étude et aborde les possibilités de travaux futurs. La seconde partie de mes travaux s’est déroulée sous forme de stage en entreprise durant l’été 2016. Sous la supervision de Dennis Hueber, Ph. D., et Beniamino Barbieri, Ph. D., j’ai effectué des recherches portant sur un appareil de NIRS manufacturé par la compagnie ISS Inc. et dont un prototype se trouve actuellement dans le laboratoire de mon superviseur Mathieu Dehaes, Ph. D. Cet appareil combine deux modalités d’imagerie optique, soit la NIRS dans le domaine des fréquences et la spectroscopie de corrélation diffuse. Le chapitre 4 détaille les tâches que j’ai réalisées durant ce temps, de même que les résultats des analyses que j’ai effectuées. / This master’s thesis is separated in two phases, both focused on near infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of hemodynamic parameters. NIRS is based on the measure of absorption (μa) and scattering (μs’) coefficients of tissues in order to recover the oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in the blood. Its results are based on the photon propagation in tissue at different near-infrared wavelengths. The first NIRS system used during my studies is a time-resolved spectroscopy system. This device allowed us to retrieve absolute hemoglobin concentrations using a headband placed over the subject’s skin and centered on their forehead. The data analysis model which we used allowed us to separate extra-cerebral and cerebral contributions of the signal. This method yielded quantitative absolute measures of cerebral oxygen saturation as opposed to the traditional homogenous model where the signal is contaminated by superficial layers. A study on cerebral hemodynamic changes in young adults during exercise was conducted, and the published article detailing its results is transcribed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 includes a review of this study and discusses potential future works. The second part of my research consisted in an industrial internship during the summer of 2016. Under the supervision of Dennis Hueber, Ph. D., and Beniamino Barbieri, Ph. D., I have worked on a NIRS device manufactured by ISS Inc., a prototype of which is currently in the laboratory of my supervisor Mathieu Dehaes, Ph. D. This device combines two NIRS modalities: frequency-domain NIRS and diffuse correlation spectroscopy. Chapter 4 details the work I have performed at ISS and the results of my research and analysis.