A Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) é um método de tratamento do câncer e de outras doenças baseado no efeito conjunto de um composto fotoativo, luz da região visível ou infravermelho próximo e oxigênio molecular. O diagnóstico por fluorescência (DF) é uma técnica para o diagnóstico precoce de diversas doenças que consiste em utilizar algum composto fluorescente para distinguir tecido tumoral de tecido saudável. As porfirinas são amplamente utilizadas como fotossensibilizadores (FS) na TFD e como fluoróforos (FF) no DF. Os pontos quânticos (PQ) são novas nanoestruturas que possuem intenso e largo espectro de absorção na região espectral UV e visível, espectro de luminescência muito intenso e estreito e são fotoestáveis. Isso os torna promissores para o uso em TFD ou em DF, competindo com FS e FF orgânicos. A interação entre PQ e FS orgânicos pode aumentar a eficiência de ambos, devido aos processos de transferência de energia e/ou de carga. Durante o fototratamento os FS podem sofrer fototransformações, perdendo sua fotoatividade e formando produtos estáveis tóxicos. Isso torna importante o estudo da fototransformação dos FS. Neste trabalho, estudou-se, através da espectroscopia de absorção óptica, da fluorescência com resolução temporal e de flash-fotólise, a interação das porfirinas meso-tetrametil piridil (TMPyP) e meso-tetrasulfonatofenil (TPPS4) com o PQ de Telureto de Cádmio (CdTe) encapsulado com ácido 3-mercaptopropiônico (MPA) e sua fotólise individual e em conjunto. Os experimentos entre a TMPyP e o PQ mostraram que existe a formação de um complexo de transferência de carga entre a porfirina e o PQ. Verificou-se que a formação do complexo TMPyP-PQ aumenta a eficiência do processo de fotólise. A interação entre a p TPPS4 e o PQ em pH 4,0 (TPPS4 biprotonada) induz a transferência dos prótons para o PQ. A porfirina TPPS4 em pH 7,0 com adição de PQ não apresentou mudanças espectrais. Entretanto, em ambos os pHs, o PQ causava o aumento da velocidade de fotólise da TPPS4, sendo que o efeito do PQ foi maior em pH 4,0. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a importância da carga dos componentes, tanto na sua interação, como na eficiência de fotólise, devido à sua interação eletrostática. Também foi observado um aumento da intensidade da fluorescência de sistemas porfirina-PQ durante a fotólise. Esse efeito pode ser explicado pela redução da supressão da fluorescência devido à diminuição das concentrações dos componentes durante a fotólise. / The Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a method of treatment of cancer and other diseases based on combined effects of a photoactive compound, visible or near infrared light and molecular oxygen. The diagnosis by fluorescence (DF) is a technique for diagnostics of disease that consists in utilizing fluorescence compound to discern tumor tissue from a healthy one. Porphyrins are widely used as photosensitizer (PS) in PDT and as fluorophore (FP) in DF. Quantum dots (QD) are new nanostructures, which have intense and broad absorption spectrum in the UV and visible light region, intense and narrow luminescence spectrum and possess high photostability. They are considered promising for clinical application in PDT and/or DF, competing with organic PS and FP. Interaction between QD and organic PS can increase the efficiencies of both, due to the energy and/or charge transfer processes. The PS phototransformation during phototreatment may lead to loss of the PS photoactivity and formation of toxic products, that is important to study the processes of the PS phototransformation. In this work, with the support of absorption spectroscopy, steady state and time resolved fluorescence and flash-photolysis, we study interaction of meso-tetramethyl pyridyl (TMPyP) and meso-tetrakis sulfonatofenyl (TPPS4) porphyrins with CdTe QD functionalized with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and their photolysis individual and in mutual. Experiments with TMPyP and QD demonstrate formation of a charge transfer complex between the porphyrin and the QD. We have verified that TMPyP-QD complex increases the efficiency of the porphyrin photolysis. The photolysis of the proper complex has been observed, as well. The interaction between TPPS4 and QD at pH 4.0 (biprotonated TPPS4) provokes deprotonation of the porphyrin via the proton transfer to QD. At pH 7.0 (deprotonated TPPS4) interaction of the porphyrin with the QD does not change TPPS4 spectral characteristics. Nevertheless, at both pHs QD cause increase in the TPPS4 photolysis rate, the effect being higher at pH 4.0. The observed results demonstrate the importance of the component charges both at their interaction and in photolysis efficiency, associated with their electrostatic interaction. The fluorescence intensity of the porphyrin-QD systems is enhanced during photolysis. This effect may be explained as the fluorescence quenching reduction due to decrease of the compound concentrations in the photolysis process.

O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de \"software\" para proteção digital das linhas de transmissão. Com esse propósito são implementados relés de distância com características quadrilaterais e adaptativas. Um \"software\" básico para este fim consiste de várias etapas como: detecção da falta, filtragem digital, classificação da falta, cálculo da impedância aparente e verificação das zonas de proteção. Na etapa de filtragem digital das ondas, é utilizada a Transformada Discreta de Fourier (TDF) para a extração dos componentes fundamentais de tensão e corrente. A característica quadrilateral mostra-se eficiente para determinadas condições de operação fixas do sistema, mas seu desempenho é comprometido quando ocorrem mudanças das mesmas. Para solucionar este problema, é introduzida a teoria de relés adaptativos onde a característica de abertura do relé digital muda com as alterações nas condições de operação do sistema, mantendo-se assim a eficiência da proteção. / The objective of this work is the development of a software for digital protection of transmission lines. For this purpose relays of distance with Quadrilateral and Adaptive characteristics are implemented. A basic software with this aim consists of several steps such as: detection of the fault, digital filtering of the faulted waves, classification of the fault, impedance calculation and verification of the protection zones. For the digital filtering purpose, the Fourier Discret Transform, is used in order to extract the fundamental phasors of voltages and currents. Quadrilateral characteristcs are shown to be effective under certain operation conditions of the system, but its performance is not so efficient when those conditions are changed. In order to solve these problems, the theory of adaptive relays was introduced whereby the characteristic of digital relay changes according to the alterations in the conditions of the system operation, and by these means the protection is kept efficient.

Orientador: Caio Jose Colletti Negreiros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T10:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Grama_LinoAndersondaSilva_M.pdf: 862309 bytes, checksum: ac6a88c1ff96ef74d7a840ce591336f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O principal objetivo desta dissertação 'e apresentar a construção e a classificação das aplicações harmônicas de S2 em U(n), baseado nas idéias de K.Uhlenbeck. Apresentamos um exemplo de aplicação harmônica em U(4) e provamos que tal exemplo 'e, de fato, uma aplicação harmônica não-holomorfa na variedade de Grassman G2(C4), de 2-planos em C4.Demonstramos o teorema de Valli sobre o espectro da energia e, por fim, parametrizamos o conjunto Harm(S2, U(n)), de todas aplicações harmônicas de S2 em U(n), fornecendo uma classifica¸c¿ao para tais aplicações, seguindo o trabalho de J.C.Wood / Abstract: This dissertation is concerned with the construction and classification of harmonic maps from S2 on U(n), according to K. Uhlenbeck. We construct an example of harmonic map on U(4) and prove that this example is, in fact, a non-holomorphic harmonic map in the Grassmann manifold G2(C4) of 2-plans on C4. We also prove the theorem of Valli on the spectrum of energy and, finally, describe the arametrization of the space Harm(S2, U(n)), of all harmonics maps from S2 in U(n), provide the classification for such maps, following the work of J.C.Wood / Mestrado / Mestre em Matemática

Para a determinação do comportamento de um solo não saturado, é necessária a identificação da sua curva característica, que representa a capacidade de armazenamento de água pelo solo em função do valor de sucção imposto. Quando este solo é submetido a algum processo de contaminação, a sua estrutura interna pode ser alterada por processos físico-químicos, modificando, por conseqüência, o seu comportamento. Esta dissertação propõe uma metodologia de ensaio para a determinação de curvas características de sucção total em um solo artificialmente contaminado com diferentes teores de óleo diesel. O programa experimental proposto consiste basicamente na realização do método do papel filtro, através da técnica sem contato entre a amostra e o papel, com algumas modificações em relação às metodologias anteriormente descritas na literatura geotécnica. Foram também executados ensaios para controle e quantificação da evaporação do contaminante ao longo do tempo, e sua possível absorção pelo papel filtro utilizado. Além disso, foram realizados ensaios para a caracterização física, mineralógica e química do solo, antes e após a adição do óleo, com o intuito de constatar as alterações causadas pela contaminação. O material estudado é constituído por sedimentos coluvionares provenientes de arenito da Formação Botucatu, sendo que sua curva característica, sem contaminação, já foi determinada em um estudo anterior, através do método do papel filtro com contato. Para possibilitar comparações entre estes resultados, foram medidos também alguns pontos em amostras não contaminadas, através da técnica proposta nesta dissertação. Estes apresentaram uma satisfatória concordância em relação à curva anteriormente ajustada. Na análise das curvas características do solo contaminado com 2%, 5%, 10% e 15% de óleo diesel, constatou-se a permanência do formato bimodal, sugerindo que a microestrutura e a macroestrutura continuam influenciando na entrada e saída de água do meio. Entretanto, foram identificadas alterações na forma da curva e na extensão dos patamares resultantes, em relação à curva característica sem contaminação, assim como as diferentes localizações dos valores de entrada de ar. Foi verificado que, conforme o aumento do teor de contaminante, há uma gradual tendência ao formato unimodal da curva característica, induzindo a um comportamento de solo tipicamente granular. Este fato foi comprovado nos resultados de microscopia eletrônica, onde se verifica que, com teores menores de óleo, a estrutura do solo encontra-se mais fechada e, à medida que este teor aumenta, a estrutura torna-se mais porosa. Os tempos de equalização para o método de ensaio proposto variaram entre 7 e 30 dias, conforme o nível de sucção da amostra. A avaliação da histerese revelou que, com o aumento do teor de contaminante, há uma pequena redução deste fenômeno. Além disso, os ensaios complementares comprovaram a existência de uma pequena porcentagem de evaporação do óleo diesel, assim como a absorção do mesmo pelo papel filtro, que se apresentou praticamente nula. / The unsaturated soil behavior can be determined through its soil-water characteristic curve, which represents the capacity of the soil to store water when submitted to different suction levels. When this soil is contaminated, its internal structure can be modified according to physical and chemical processes, thus changing the initial behavior. This dissertation proposes a test methodology to determine the total-suction soil-water characteristic curves of a contaminated soil at different diesel oil contents. The experimental program consisted of using the filter-paper method without contact between the sample and the paper, but with some modifications in relation to previously studied techniques. Some control tests were also carried out to check oil evaporation and its absortion by the filter paper. Besides, the samples were submitted to physical, mineralogical and chemical characterization, before and after contamination, to verify the possible changes. The studied material is a colluvium soil, constituted basically by sandstone, from the Botucatu Formation. This soil was previously studied by the filter-paper method with contact, and its soil water characteristic curve without contamination was already known. To compare the results, the proposed test methodology was also performed with non contaminated samples, showing a satisfactory agreement with the initial curve. The soil-water characteristic curves of this soil with a diesel oil content of 2%, 5%, 10% and 15% showed a "saddle" shape, indicating that both the microstructure and the macrostructure were influenced by the entrance and exit of water through the soil. However, the shape of the curve and the extent of its plateau changed according to the level of contamination. Increasing the oil content, the curve tends to a unimodal shape, with a behavior similar to granular soils. This statement was proved by the microstruture photographs, which showed an increase of sample porosity due to the increase of oil content. The time required to reach suction equilibrium during the tests varied between 7 to 30 days, according to the initial water content of the samples. The observed hysteresis had a small reduction with the increase of oil content. The control tests proved that oil evaporation and its absortion by the filter paper were insignificant in the whole test program.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-27T14:36:34Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Claudio Umberto de Melo - 2014.pdf: 1397821 bytes, checksum: 73643dda4277353d441b401766d5aded (MD5) Dissertação - Claudio Umberto de Melo - 2014.pdf: 1397821 bytes, checksum: 73643dda4277353d441b401766d5aded (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-28T12:37:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Claudio Umberto de Melo - 2014.pdf: 1397821 bytes, checksum: 73643dda4277353d441b401766d5aded (MD5) Dissertação - Claudio Umberto de Melo - 2014.pdf: 1397821 bytes, checksum: 73643dda4277353d441b401766d5aded (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-28T12:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Claudio Umberto de Melo - 2014.pdf: 1397821 bytes, checksum: 73643dda4277353d441b401766d5aded (MD5) Dissertação - Claudio Umberto de Melo - 2014.pdf: 1397821 bytes, checksum: 73643dda4277353d441b401766d5aded (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work presents a study on the Cardano's method applied in 3rd degree polynomial equations of the form x3 + px + q = 0; p; q 2 R and use in the classroom, the 3rd year of high school, working with the procedure without the use of formula to determine a root of 3rd degree polynomial equation. The application of this method searches enable to students a relevant intellectual enrichment for future studies of the exact sciences. In this work not used a diagnostic evaluation to analyse the level of understanding of theme, only search to apply the procedure used by Cardano, in the classroom, and especially present a demonstration of this procedure to an equation in the general form of the 3rd degree. The study brings a historical approach of the resolutions of the equations, after, a theoretical foundation for the study of polynomials, detaching the theorems main, propositions and key de nitions for the study of the polynomial functions. Moreover, detach the study of the characteristics of the roots of an equation of the 3rd degree of analytical and graphical form, where we present an analytical resolution for the 4th degree equations. However, we conclude that the application of this study demonstrates that students have greater facility to nd a root of an equation in the general form, as well as the other roots. Therefore, the procedure used in classroom presents a method to nd at least one root of an equation of the 3rd degree, without the use of formula. Keywords / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o método de Cardano aplicado em equações polinomiais do 3o grau da forma x3 + px + q = 0; p; q 2 R e a utilização em sala, do 3o ano do Ensino Médio, trabalhando com o procedimento sem o uso de fórmula para determinar uma raiz de equação polinomial do 3o grau. A aplicação deste método busca possibilitar aos alunos um enriquecimento intelectual relevante para futuros estudos das ciências exatas. Neste trabalho não foi utilizado uma avaliação diagnóstica para analisar o nível de compreensão do tema, apenas buscou aplicar o procedimento utilizado por Cardano, em sala de aula, e principalmente apresentar uma demonstração deste procedimento para uma equação na forma geral do 3o grau. O estudo traz uma abordagem histórica das resoluções das equações, posteriormente, uma fundamentação teórica para o estudo dos polinômios, destacando os principais teoremas, proposições e de nições fundamentais para o estudo das funções polinomiais. Além disso, destaca o estudo das características das raízes de uma equação do 3o grau de forma analítica e grá ca, onde apresentamos uma resolução analítica para as equações do 4o grau. Contudo, concluímos que a aplicação deste estudo demonstra que os alunos apresentam maior facilidade para encontrar uma raiz de uma equação na forma geral, assim como as demais raízes. Portanto, o procedimento utilizado em sala apresenta um método para encontrar

Esta dissertação expõe o estudo realizado sobre o artigo de R. Brown, citado na bibliografia, e sobre os conceitos necessários para a compreensão deste material. Entre os principais conceitos e resultados preliminares discutidos, podemos citar: topologia de espaços de funções, teoria de homotopia, espaços compactos ANR, característica de Euler de um compacto ANR, teorema de Lefschetz, espaços fibrados, e campos de caminhos. Os principais resultados discutidos na dissertação são os teoremas centrais do artigo de Brown: toda n-variedade topológica compacta admite um campo de caminhos com no máximo uma singularidade; e, uma n-variedade topológica compacta orientável admite um campo de caminhos sem singularidades se, e somente se, sua característica de Euler é zero. Discutimos também, suas respectivas consequências em teoria de ponto fixo / This essay has the purpose of exposing the studies on the paper by R. Brown, quoted on the references, and on the concepts necessary to the comprehension of it. Among the main concepts and preliminary results discussed, we can cite: topology of function spaces, homotopy theory, ANR compact spaces, Euler characteristic of a compact ANR, Lefschetz theorem, fiber spaces, and field paths. The main results discussed in the text are the central theorems presented on Brown\'s paper: every compact topological n-manifold admits a path field with at most one singularity, and a compact orientable topological n-manifold M admits a nonsingular path field if and only if the Euler characteristic of M is zero. We also discussed their consequences on fixed point theory

As equações de diferenças desempenham papel fundamental na modelagem de problemas em que o tempo é medido em intervalos discretos, por exemplo, horas, dia, mês, ano. Elas têm aplicações em Matemática, Física, Engenharia, Economia, Biologia e Sociologia. O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar as equações de diferenças lineares de ordem superior, focando aspectos teóricos, métodos de determinação das soluções destas equações e análise da estabilidade de soluções de equações de diferenças de 2a ordem com coeficientes constantes. Exemplos e aplicações ilustram a teoria desenvolvida. É apresentada uma proposta didática relacionada ao tema para ser trabalhada no ensino médio. / The difference equations play a key role in shaping problems in which time is measured in discrete intervals, e.g., hour, day, month, year. They may be applied to Mathematics, Physics, Engineering, Economics, Biology and Sociology. The aim of this work is to study the higher-order linear difference equations, focusing on the theoretical aspects, on the methods used to determine the solutions of these equations and also on the analysis of the stability of 2nd-order difference equations with constants coefficients. Examples and applications depict the developed theory. In addition, a didactic proposal related to the topic to be worked on high school is presented.

This research project aimed to develop a condition monitoring system for the final production quality of pharmaceutical tablets and detection capping and lamination during powder compression process using the acoustic emission (AE) method. Pharmaceutical tablet manufacturers obliged by regulatory bodies to test the tablet's physical properties such as hardness, dissolution and disintegration before the tablets are released to the market. Most of the existing methods and techniques for testing and monitoring these tablet's properties are performed at the tablet post-compression stage. Furthermore, these tests are destructive in nature. Early experimental investigations revealed that the AE energy that is generated during powder compression is directly proportional to the peak force that is required to crush the tablet, i. e. crushing strength. Further laboratory and industrial experimental investigation have been conducted to study the relationship between the AE signals and the compression conditions. Traditional AE signal features such as energy, count, peak amplitude, average signal level, event duration and rise time were recorded. AE data analysis with the aid of advanced classification algorithm, fuzzy C-mean clustering showed that the AE energy is a very useful parameter in tablet condition monitoring. It was found that the AE energy that is generated during powder compression is sensitive to the process and is directly proportional to the compression speed, particle size, homogeneity of mixture and the amount of material present. Also this AE signal is dependent upon the type of material used as the tablet filler. Acoustic emission has been shown to be a useful technique for characterising some of the complex physical changes which occur during tabletting. Capping and lamination are serious problems that are encountered during tabletting. A capped or laminated tablet is one which no longer retains its mechanical integrity and exhibit low strength characteristics. Capping and lamination can be caused by a number of factors such as excessive pressure, insufficient binder in the granules and poor material flowabilities. However, capping and lamination can also occur randomly and they are also dependent upon the material used in tabletting. It was possible to identify a capped or laminated tablet by monitoring the AE energy level during continuous on-line monitoring of tabletting. Capped tablets indicated by low level of AE energy. The proposed condition monitoring system aimed to set the AE energy threshold that could discriminate between capped and non-capped tablets. This was based upon statistical distributions of the AE energy values for both the capped and non-capped tablets. The system aims to minimise the rate of false alarms (indication of capping when in reality capping has not occurred) and the rate of missed detection (an indication of non capping, when in reality capping has occurred). A novel approach that employs both the AE method and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was proposed for the on-line detection of capping and lamination during tabletting. The proposed system employs AE energy as the discriminating parameter to detect between capped and non-capped tablets. The ROC curve was constructed from the area under the two distributions of both capped and non-capped tablet. This curve shows a trade-off between the probabilities of true detection rate and false alarm rate for capped and non-capped tablet. A two-graph receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was presented as a modification of the original ROC curve to enable an operator to directly select the desired energy threshold for tablet monitoring. This plot shows the ROC co-ordinate as a function of the threshold value over the entire threshold (AE energy) range for all test outcomes. An alternative way of deciding a threshold based on the slope of the ROC curve was also developed. The slope of the ROC curve represents the optimal operating point on the curve. It depends upon the penalties cost of capping and the prevalence of capping. Sets of guidelines have been outlined for decision making i.e. threshold setting. These guidelines take into account both the prevalence of capping in manufacturing and the cost associated with various outcomes of tablet formation. The proposed condition monitoring system also relates AE monitoring to non-AE measurement as it enable an operator predicting tablet hardness and disintegration form the AE energy, a relationship which was established in this research.

La thèse est constituée de deux parties. La première concerne la très amplitude du diviseur canonique relatif, tandis que la seconde traite de la positivité de la caractéristique d'Euler de surfaces.Dans la première partie, on se donne une courbe régulière propre sur un anneau de Dedekind (dont les corps résiduels aux points fermés sont parfaits), de fibre générique de genre plus grand ou égal à 2. Après contractions de certains diviseurs verticaux, on obtient son modèle canonique. On montre que toute puissance tensorielle supérieure ou égale à 3 du faisceau dualisant relatif sur le modèle canonique est très ample. Ceci améliore un résultat de Jongmin Lee.Dans la deuxième partie, pour tout nombre premier p différent de 2, nous montrons qu'il existe une constante positive k_p, telle que pour toute surface projective lisse X de type général définie sur un corps algébriquement clos de caractéristique p, on ait l'inégalité \xi(O_X) ≥ k_pc_1^2(X). / This thesis is divided into 2 parts. The first part concerns with the amplitude of relative canonical divisors, and the second part deals with the positivity of the Euler characteristics of surfaces.In the first part, given a minimal arithmetic surface over a Dedekind ring whose residue fields at closed points are perfect, suppose the general fibre has genus at least 2, after contracting some vertical divisor, we will obtain its canonical model. We prove in this part that 3 or more times the relative canonical divisor of this canonical model is very ample. This simplifies and generalizes a result of Jongmin Lee.In the second part, we prove that for all prime numbers p>2, there is a positive number k_p, such that \xi(O_X) ≥ k_p c_1^2(X) holds true for all algebraic surfaces X of general type in characteristic p. In particular, \xi(O_X)>0. This answers a question of N. Shepherd Barron when p>2.

Maintaining or even improving image quality while lowering patient dose is always the desire in clinical computed tomography (CT) imaging. Iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms have been designed to allow for a reduced dose while maintaining or even improving an image. However, we have previously shown that the dose-saving capabilities allowed with IR are different for different clinical tasks. The channelized scanning linear observer (CSLO) was applied to study clinical tasks that combine detection and estimation when assessing CT image data. The purpose of this work is to illustrate the importance of task complexity when assessing dose savings and to move toward more realistic tasks when performing these types of studies. Human-observer validation of these methods will take place in a future publication. Low-contrast objects embedded in body-size phantoms were imaged multiple times and reconstructed by filtered back projection (FBP) and an IR algorithm. The task was to detect, localize, and estimate the size and contrast of low-contrast objects in the phantom. Independent signal-present and signal-absent regions of interest cropped from images were channelized by the dense-difference of Gauss channels for CSLO training and testing. Estimation receiver operating characteristic (EROC) curves and the areas under EROC curves (EAUC) were calculated by CSLO as the figure of merit. The one-shot method was used to compute the variance of the EAUC values. Results suggest that the IR algorithm studied in this work could efficiently reduce the dose by similar to 50% while maintaining an image quality comparable to conventional FBP reconstruction warranting further investigation using real patient data. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.