No description available.

This thesis considered the potential benefits of employing linear programming in cheese manufacturing plants as a decision tool for management. Its potential has been enhanced by the recent approval of acid orange 12 as a chemical for testing the percent protein in milk; therefore, a practical test is now available for monitoring protein as well as milk fat in milk manufacturing and fluid milk plants. Seven models, each one differing only in the milk fat and protein percentages or means of standardizing the cheese milk, were manipulated individually and simultaneously to test the managerial benefits of linear programming under various plant and market conditions. Each model consisted of five cheese activities or variables, two butter activities, three powder activities, and a selling activity for each product produced. The maximum price that could be paid the farm producer per hundred-weight of milk and the minimum wholesale rice per pound of manufactured product, to cover variable costs were determined for each variety of cheese and composition of milk. There was a definite interaction between each of the activities. This caused the cost to produce a Pound of cheese to vary according to the alternative uses for milk, cream, skim milk, and whey. When the simulated plant was being utilized at or near full capacity and the cheese milk was standardized with non fat dry milk powder, total cheese yield increased as did total profits. When the plant was not being utilized to full capacity, profits were higher by not standardizing.

No description available.

Pesquisas sobre Listeria monocytogenes em indústrias de produtos lácteos no Brasil são escassas. Três laticínios (A, B e C) produtores de queijos do Estado de São Paulo foram monitorados para a presença de L. monocytogenes no período de outubro/2008 a setembro/2009. Foram realizadas 12 coletas, correspondentes a 12 lotes de queijo produzidos, sendo quatro de cada laticínio. Em cada laticínio, as visitas foram realizadas com intervalos de aproximadamente 2 meses entre cada uma. Foram analisadas 393 amostras, sendo 201 de superfícies com e sem contato com alimentos e 192 de alimentos (leite cru e pasteurizado e queijo) água e salmoura, para pesquisa de L. monocytogenes. As análises foram realizadas de acordo com o método do Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Os resultados confirmam a presença de Listeria spp nas instalações dos três laticínios. L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. seeligeri e L. welshimeri foram as espécies isoladas neste estudo. Especificamente a espécie L. monocytogenes não foi encontrada no laticínio A, entretanto, o microrganismo foi isolado de 12,5% das amostras do laticínio B e de 9,1% do laticínio C. L. monocytogenes não foi isolada do leite cru dos silos, do leite pasteurizado, da água e dos queijos Minas frescal, nos 3 laticínios. Porém, no laticínio C, L. monocytogenes foi isolada de amostras de queijo Prato que foram incluídas apenas na 4ª coleta deste laticínio, além de ter sido isolada de amostras de salmoura. As maiores prevalências de contaminação por L. monocytogenes ocorreram em superfícies sem contato com alimentos, sendo positivas 51,6% das amostras do laticínio B e 21,7% do laticínio C. Em ambos os laticínios a bactéria também foi isolada de superfícies com contato com alimentos. Os resultados fornecem informações detalhadas dos pontos prioritários para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle de L. monocytogenes em laticínios e mostram a importância de programas de monitoramento ambiental do patógeno, mesmo em pequenas indústrias. Os 85 isolados identificados como L. monocytogenes revelaram-se de quatro sorotipos: 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c e 4b, com predomínio do 4b, em ambos os laticínios, o que é preocupante para a saúde pública. Com base nos resultados de PFGE (perfis combinados ApaI e AscI), 40 perfis (pulsotipos) foram obtidos. Pulsotipos foram isolados repetidamente entre coletas nos laticínios B e C, sugerindo persistência de linhagens nos laticínios. Apesar dos laticínios serem distantes e independentes, um pulsotipo foi compartilhado entre ambos. O laticínio A apresentou contaminação por mais de um pulsotipo de L. seeligeri e houve isolamento repetido de um pulsotipo dessa espécie, entre as coletas, sugerindo adaptação da bactéria e necessidade de controle do gênero Listeria nessa indústria. A ocorrência de um mesmo pulsotipo de L. monocytogenes com sorotipos diferentes (1/2b e 4b) mostra que a sorotipagem deve acompanhar análises mais refinadas como as de natureza genotípica. / Listeria monocytogenes surveys in cheese manufacturing plants in Brazil are rare. Three cheese manufacturing plants (A, B and C) in São Paulo state were monitored for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes during the period of October/2008 - September/2009. Twelve samples surveys were taken corresponding to 12 cheese lots produced, four in each plant. In each cheese plant, the samples were taken at intervals of approximately 2 months. There were 393 samples analyzed, 201 from surfaces with and without contact with food and 192 of food (raw and pasteurized milk and cheese), water and brine, with the objective of searching for L. monocytogenes. The analyses were performed in accordance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method. The results confirmed the presence of Listeria spp in the facilities of three plants. L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. seeligeri and L. weshimeri were the species isolated in this study. Specifically the L. monocytogenes specie was not isolated from plant A. However, the microorganism was isolated in 12.5% of the samples from plant B and 9.1% from plant C. Listeria monocytogenes was not isolated from raw milk in storage tanks, pasteurized milk, water or Minas frescal cheese samples from the three plants. Nevertheless, in plant C, L. monocytogenes was isolated in Prato cheese that was included only in the 4th sampling survey and also from the brine samples. The major prevalence of contamination by L. monocytogenes occurred on surfaces without contact with food, with 51.6% of the samples positive from plant B and 21.7% from plant C. In both plants, the microorganism was also isolated from food contact surfaces. The results provide detailed information about the critical points for the development of L. monocytogenes control strategies in cheese processing plants and, moreover, show the relevance of sampling programs of the pathogen, even in small cheese processing plants. The 85 isolates identified as L. monocytogenes were classified in four serotypes: 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b, with 4b dominating in both cheese plants, which is of concern to human health. On the basis of PFGE results (combined profiles ApaI and AscI), 40 profiles (pulsotypes) were found. Pulsotypes were isolated repeatedly among sampling surveys in plants B and C, suggesting persistence of lineages in the plants. Despite these plants being distant and independent, one pulsotype was shared between them. Plant A presented contamination by more than one pulsotype of L. seeligeri and there was a repetitive isolation of one pulsotype of this specie among samplings, suggesting adaptation of the bacterium and the need for control of the Listeria genus in this plant. The occurrence of one single pulsotype of L. monocytogenes with different serotypes (1/2b and 4b) show that serotyping should follow more refined analyses as the ones of genotypic nature.

As fat is removed from Mozzarella cheese, the resulting increase in protein content causes the cheese to become tough, thus decreasing the desired physical characteristics of meltability and stretch. Low-fat (6% fat) Mozzarella cheese was manufactured with the addition of several levels of a Lactococcus lactis adjunct culture that was proteinase positive and lactose deficient in an attempt to improve these physical properties. During cheese manufacture , milk was acidified to pH 6.0, then inoculated with Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Experimental vats were also inoculated with either 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0% of the adjunct culture. Cheeses made with the adjunct culture had increased melt properties at d 1. During the first 14 d of storage, cheeses manufactured with 0.50% and 1.0% adjunct culture melted more readily than the control; by 28 d, the meltability of all cheeses was similar. Breakdown of cheese body was more rapid in the experimental cheeses and was particularly apparent during shredding. The increase in softness was presumed to be the result of increased proteolysis in the cheeses. There were no significant differences in melt viscosity between control and experimental cheeses. Storage time, however, was significant, and between d 14 and d 28, melt viscosity decreased for all cheeses. Protein hydrolysis was measured using SDS-PAGE, but no differences were observed in the disappearance of intact caseins. In the second part of this study, part-skim (18% fat) Mozzarella cheese was manufactured from milk standardized to a casein-to-fat ratio of 1.2 and inoculated with L. helveticus strain and S. thermophilus strain. Low-fat (6% fat) Mozzarella cheese was manufactured from milk with a casein-to-fat ratio of 4.2 and inoculated with the same starter culture with (or without) addition of the proteinase positive, lactose deficient adjunct culture. The cheese was molded into 1.5-lb blocks and stored at 4°C. Meltability and melt viscosity of the cheese were measured during 28 d storage. Disappearance of αs1-casein and ß-casein was measured using free solution capillary electrophoresis, which separated intact proteins and large peptides. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was used to study the appearance of small peptides (<30 >kDa) during storage. After 28 d storage, there were significant decreases in the amount of intact αs1-casein remaining after 28 d, but no measurable change in ß-casein in either the part-skim or low-fat cheeses. In part-skim cheese, 71% αs1-casein remained, but in the low-fat cheeses only 20% intact αs1-casein remained after 28 d. If adjunct culture was used in low-fat cheese, then only 14% a 5 1-casein was found after 28 d. A similar increase in proteolysis in the low-fat cheeses was observed based on the amount of small peptides produced. Part of these differences may be a function of increased moisture content of the low-fat cheese, 61% vs 51% in part-skim cheese. During storage, part-skim Mozzarella showed a typical increase in melt with a corresponding decrease in melt viscosity. Melt increased from 10.6 cm at d 1 to 16.9 cm at d 28; melt viscosity at 80°C decreased from 1.0 x 106 cP at d 1 to 2.1 x 105 cP at d 28. There was less change in melt in the low-fat cheese during storage, 8.9 cm at d 1 and 10.9 cm at d 28. Melt viscosity decreased from 4.8 x 105 cP at d 1 to 1.9 x 105cP at d 28. It appears that adding the adjunct culture increased initial meltability of the low-fat cheese by accelerating proteolysis during the first 14 d but caused an increase in viscosity and decrease in melt after 14 d of refrigerated storage.

Pesquisas sobre Listeria monocytogenes em indústrias de produtos lácteos no Brasil são escassas. Três laticínios (A, B e C) produtores de queijos do Estado de São Paulo foram monitorados para a presença de L. monocytogenes no período de outubro/2008 a setembro/2009. Foram realizadas 12 coletas, correspondentes a 12 lotes de queijo produzidos, sendo quatro de cada laticínio. Em cada laticínio, as visitas foram realizadas com intervalos de aproximadamente 2 meses entre cada uma. Foram analisadas 393 amostras, sendo 201 de superfícies com e sem contato com alimentos e 192 de alimentos (leite cru e pasteurizado e queijo) água e salmoura, para pesquisa de L. monocytogenes. As análises foram realizadas de acordo com o método do Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Os resultados confirmam a presença de Listeria spp nas instalações dos três laticínios. L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. seeligeri e L. welshimeri foram as espécies isoladas neste estudo. Especificamente a espécie L. monocytogenes não foi encontrada no laticínio A, entretanto, o microrganismo foi isolado de 12,5% das amostras do laticínio B e de 9,1% do laticínio C. L. monocytogenes não foi isolada do leite cru dos silos, do leite pasteurizado, da água e dos queijos Minas frescal, nos 3 laticínios. Porém, no laticínio C, L. monocytogenes foi isolada de amostras de queijo Prato que foram incluídas apenas na 4ª coleta deste laticínio, além de ter sido isolada de amostras de salmoura. As maiores prevalências de contaminação por L. monocytogenes ocorreram em superfícies sem contato com alimentos, sendo positivas 51,6% das amostras do laticínio B e 21,7% do laticínio C. Em ambos os laticínios a bactéria também foi isolada de superfícies com contato com alimentos. Os resultados fornecem informações detalhadas dos pontos prioritários para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle de L. monocytogenes em laticínios e mostram a importância de programas de monitoramento ambiental do patógeno, mesmo em pequenas indústrias. Os 85 isolados identificados como L. monocytogenes revelaram-se de quatro sorotipos: 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c e 4b, com predomínio do 4b, em ambos os laticínios, o que é preocupante para a saúde pública. Com base nos resultados de PFGE (perfis combinados ApaI e AscI), 40 perfis (pulsotipos) foram obtidos. Pulsotipos foram isolados repetidamente entre coletas nos laticínios B e C, sugerindo persistência de linhagens nos laticínios. Apesar dos laticínios serem distantes e independentes, um pulsotipo foi compartilhado entre ambos. O laticínio A apresentou contaminação por mais de um pulsotipo de L. seeligeri e houve isolamento repetido de um pulsotipo dessa espécie, entre as coletas, sugerindo adaptação da bactéria e necessidade de controle do gênero Listeria nessa indústria. A ocorrência de um mesmo pulsotipo de L. monocytogenes com sorotipos diferentes (1/2b e 4b) mostra que a sorotipagem deve acompanhar análises mais refinadas como as de natureza genotípica. / Listeria monocytogenes surveys in cheese manufacturing plants in Brazil are rare. Three cheese manufacturing plants (A, B and C) in São Paulo state were monitored for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes during the period of October/2008 - September/2009. Twelve samples surveys were taken corresponding to 12 cheese lots produced, four in each plant. In each cheese plant, the samples were taken at intervals of approximately 2 months. There were 393 samples analyzed, 201 from surfaces with and without contact with food and 192 of food (raw and pasteurized milk and cheese), water and brine, with the objective of searching for L. monocytogenes. The analyses were performed in accordance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method. The results confirmed the presence of Listeria spp in the facilities of three plants. L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. seeligeri and L. weshimeri were the species isolated in this study. Specifically the L. monocytogenes specie was not isolated from plant A. However, the microorganism was isolated in 12.5% of the samples from plant B and 9.1% from plant C. Listeria monocytogenes was not isolated from raw milk in storage tanks, pasteurized milk, water or Minas frescal cheese samples from the three plants. Nevertheless, in plant C, L. monocytogenes was isolated in Prato cheese that was included only in the 4th sampling survey and also from the brine samples. The major prevalence of contamination by L. monocytogenes occurred on surfaces without contact with food, with 51.6% of the samples positive from plant B and 21.7% from plant C. In both plants, the microorganism was also isolated from food contact surfaces. The results provide detailed information about the critical points for the development of L. monocytogenes control strategies in cheese processing plants and, moreover, show the relevance of sampling programs of the pathogen, even in small cheese processing plants. The 85 isolates identified as L. monocytogenes were classified in four serotypes: 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b, with 4b dominating in both cheese plants, which is of concern to human health. On the basis of PFGE results (combined profiles ApaI and AscI), 40 profiles (pulsotypes) were found. Pulsotypes were isolated repeatedly among sampling surveys in plants B and C, suggesting persistence of lineages in the plants. Despite these plants being distant and independent, one pulsotype was shared between them. Plant A presented contamination by more than one pulsotype of L. seeligeri and there was a repetitive isolation of one pulsotype of this specie among samplings, suggesting adaptation of the bacterium and the need for control of the Listeria genus in this plant. The occurrence of one single pulsotype of L. monocytogenes with different serotypes (1/2b and 4b) show that serotyping should follow more refined analyses as the ones of genotypic nature.

The aim of this thesis was to design technology of production soft cheese with white mold on the surface in a pilot plant conditions using unpasteurized milk that comes from grazing cows. This way I wanted to be closer to the traditional cheese manufacturing technology, over which today dominates the industrial. Final cheeses were subjected to sensory analysis in order to determine their acceptability for ordinary consumers. Sensory evaluation was carried out by two committees: students and seniors. Between the two committiees were noticeable differences, however, both commissions at the conclusion assessed the cheese as „good”. This evaluation was mainly based on lower ratings of taste (flavor) of the samples, which were quite strong and unusual for Czech consumers.