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Introduction: The recurrence of the cerebral ischemic stroke after a history of TIA or ischemic stroke is 3-4% per year. One way of reducing the risk of reccurence is using antiplatelet therapy. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of aspirin. Even though, newer antiplatelet drugs were developed, their risk/benefit profile has not been proved to be better than aspirin. Reasons for using aspirin in secondary prevention are: the longest experience, clearly proven effect in many studies and low price. On the other hand, aspirin prevents only 25% of strokes, thus there is wide space for searching for causes of failed therapy and alternative therapeutic ways. Noncompliance of aspirin use and embolic events are usually indicated as the most common causes of an ineffective therapy. The goal of our study was to find the antiplatelet therapy effectivity in patients with history of stroke treated with aspirin in daily dose of 100mg. We assured 100% compliance among these patients and as much as possible minimalized a likelihood of embolic causes of strokes. What is more, we tried to find out whether an insuffient suppression of 11-dehydrotromboxane B2 correlates with comorbidities, other used medication or laboratory parameters. Furthermore, whether by administrating an increased dose of...

Introduction: The recurrence of the cerebral ischemic stroke after a history of TIA or ischemic stroke is 3-4% per year. One way of reducing the risk of reccurence is using antiplatelet therapy. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of aspirin. Even though, newer antiplatelet drugs were developed, their risk/benefit profile has not been proved to be better than aspirin. Reasons for using aspirin in secondary prevention are: the longest experience, clearly proven effect in many studies and low price. On the other hand, aspirin prevents only 25% of strokes, thus there is wide space for searching for causes of failed therapy and alternative therapeutic ways. Noncompliance of aspirin use and embolic events are usually indicated as the most common causes of an ineffective therapy. The goal of our study was to find the antiplatelet therapy effectivity in patients with history of stroke treated with aspirin in daily dose of 100mg. We assured 100% compliance among these patients and as much as possible minimalized a likelihood of embolic causes of strokes. What is more, we tried to find out whether an insuffient suppression of 11-dehydrotromboxane B2 correlates with comorbidities, other used medication or laboratory parameters. Furthermore, whether by administrating an increased dose of...

Fundamentação: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é uma das principais causas de morte em todo o mundo e a maioria dos sobreviventes permanece com alguma sequela neurológica após o evento agudo. O presente estudo objetiva investigar a associação de alguns biomarcadores sanguíneos com as escalas de AVC, bem como avaliar a capacidade dos biomarcadores selecionados na predição de desfechos neurológicos durante o tempo de acompanhamento. Material e Métodos: Incluímos nesse estudo 60 pacientes com AVC agudo admitidos na unidade neurovascular da emergência ou na unidade de medicina intensiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, nas primeiras 24 horas do início dos sintomas. Foram coletas amostras sanguíneas nas primeiras 24 horas, no terceiro e no quinto dias após o AVC para dosagem de enolase neurônio específica (ENS), proteína S100ß (S100ß), interleucina 6 (IL-6), proteína C reativa (PCR) e fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF). A gravidade do AVC e o grau de dependência funcional dos pacientes após o AVC foram mensurados através das escalas do National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) e modified Rankin Scale (mRS) nos três momentos das coletas sanguíneas e na alta hospitalar. Resultados: Os níveis séricos de S100ß, IL-6 e PCR mostraram-se o melhor painel de biomarcadores após o AVC nesse estudo. Quando os pacientes foram subdivididos em dois grupos para a avaliação de desfechos neurológicos, usando as escalas do NIHSS (NIHSS ≤ 6 e NHISS > 6) e mRS (mRS ≤ 3 e mRS > 3), ambas as escalas apresentaram boa associação entre as concentrações de S100ß e de IL-6 em todas as medidas e as escalas de AVC para bom prognóstico (NIHSS ≤ 6 e mRS ≤ 3) na alta hospitalar. Dentre os biomarcadores selecionados para o estudo, foram os três citados acima que apresentaram as melhores correlações com as escalas de AVC e com o prognóstico pós AVC durante o tempo de acompanhamento. Conclusão: Os biomarcadores séricos podem ser úteis na avaliação da gravidade e do prognóstico após o AVC. A associação de S100ß, IL-6 e PCR parece acrescentar pouco às escalas validadas de AVC na capacidade de predizer desfechos após o evento agudo. / Background and Purpose: Stroke is an important cause of death worldwide, and the majority of stroke survivors suffer from some form of residual disability. This study aimed to investigate the association of blood biomarkers with stroke scales and their predictive value after acute stroke at the time of admission until hospital discharge. Design and Methods: We investigated 60 patients with acute stroke who were admitted within 24 h of event onset at the intensive care unit or neurovascular emergency unit of Clínicas Hospital. All patients provided venous blood samples for the measurement of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100ß protein (S100ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) within 24 h of the acute event, on the third day and on the fifth day after the stroke. Neurological stroke severity and global disability were determined with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at the same three times of blood collection and at the time of hospital discharge. Results: The serum levels of the S100ß protein, IL-6 and CRP seem to constitute the best panel of biomarkers after acute stroke in this study. When patients were subdivided into two groups according to the NIHSS (NIHSS ≤ 6 and NIHSS > 6) and mRS (mRS ≤ 3 and mRS > 3) scores, which were used as neurological outcome measures, both neurologic scores for good outcome (NIHSS ≤ 6 and mRS ≤ 3) at hospital discharge were significantly related to the S100ß protein and IL-6 levels at all of the measured time points. Among the analyzed blood markers, S100ß, IL-6 and PCR levels significanttly correlated with the stroke scales and prognostic value. Conclusion: Blood biomarkers may be useful in acute stroke either by suggesting stroke severity or providing a prognostic value. The addition of the S100ß protein, IL-6 and CRP to previously validated stroke scales slightly improves the ability of these scales to predict outcome.

Fundamentação: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é uma das principais causas de morte em todo o mundo e a maioria dos sobreviventes permanece com alguma sequela neurológica após o evento agudo. O presente estudo objetiva investigar a associação de alguns biomarcadores sanguíneos com as escalas de AVC, bem como avaliar a capacidade dos biomarcadores selecionados na predição de desfechos neurológicos durante o tempo de acompanhamento. Material e Métodos: Incluímos nesse estudo 60 pacientes com AVC agudo admitidos na unidade neurovascular da emergência ou na unidade de medicina intensiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, nas primeiras 24 horas do início dos sintomas. Foram coletas amostras sanguíneas nas primeiras 24 horas, no terceiro e no quinto dias após o AVC para dosagem de enolase neurônio específica (ENS), proteína S100ß (S100ß), interleucina 6 (IL-6), proteína C reativa (PCR) e fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF). A gravidade do AVC e o grau de dependência funcional dos pacientes após o AVC foram mensurados através das escalas do National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) e modified Rankin Scale (mRS) nos três momentos das coletas sanguíneas e na alta hospitalar. Resultados: Os níveis séricos de S100ß, IL-6 e PCR mostraram-se o melhor painel de biomarcadores após o AVC nesse estudo. Quando os pacientes foram subdivididos em dois grupos para a avaliação de desfechos neurológicos, usando as escalas do NIHSS (NIHSS ≤ 6 e NHISS > 6) e mRS (mRS ≤ 3 e mRS > 3), ambas as escalas apresentaram boa associação entre as concentrações de S100ß e de IL-6 em todas as medidas e as escalas de AVC para bom prognóstico (NIHSS ≤ 6 e mRS ≤ 3) na alta hospitalar. Dentre os biomarcadores selecionados para o estudo, foram os três citados acima que apresentaram as melhores correlações com as escalas de AVC e com o prognóstico pós AVC durante o tempo de acompanhamento. Conclusão: Os biomarcadores séricos podem ser úteis na avaliação da gravidade e do prognóstico após o AVC. A associação de S100ß, IL-6 e PCR parece acrescentar pouco às escalas validadas de AVC na capacidade de predizer desfechos após o evento agudo. / Background and Purpose: Stroke is an important cause of death worldwide, and the majority of stroke survivors suffer from some form of residual disability. This study aimed to investigate the association of blood biomarkers with stroke scales and their predictive value after acute stroke at the time of admission until hospital discharge. Design and Methods: We investigated 60 patients with acute stroke who were admitted within 24 h of event onset at the intensive care unit or neurovascular emergency unit of Clínicas Hospital. All patients provided venous blood samples for the measurement of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100ß protein (S100ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) within 24 h of the acute event, on the third day and on the fifth day after the stroke. Neurological stroke severity and global disability were determined with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at the same three times of blood collection and at the time of hospital discharge. Results: The serum levels of the S100ß protein, IL-6 and CRP seem to constitute the best panel of biomarkers after acute stroke in this study. When patients were subdivided into two groups according to the NIHSS (NIHSS ≤ 6 and NIHSS > 6) and mRS (mRS ≤ 3 and mRS > 3) scores, which were used as neurological outcome measures, both neurologic scores for good outcome (NIHSS ≤ 6 and mRS ≤ 3) at hospital discharge were significantly related to the S100ß protein and IL-6 levels at all of the measured time points. Among the analyzed blood markers, S100ß, IL-6 and PCR levels significanttly correlated with the stroke scales and prognostic value. Conclusion: Blood biomarkers may be useful in acute stroke either by suggesting stroke severity or providing a prognostic value. The addition of the S100ß protein, IL-6 and CRP to previously validated stroke scales slightly improves the ability of these scales to predict outcome.

Fundamentação: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é uma das principais causas de morte em todo o mundo e a maioria dos sobreviventes permanece com alguma sequela neurológica após o evento agudo. O presente estudo objetiva investigar a associação de alguns biomarcadores sanguíneos com as escalas de AVC, bem como avaliar a capacidade dos biomarcadores selecionados na predição de desfechos neurológicos durante o tempo de acompanhamento. Material e Métodos: Incluímos nesse estudo 60 pacientes com AVC agudo admitidos na unidade neurovascular da emergência ou na unidade de medicina intensiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, nas primeiras 24 horas do início dos sintomas. Foram coletas amostras sanguíneas nas primeiras 24 horas, no terceiro e no quinto dias após o AVC para dosagem de enolase neurônio específica (ENS), proteína S100ß (S100ß), interleucina 6 (IL-6), proteína C reativa (PCR) e fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF). A gravidade do AVC e o grau de dependência funcional dos pacientes após o AVC foram mensurados através das escalas do National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) e modified Rankin Scale (mRS) nos três momentos das coletas sanguíneas e na alta hospitalar. Resultados: Os níveis séricos de S100ß, IL-6 e PCR mostraram-se o melhor painel de biomarcadores após o AVC nesse estudo. Quando os pacientes foram subdivididos em dois grupos para a avaliação de desfechos neurológicos, usando as escalas do NIHSS (NIHSS ≤ 6 e NHISS > 6) e mRS (mRS ≤ 3 e mRS > 3), ambas as escalas apresentaram boa associação entre as concentrações de S100ß e de IL-6 em todas as medidas e as escalas de AVC para bom prognóstico (NIHSS ≤ 6 e mRS ≤ 3) na alta hospitalar. Dentre os biomarcadores selecionados para o estudo, foram os três citados acima que apresentaram as melhores correlações com as escalas de AVC e com o prognóstico pós AVC durante o tempo de acompanhamento. Conclusão: Os biomarcadores séricos podem ser úteis na avaliação da gravidade e do prognóstico após o AVC. A associação de S100ß, IL-6 e PCR parece acrescentar pouco às escalas validadas de AVC na capacidade de predizer desfechos após o evento agudo. / Background and Purpose: Stroke is an important cause of death worldwide, and the majority of stroke survivors suffer from some form of residual disability. This study aimed to investigate the association of blood biomarkers with stroke scales and their predictive value after acute stroke at the time of admission until hospital discharge. Design and Methods: We investigated 60 patients with acute stroke who were admitted within 24 h of event onset at the intensive care unit or neurovascular emergency unit of Clínicas Hospital. All patients provided venous blood samples for the measurement of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100ß protein (S100ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) within 24 h of the acute event, on the third day and on the fifth day after the stroke. Neurological stroke severity and global disability were determined with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at the same three times of blood collection and at the time of hospital discharge. Results: The serum levels of the S100ß protein, IL-6 and CRP seem to constitute the best panel of biomarkers after acute stroke in this study. When patients were subdivided into two groups according to the NIHSS (NIHSS ≤ 6 and NIHSS > 6) and mRS (mRS ≤ 3 and mRS > 3) scores, which were used as neurological outcome measures, both neurologic scores for good outcome (NIHSS ≤ 6 and mRS ≤ 3) at hospital discharge were significantly related to the S100ß protein and IL-6 levels at all of the measured time points. Among the analyzed blood markers, S100ß, IL-6 and PCR levels significanttly correlated with the stroke scales and prognostic value. Conclusion: Blood biomarkers may be useful in acute stroke either by suggesting stroke severity or providing a prognostic value. The addition of the S100ß protein, IL-6 and CRP to previously validated stroke scales slightly improves the ability of these scales to predict outcome.

L’asymétrie de longueur de pas est une caractéristique du patron de marche fréquemment observée chez des personnes qui ont subi un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC). Très peu d’interventions conventionnelles en réadaptation ont démontré leur efficacité sur ce paramètre de marche. Une approche novatrice utilisant un tapis roulant à double courroie (DC) a récemment présenté des effets prometteurs en réduisant, à court et long termes, l’asymétrie de longueur de pas chez des personnes post-AVC. Cependant, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents aux changements induits par cette intervention est nécessaire avant que l’utilisation de cette intervention soit recommandée en clinique. Ce projet doctoral visait à améliorer les connaissances sur la contribution musculaire et les facteurs biomécaniques impliqués dans les changements immédiats (c.-à-d. les post-effets) et à long terme de l’asymétrie de la longueur de pas chez des personnes post-AVC. Les objectifs principaux étaient 1) d’analyser l’activité musculaire associée aux changements de longueur de pas après la marche sur un tapis à DC avec des vitesses de courroies inégales, 2) d’évaluer les effets d’un entraînement sur un tapis à DC sur l’asymétrie de longueur de pas et sur la capacité de marche au sol et 3) de quantifier la contribution musculaire et les stratégies sous-jacentes aux changements du patron de marche résultant de l’entraînement. L’hypothèse générale était que les muscles distaux des membres inférieurs seraient majoritairement impliqués dans les changements de longueur de pas induits par la marche sur le tapis à DC avec des vitesses de courroies inégales (ratio 2:1) chez les personnes post-AVC. L’étude transversale (article #1) a quantifié l’activité musculaire des membres inférieurs associée aux post-effets observés au niveau de la longueur de pas après six minutes de marche sur le tapis à DC (ratio 2:1) chez 16 personnes post-AVC et 10 personnes saines. Les résultats ont confirmé que les muscles distaux, c.-à-d. les fléchisseurs plantaires et dorsaux, étaient associés aux post-effets de la longueur de pas. Ces effets ont été observés, quel que soit le membre inférieur (c.-à-d. parétique ou non parétique) qui était sur la courroie rapide. La deuxième étude, a démontré que six séances d’entraînement sur le tapis à DC conduisaient à une réduction de l’asymétrie de longueur de pas et amélioraient la vitesse de marche sur le sol chez 12 personnes post-AVC (article #2). Les changements ont persisté un mois après l’entraînement. En outre, les résultats de cette étude pilote ont suggéré une bonne faisabilité de ce protocole d’entraînement dans un environnement clinique (données supplémentaires de l’article #2). Dans l’article #3, il a été démontré que l’amélioration post-entraînement de la symétrie et de la vitesse de marche était associée à une variété de stratégies et de contributions musculaires chez nos participants. Cependant, une contribution prédominante a été observée au niveau du membre inférieur entraîné sur la courroie rapide avec des tailles d’effet modérées obtenues surtout pour les changements de moment et d’activité musculaire des fléchisseurs plantaires pendant la phase d’appui de la marche. Suite à ces résultats et ceux de l’article #1, il a été suggéré que ce groupe musculaire jouait un rôle principal dans l’adaptation locomotrice et la réduction à long terme de l’asymétrie de la longueur de pas chez des personnes post-AVC. Néanmoins, des études cliniques contrôlées avec une population plus importante sont nécessaires afin de préciser la pertinence de l’entraînement sur le tapis à DC ainsi que les différentes stratégies musculaires associées aux changements de l’asymétrie de longueur du pas à long terme chez des personnes post-AVC. / Step length asymmetry is a common characteristic of post-stroke gait, but considered as particularly resistant to conventional gait interventions. A recent novel approach using a split-belt treadmill (SBT) showed promising results in short- and long-term reduction of step length asymmetry post-stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms of this intervention and its effects must be better understood before recommending its use in clinical settings. This project aimed to improve our current knowledge about muscular and biomechanical factors contributing to immediate and long-term changes in step length asymmetry in chronic stroke survivors. The main objectives were to: 1) analyze muscle activity associated with changes in step length after walking at unequal belt speeds on a SBT; 2) test the effects of repeated exposure to SBT walking on step length asymmetry and gait ability during walking over ground; and 3) investigate the muscular contributions and strategies involved in these changes. To attain these objectives, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted followed by a pilot training study. The general hypothesis was that distal lower limb muscles are the main contributors to SBT-induced changes in step length asymmetry in chronic stroke survivors using a SBT protocol where two belts were set at unequal speeds with a ratio of 2:1 for a period of time (split-belt configuration). The cross-sectional study analyzed the immediate changes in muscle activity and step length after six minutes of SBT walking in a group of 16 individuals post-stroke and in 10 healthy controls. The findings confirmed that regardless of the side (paretic or non-paretic) walking on the fast belt during split-belt configuration, changes in muscle activity of the ankle plantar- and dorsiflexors were mainly associated with changes in step length symmetry (paper #1). The pilot training study demonstrated that repeated exposure to SBT protocol reduced step length asymmetry and improved walking speed over ground in 12 individuals post-stroke (paper #2). Improvements persisted at least one month post-training. Findings also indicated that from a therapist’s viewpoint the training protocol was easy to use and practical in a clinical environment (supplementary data paper #2). Paper #3 showed that these consistent improvements in gait parameters were achieved by a variety of muscular contributions and strategies which involved both lower limbs with a predominant contribution on the side that was trained on the faster belt. Large effect sizes were found in the plantarflexor group during late stance of gait for both net joint moments and muscle activity in the training study. These results combined with the findings of paper #1 indicate that overall, step length asymmetry post-stroke can be successfully reduced with repeated exposure to the tested SBT protocol with distal lower limb muscles appearing to be strong contributors to locomotor adaptation post-stroke and long-term changes in step length asymmetry. Larger control trials are necessary to confirm the relevance of the use of SBT protocols and to further understand the role of the distal lower limb muscles in improvements in step length symmetry post-stroke.