Class of 2009 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a perceived need to offer a teaching certificate program to pharmacy residents in the state of Arizona. METHODS: This cross-sectional, descriptive study utilized a web-based, electronic survey to gather data from Arizona pharmacy residents and residency program directors. Residents who were part of the Class of 2008 or 2009 were included in the study. The survey asked the respondents to rate the value of a pharmacy certificate program on a 6-point Likert scale. Data on the current activities for residents in the programs, resident confidence levels on performing specific tasks, topics of modules for a certificate program, the quantity and length of the modules, and interest in participating in a program were also collected. RESULTS: There was a 50% response rate for both pharmacy residents (n=17) and residency directors (n=12). The respondents indicated that there was a perceived value to a teaching certificate program (p<0.0001) and 28 stated that they would participate in the certificate program if one was offered (p<0.0001). Seven of the nine proposed module topics for the program were positively received by the respondents, with “How to be a Preceptor” ranked highest (p<0.0001). Overall, a teaching certificate program of 4 to 6 modules (p=0.006) between 46 to 60 minutes in length (p<0.0001) was most appealing to the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Arizona pharmacy residents and residency program directors who participated in this survey showed a positive interest in a teaching certificate program.

Determining which countries are the most financially attractive for businesses to build wind projects is a matter of serious discussion that lacks succinct commentary. To fill this void this paper employs an empirical study of the wind subsidy support systems used by Germany, France, Spain and Sweden. This paper is based on the premise that businesses prefer to build where they can find the highest overall remuneration for their production; recognizing also the need for stability in those payments and businesses’ strong preference for larger early returns on their investments. The paper also analyzes the results and gives recommendations on possible improvements to each country’s system and where businesses should invest.In order to reach their 20-20-20 E.U. goals (European Commission, 2010), countries are encouraging the creation of new green energy projects, and this encouragement is frequently in the form of subsidies. The subsidy types used by the countries reviewed are feed-in tariffs, premiums and a certificate quota system. Each country’s support history is detailed along with the criteria of their respective systems.The countries systems are then compared using actual income and production data for four criteria at three different production levels – 100 percent, 75 percent and 150 percent of actual – and at two different lengths of time, 7 and 20 years. The first criteria of the comparison is total income, the second for variability of payments, the third for timing of payments and the final is the stability of the system itself.The results of this research show that the German and French systems are superior at all levels for their low variability in payment prices and in making larger payments to businesses earlier. They are also generally superior at lower and actual production levels for total income amounts. However, the Spanish options are superior at high levels of production for income and have middling variability levels. The Swedish system generally has the highest levels of variability for the lowest levels of income. Only the Spanish system is considered to be unstable in its political support of subsidies. Based upon the preceding findings are given to each country to improve their relative weaknesses. Also recommendations are given to businesses based upon the quality of the locations wind resources.

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