<div>Millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands have become the most promising candidate for enlarging the usable radio spectrum in future wireless networks such as 5G. Since frequent and location-specific blockages are expected for mmWaves, the challenge is understanding the propagation characteristics of mmWave signals and accordingly predicting the channel state information. This research direction has garnered great attention worldwide from industry, academia, and government. However, the majority of current research on mmWave communications has focused on urban areas with high population densities, with very few measurement campaigns in suburban and rural environments. These environments are extremely important for future wireless applications in areas including residential welfare, digital agriculture, and transportation. To fill in this research gap, we developed broadband mmWave channel sounding systems and carried out intensive measurement campaigns at 28 GHz, covering clear line-of-sight as well as non-line-of-sight scenarios over buildings and foliage clutters, to fully characterize the mmWave propagation in suburban and rural environments.</div><div><br></div><div>Moreover, the accuracy provided by traditional statistical models is insufficient for next-generation wireless networks with higher-frequency carriers, because they are unable to predict abrupt channel changes caused by site-specific blockages. To overcome this issue, we explored the possibility of utilizing site-specific geographic features such as buildings and trees in improving mmWave propagation models. A new channel modeling methodology highlighting site-specific parameter evaluation based on easily obtainable data sources (e.g., LiDAR) was proposed for accurate, fast, and automated channel state predictions. Accordingly, an overall root mean square error (RMSE) improvement of 11.79 dB was achieved in a one-building blockage scenario and a regional RMSE improvement of over 20 dB was observed in a coniferous forest. This approach also enables channel simulations for large-scale system performance evaluation, demonstrating a powerful and promising approach for planning and tuning future wide-area wireless networks. The simulation results showed that network densification alone is not enough for closing the digital gap, especially with mmWaves because of the impractical number of required towers. They also backed up supplementary solutions including private data relays, e.g., via drones and portable towers.</div>

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Ultra-Wideband Communication is increasingly being considered as an attractive solution for high data rate short range wireless and position location applications. Knowledge of the statistical nature of the channel is necessary to design wireless systems that provide optimum performance. This thesis investigates the spatial characteristics of the channel based on measurements conducted using UWB pulses in an indoor office environment. The statistics of the received signal energy illustrate the low spatial fading of UWB signals. The distribution of the Angle of arrival (AOA) of the multipath components is obtained using a two-dimensional deconvolution algorithm called the Sensor-CLEAN algorithm. A spatial channel model that incorporates the spatial and temporal features of the channel is developed based on the AOA statistics. The performance of the Sensor-CLEAN algorithm is evaluated briefly by application to known artificial channels. UWB systems co-exist with narrowband and other wideband systems. Even though they enjoy the advantage of processing gain (the ratio of bandwidth to data rate) the low energy per pulse may cause these narrow band interferers (NBI) to severely degrade the UWB system's performance. A technique to suppress NBI using multiple antennas is presented in this thesis which exploits the spatial fading characteristics. This method exploits the vast difference in fading characteristics between UWB signals and NBI by implementing a simple selection diversity scheme. It is shown that this simple scheme can provide strong benefits in performance. / Master of Science

Radio frequency spectrum is a scarce natural resource that is utilized for many services including surveillance, navigation, communication, and broadcasting. Recent years have seen tremendous growth in use of spectrum especially by commercial cellular operators. As a result, cellular operators are experiencing a shortage of radio spectrum to meet bandwidth demands of users. Spectrum sharing is a promising approach to solve the problem of spectrum congestion as it allows cellular operators access to more spectrum in order to satisfy the ever growing bandwidth demands of commercial users. The US spectrum regulatory bodies are working on an initiative to share 150 MHz of spectrum, held by federal agencies, in the 3.5 GHz band with commercial wireless operators. This band is primarily used by radar systems that are critical to national defense. Field tests have shown that spectrum sharing between radars and communication systems require large separation distance in order to protect them from harmful interference. Thus, novel methods are required to ensure spectrum sharing between the two systems without the need of large protection distances. In order to efficiently share spectrum between radars and communication systems at the same time and in the same geographical area, a novel method is proposed that transforms radar signal in such a way that it does not interfere with communication systems. This is accomplished by projecting the radar signal onto null space of the wireless channel between radar and communication system. In order to understand the effects of the proposed sharing mechanism -- in urban, sub-urban, and littoral areas -- new channel models, specifically, two- and three-dimensional channel models are designed that capture azimuth and elevation angles of communication systems and helps in placing accurate nulls. In addition, interference coming from communication systems into radar receivers is analyzed and radar performance is accessed. Using this information, resource allocation schemes are designed for communication systems that take advantage of the carrier aggregation feature of the LTE-Advanced systems. This further helps in dynamic sharing of spectrum between radars and communication systems. The proposed signal projection approach not only meets radar objectives but also meets spectrum sharing objectives. However, there is a trade-off as signal projection results in some performance degradation for radars. Performance metrics such as probability of target detection, Cramer Rao bound and maximum likelihood estimate of target's angle of arrival, and beampattern of radar are studied for performance degradation. The results show minimal degradation in radar performance and reduction in exclusion zones, thus, showing the efficacy of the proposed approach. / Ph. D.

Interest in Ultra-wideband (UWB) has surged since the FCC's approval of a First Report and Order in February 2002 which provides spectrum for the use of UWB in various application areas. Because of the extremely large bandwidth UWB is currently being touted as a solution for high data rate, short-range wireless networks. An integral part of designing systems for this application or any application is an understanding of the statistical nature of the wireless UWB channel. This thesis presents statistical characterizations for the large and small scale indoor channel. Specifically, for large scale modeling channel frequency dependence is investigated in order to justify the application of traditional narrowband path loss models to UWB signals. Average delay statistics and their distributions are also presented for small scale channel modeling. The thesis also investigates narrowband interference cancellation. To protect legacy narrowband systems the FCC requires any UWB transmission to maintain a very low power spectral density. However, a UWB system may therefore be hampered by the presence of a higher power narrowband signal. Narrowband interferers have a much greater power spectral density than UWB signals and can negatively affect signal acquisition, demodulation, and ultimately lead to poor bit error performance. It is therefore desirable to mitigate any in-band narrowband interference. If the interferer's frequency is known then it may simply be removed using a notched filter. It is however of more interest to develop an adaptive solution capable of canceling interference at any frequency across the band. Solutions which are applied in the analog front end are preferable to digital backend solutions since the latter require extremely high rate sampling. The thesis therefore discusses two analog front-end interference cancellation techniques. The first technique digitally estimates the narrowband interference (this is possible because the UWB signal is not being sampled) and produces an RF estimate to perform the narrowband cancellation in the analog domain. Two estimation techniques, an LMS algorithm and a transversal filter, are compared according to their error performances. The second solution performs real-time Fourier analysis using transform domain processing. The signal is converted to the frequency domain using chirp Fourier transforms and filtered according to the UWB spectrum. This technique is also characterized in terms of bit error rate performance. Further discussion is provided on chirp filter bandwidths, center frequencies, and the applicability of the technology to UWB. / Master of Science

With magnetic storage devices already achieving storage densities of up to 400 Gigabits per square inch (Gb/in2), the state of the art is rapidly approaching theoretical limits (dictated by thermal stability concerns). Hence, there is an eort in the industry to develop alternative magnetic storage technologies. Two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) is one such candidate technology. In contrast to other technologies(e.g. heat-assisted magnetic recording [1], bit-patterned media [2]) which rely on signicant changes being made to the recording medium, TDMR relies on the use of traditional recording media, while relying on signal processing to make improvements in the recording density. Though advantageous due to the fact that no drastic re-engineering of media is required, there are signicant challenges that need to be addressed in order to make TDMR a viable candidate for next-generation recordingsystems.The main challenges involved in TDMR arise due to (i) the small bit-area, along with an aggressive write/read process, which leads to a large amount of noise, and (ii) the two-dimensional nature of the recording process { so far not encountered in today's systems. Thus, a gamut of 2D signal processing algorithms need be developed for the compensation of errors occurring due to the aggressive write/read processes. In this dissertation, we present some of the work done with regard to the signal processing tasks involved in TDMR. In particular, we describe our work on (i) channel modelling, (ii) detection strategies, and (iii) error-correction coding strategies targetted at TDMR.

Cette thèse résume trois années de travail dans le domaine de la caractérisation large bande du canal radio pour des applications projectiles. L’instrumentation des projectiles évolue avec la miniaturisation de l’électronique et l’accroissement constant de ses performances. L’échange de données par liaison sans fil bi-directionnelle entre le projectile et lastation de base doit s’effectuer aussi efficacement que possible. Afin de répondre à cette exigence, il est fondamental d’optimiser chaque élément de la chaîne de communication. Le canal, qui est le support où la propagation des ondes radio prend place, est l’un des éléments à modéliser.Dans le but de caractériser le canal radio pour ces applications, cette thèse a été structurée en cinq chapitres: dans les premier et deuxième chapitres, le contexte général de la thèse est présenté, introduisant le cadre de la thèse et donnant les éléments nécessaires pour comprendre le reste du manuscrit. Au chapitre trois, nous abordons le problème du développement des briques nécessaires pour caractériser le canal de propagation. Une des contributions de cette thèse est la définition d’un ensemble de procédures pour effectuer une modélisation de canal. Au chapitre quatre et cinq, nous présentons nos résultats. Alors qu’au chapitre quatre une étude préliminaire du canal est effectuée, une caractérisation complète est donnée au chapitre cinq. Les chapitres se terminent par la présentation d’un modèle de canal dédié aux simulations de communications numériques afin d’améliorer la liaison avec le projectile. Dans une dernière étape, les conclusions et les questions ouvertes sont détaillées. / This thesis summarizes three years of work in the field of wideband characterization of the radio channel in projectile applications. The popularization of the miniaturized electronics has allowed the instrumentation of projectiles. The information gathered by the onboard sensors needs to be sent from the projectile to the base station as efficiently as possible by means of bi-directional communication links. In order to fulfill this requirement, it is fundamental to optimize every element in the communication chain. The channel, which is the medium where the radio wave propagation takes places, is one of the elements to be modeled. With the purpose of characterizing the radio channel in projectile applications, this thesis has been structured in five chapters: in chapter one and two, the general context of the thesis is presented, introducing the reader to this topic and giving the necessary elements to understand the rest of the manuscript. In chapter three, we address the problem of developing the necessary elements in order to characterize the propagation channel. The first contribution of this thesis is found here in the form of a set of procedures to perform channel modeling. In chapter four and five, we present our results. While chapter in chapter four a preliminary study of the channel is performed, in chapter five a complete characterization is given. The chapters ends with the presentation of the second contribution of this thesis, i.e.a channel model to be used in simulations in order to improve the projectile communication link. In a last stage, the conclusions and open questions are detailed.

Approximately, two-thirds of earth's surface is covered by water. There is a growing interest from the military and commercial communities in having, an efficient, secure and high bandwidth underwater wireless communication (UWC) system for tactical underwater applications such as oceanography studies and offshore oil exploration. The existing acoustic and radio frequency (RF) technologies are severely limited in bandwidth because of the strong frequency dependent attenuation of sound in seawater and the high conductivity of seawater at radio frequencies, respectively. Recently, underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has been proposed as the best alternative or complementary solution to meet this challenge. Taking advantage of the low absorption window of seawater in blue-green (400-550 nm) regime of the electromagnetic spectrum, UWOC is expected to establish secure, efficient and high data rate communication links over short and moderate distances (< 100 m) for versatile applications such as underwater oil pipe inspection, remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and sensor networks. UWOC uses the latest gallium nitrite (GaN) visible light-emitting diode (LED) and laser diode (LD) transmitters. Although some research on LED lased UWOC is being conducted, both the military and academic 5 research communities are favoring the use of laser beams, which potentially could enhance the available bandwidth by up to three orders of magnitude. However, the underwater wireless channel is optically very challenging and difficult to predict. The propagation of laser beams in seawater is significantly affected by the harsh marine environments and suffers from severe attenuation which is a combined effect of absorption and scattering, optical turbulence, and multipath effects at high transmission rates. These limitations distort the intensity and phase structure of the optical beam leading to a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) which ultimately degrades the performance of UWOC links by increasing the probability of error. In this dissertation, we seek to experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of short range (≤ 20 m) UWOC systems over various underwater channel water types using different modulation schemes as well as to model and describe the statistical properties of turbulence-induced fading in underwater wireless optical channels using laser beam intensity fluctuations measurements.

The scope of the thesis is to estimate the parameters of continuous-time models used within control and communication from sampled data with high accuracy and in a computationally efficient way.In the thesis, continuous-time models of systems controlled in a networked environment, errors-in-variables systems, stochastic closed-loop systems, and wireless channels are considered. The parameters of a transfer function based model for the process in a networked control system are estimated by a covariance function based approach relying upon the second order statistical properties of input and output signals. Some other approaches for estimating the parameters of continuous-time models for processes in networked environments are also considered. The multiple input multiple output errors-in-variables problem is solved by means of a covariance matching algorithm. An analysis of a covariance matching method for single input single output errors-in-variables system identification is also presented. The parameters of continuous-time autoregressive exogenous models are estimated from closed-loop filtered data, where the controllers in the closed-loop are of proportional and proportional integral type, and where the closed-loop also contains a time-delay. A stochastic differential equation is derived for Jakes's wireless channel model, describing the dynamics of a scattered electric field with the moving receiver incorporating a Doppler shift. / <p>The thesis consists of five main parts, where the first part is an introduction- Parts II-IV are based on the following articles:</p><p><strong>Part II</strong> - Networked Control Systems</p><p>1. Y. Irshad, M. Mossberg and T. Söderström. <em>System identification in a networkedenvironment using second order statistical properties</em>.</p><p>A versionwithout all appendices is published as Y. Irshad, M. Mossberg and T. Söderström. <em>System identification in a networked environment using second order statistical properties</em>. Automatica, 49(2), pages 652–659, 2013.</p><p>Some preliminary results are also published as M. Mossberg, Y. Irshad and T. Söderström. <em>A covariance function based approachto networked system identification.</em> In Proc. 2nd IFAC Workshop on Distributed Estimation and Control in Networked Systems, pages 127–132, Annecy,France, September 13–14, 2010</p><p>2. Y. Irshad and M. Mossberg. <em>Some parameters estimation methods applied tonetworked control systems</em>.A journal submission is made. Some preliminary results are published as Y. Irshad and M. Mossberg.<em> A comparison of estimation concepts applied to networked control systems</em>. In Proc. 19th Int. Conf. on Systems, Signals andImage Processing, pages 120–123, Vienna, Austria, April 11–13, 2012.</p><p><strong>Part III</strong> - Errors-in-variables Identification</p><p>3. Y. Irshad and M. Mossberg. <em>Continuous-time covariance matching for MIMOEIV system identification</em>. A journal submission is made.</p><p>4. T. Söderström, Y. Irshad, M. Mossberg and W. X. Zheng. <em>On the accuracy of acovariance matching method for continuous-time EIV identification. </em>Provisionally accepted for publication in Automatica.</p><p>Some preliminary results are published as T. Söderström, Y. Irshad, M. Mossberg, and W. X. Zheng. <em>Accuracy analysis of a covariance matching method for continuous-time errors-in-variables system identification</em>. In Proc. 16th IFAC Symp. System Identification, pages 1383–1388, Brussels, Belgium, July 11–13, 2012.</p><p><strong>Part IV</strong> - Wireless Channel Modeling</p><p>5. Y. Irshad and M. Mossberg.<em> Wireless channel modeling based on stochasticdifferential equations .</em>Some results are published as M. Mossberg and Y. Irshad.<em> A stochastic differential equation forwireless channelsbased on Jakes’s model with time-varying phases,</em> In Proc. 13th IEEEDigitalSignal Processing Workshop, pages 602–605, Marco Island, FL, January4–7, 2009.</p><p><strong>Part V</strong> - Closed-loop Identification</p><p>6. Y. Irshad and M. Mossberg. Closed-loop identification of P- and PI-controlledtime-delayed stochastic systems.Some results are published as M. Mossberg and Y. Irshad. <em>Closed-loop identific ation of stochastic models from filtered data</em>, In Proc. IEEE Multi-conference on Systems and Control,San Antonio, TX, September 3–5, 2008</p>

L'exploitation, le contrôle et la signalisation des systèmes de métros modernes et en particulier les métros sans conducteur, reposent sur deux familles de systèmes de communication radio sans fil : les transmissions vitales pour la signalisation et le contrôle des trains à faible débit et les transmissions non vitales très haut débit pour la vidéo surveillance embarquée, le télé-diagnostic,l'information des clients, etc. Lors de la mise en œuvre de tels systèmes de transmission, l'industriel doit donc garantir à l'exploitant de métro des performances concernant les débits et la qualité de la transmission en termes de perte de paquets d'information. Dès lors, appréhender le comportement du canal de propagation est un élément clé pour prédire et améliorer les performances des systèmes de transmission.L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est double et concerne :• D'une part, la réduction des temps de calcul d'un simulateur de canal à tracé de rayons 3D qui prédit avec précision le comportement du canal de propagation, mais reste coûteux en temps de calculs pour les simulations dynamiques. Nous proposons dans cette thèse une méthode qui s'appuie sur trois critères de visibilité pour simplifier la description de lagéométrie de l'environnement sans pénaliser la prédiction des paramètres caractéristiques du canal de propagation ;• D'autre part, la mise en œuvre d'un nouveau modèle de canal de propagation MIMO dynamique en tunnel rectiligne de section rectangulaire qui permettra d'optimiser des systèmes de transmission multi antennaires (MIMO) pour des applications de transmissions sans fil pour les métros en tunnel. Ce modèle s'inspire globalement du modèle de canal utilisé / The exploitation, control and signalling systems for metro and especially modern driverless metros, are based on two families of radio communication systems Wireless : vital transmissions for signalling and train control low-flow and nonvital transmissions with very high bandwidth for video-tracking systems, telediagnosis, customer information, etc.. During the implementation ofsuch transmission systems, the industrial must therefore ensure the metro operator performance on throughput and transmission quality in terms of packet loss information. Therefore, understanding the behavior of the propagation channel is a key to predict and improve performance of transmission systems.The aim of this thesis is twin and concerns :• On the one hand, the computation time reduction of a 3D ray tracing simulator that accurately predicts the behavior of the propagation channel, but it is expensive in times of calculation for dynamic simulations. We propose here a new method based on three visibility criteria to simplify the geometry description of the environment without degrading the characteristic parameters prediction of the propagation channel ;• On the other hand, the construction of a new model for MIMO propagation channel dynamics in straight tunnel of rectangular section which will optimize transmission systems multi-antennary (MIMO) applications for wireless transmission in metros tunnel. This model draws broadly from the channel model used in the standard WINNER and is fed by the results extracted from the 3D ray tracing channel simulator. The results obtained in this thesis are encouraging and offer many opportunities.