Un simple regard porté sur la vie quotidienne suffit pour prendre conscience autant de la diversité des contrats que de la multitude des choses dangereuses qui nous entoure. La diversité contractuelle qui apparaît clairement dans le Code Civil et plus largement dans le droit civil, s’est aussi développée dans le droit commercial et plus amplement dans le droit des affaires. Quant aux choses dangereuses, comme souvent évoquée par la doctrine, elles sont de plus en plus considérées comme étant omniprésentes dans la société contemporaine. Les choses dangereuses peuvent être l’objet de tous les contrats qui existent et il ne fait pas de doute que l’intervention de ces dernières dans les contrats produit des effets autant sur leur formation que sur leur exécution. La présente recherche a donc pour objectif de déterminer quels sont ces effets dès lors que les choses dangereuses sont introduites volontairement ou non dans les contrats privés. Avant d’analyser lesdits effets, il s’est avéré nécessaire de définir au préalable et façon juridique, la notion de “chose dangereuse”. Cette définition a facilité l’étude de l’influence qu’exercent les choses dangereuses sur les contrats. L’analyse de ladite influence a permis d’élaborer un ensemble de règles pouvant s’appliquer, nos pas de façon sectorielle, mais d’une manière globale à tous les contrats portant sur les choses dangereuses. La détermination de cet ensemble de règle a pour objectif d’ assurer une gestion globale et efficace du danger (ou du risque) des choses dans le contrat. / A simple outlook on daily life is enough for becoming aware of the diversity of the contracts as well as the multitude of dangerous things which surround us. The contractual diversity which appears in the Civil Code and more widely in civil law, is also developed in commercial law and more generally in business law. As for dangerous things, like often mentioned by the doctrine, they are increasingly considered to be ubiquitous in the contemporary society.Dangerous things can be part of all contracts as diverse they may be. But there is no doubt that the intervention of dangerous things in contracts does not let them free and it has inevitably effects as much on their training as on their execution. That is the reason why which explains the choice of this subject. We intend to find what are the effects produced by dangerous things when they are intentionally or unintentionally introduced into private contracts.Before analyzing those effects, it was necessary to define first, legally speaking, the concept of "dangerous thing". Indeed, this definition facilitates the study of the influence of dangerous things on the contracts which concern them. The analysis of that influence of dangerous things will help to develop a set of rules that could be applied to all contracts relating to dangerous things.The purpose of this analysis is to explore ways to ensure comprehensive management of risk in the contract, which can be easily transposed to all contracts relating to dangerous things.

La flottation est la principale étape du processus de recyclage,ayant pour but l’élimination de l’encrede la pâte. Pour une moyenne de seulement 2% d’encre présent dans la pâte, le rendement estd’environ 80 %. Les pertes sont ainsi principalement composées de fibres, charges minérales etéléments fins. Le procédé de flottation est le seul processus permettant une séparation sélective desparticules d’encre de la pâte à papier, lors du recyclage des papiers récupérés. Ce processus estappliqué par toutes les usines européennes de désencrage et, bien qu'il soit reconnu comme étant leplus sélectif, il génère des pertes solides qui restent encore trop important (15 à 20% de pertes) parrapport au 2% en poids de l'encre appliquée en général sur imprimé. Ainsi, la sélectivité de la flottationa besoin d'être améliorée. Cette amélioration permettrait à la fois d'augmenter le rendement duprocédé de désencrage ainsi que de réduire les volumes de boues produites au cours de désencrageet donc de simplifier tous les problèmes liés à la valorisation de ces boues. Les travaux retranscritsdans ce mémoire ont, dans un premier temps, pour but d'améliorer la connaissance fondamentale desphénomènes se produisant au cours de flottation, en particulier pour obtenir une meilleureconnaissance i) sur les mécanismes de transport des différentes particules (encres, fibres decellulose, éléments fins et charges minérales) au cours de la flottation, en présence de différentstensio-actifs utilisés, ii) des rôles des la chimie utilisée ainsi que leur propre utilisation lors de laflottaison. Dans un deuxième temps, la modélisation des mécanismes de transport dans la pâte etdans la mousse, en tenant compte de paramètres mécaniques (débit de pâte, d’air, turbulence, laconception des cellules…) et physico – chimiques, pour ainsi finalement développer une simulation duprocédé de flottation permettant d'évaluer l'incidence de la chimie utilisée ainsi que des paramètresmécaniques des cellules. Cette simulation permettra par la suite d’améliorer à la fois l’efficacité descellules existantes mais aussi des lignes de désencrages. / Flotation is the main step of de-inking to remove the ink from the pulp. Whereas the target is toremove 2% of ink from the pulp, there is a loss of 20% of total matters (fibers, fillers and ashes). Theflotation process is the only process allowing to more or less selectively separate the particles frominks during recycling of recovered papers. This process is applied by all the European deinking millsand, although being recognized as being the most selective, it generates solid losses which remainstill too important (15 to 20% of losses) compared to the 2% of ink in weight applied to printed papers.Thus, the selectivity of flotation requires to be improved. Such improvement would at the same timeallow to increase the deinking process yield but also to reduce in parallel the volumes of sludgegenerated during de-inking and thus to simplify all the problems connected with the valorisation ofthese sludges. On the one hand, the objectives of this study are to improve fundamental knowledge ofthe phenomena occurring during flotation, in particular to obtain a better knowledge i) on mechanismsof transport of the various particles (ink, fibres and fines cellulose, mineral loads) during flotation in thepresence of various surface-active components from de-inking, ii) of the role of surface-activesubstances and their elimination during flotation. On the other hand, modelling of the mechanisms oftransport in the pulp and in the froth, taking into account mechanical parameters (air ratio, turbulence,design of the cells) and physico – chemical parameters has been highlighted to finally develop asimulation of the flotation process allowing to evaluate the incidence of the design of the cells,simulation which should then make it possible to improve the effectiveness of the existing cells.

En raison de la compétitivité dans le marché des produits chimiques et la demande croissante pour les produits de qualité, l'industrie et l'académie sont à la recherche de nouvelles méthodes pour la conception des produits chimiques. Par conséquent, cette étude propose une approche méthodologique pour faciliter la prise de décisions dans la conception de produits de type émulsion. Les caractéristiques de la méthodologie proposée sont les suivantes: elle propose des méthodes pour l’analyse des besoins de consommateurs, la génération d'idées pour la conception du produit et la sélection du meilleur produit, en prenant en compte la nature multi-variée du problème de conception avec l'intégration de la notion de durabilité dans le processus de conception. La méthodologie comporte trois étapes de conception: Étape de besoins, étape de génération d'idées et étape de sélection d'idées. Dans la première étape, les besoins sont analysés et classifiés en fonction de leur impact sur la satisfaction du client. Ensuite, ils sont traduits aux spécifications du produit avec l’aide des experts et des clients. Les informations de saisie correspondent aux besoins des clients et celles de sortie correspondent aux spécifications du produit, c'est-à-dire des caractéristiques du produit qui peuvent être évaluées. Également, deux méthodes sont utilisées: le modèle de kano et la méthode QFD (Déploiement des Fonctions Qualités). Dans la seconde étape, les produits répondant aux spécifications sont conçus en suivant une démarche en trois phases: 1) le problème de conception est divisé selon un groupe défini de sous-problèmes généraux. 2) Chaque sous-problème est connecté à un groupe de stratégies de solution selon une première matrice de décision prédéfinie. 3) Les stratégies de solution sont connectées avec des ingrédients et des conditions opératoires selon une deuxième matrice de décision. Cette démarche est faite en utilisant deux matrices de décision développées dans cette recherche sur la base de la connaissance de science d'émulsion, ainsi que sur des connaissances des experts. Dans la troisième étape, les alternatives de produit sont évaluées selon le cahier de spécifications définis dans la première étape et les indicateurs de durabilité appropriés. Ces indicateurs sont utilisés pour évaluer et classer les alternatives de produit selon un indice de développement durable global. Pour développer cette étape un ensemble d'indicateurs évaluant la dimension économique, environnementale et sociale de produits est choisi et ils sont intégrés par la mise en oeuvre d’une méthode d'analyse de multi-critère. Finalement, afin d’illustrer la méthodologie, une étude de cas est développée: la conception d'une crème hydratante / Emulsion based chemical products, which belong to the category of micro-structured chemical products, have a broad range of commercial applications. Despite their importance, there is not a general methodology for their design. With the aim to contribute to the progress on this matter, this research presents a product design methodology focused on emulsion design with the following characteristics: it proposes methods for customer needs analysis, product ideas generation and selection of the best product alternative. It considers the multivariate nature of emulsion design by taking into account the multiple effects of design variables into product properties. It integrates sustainability concepts into the product design process. The methodology comprises three design stages: needs stage, ideas generation stage and ideas selection stage. In the needs stage, customer needs are first analyzed and classified according to their effect on customer satisfaction and second translated into product specifications with the aid of experts and customers. The input is customer needs, i.e., statements expressing customers’ desires about the product, and the output corresponds to product specifications, i.e., product characteristics that can be measured. To perform this stage two methods are used: Kano model and Quality Functional Deployment. In ideas generation stage, product concepts accomplishing product specifications are generated in three sub-steps: First, problem specifications are classified into a predefined group of design sub-problems. Second, each sub-problem is connected with one or more pre-defined solution strategies through a prefilled relational matrix. Third, compatible solution strategies are selected and connected to ingredients and processing conditions through a second relational matrix. As result, a set of product concepts is generated. Thisprocedure is developed by the implementation of two relational matrices proposed in this research based on emulsion science and expert knowledge. The first connects sub-problems with solution strategies and the second connects solution strategies with ingredients and processing conditions. In the selection stage, generated product concepts are evaluated according to product specifications. In addition, appropriated sustainability indicators are included to assess and rank product alternatives according to a global sustainability index. To perform this stage, a set of indicators are selected and integrated by the implementation of multi-criteria analysis methods. The application of the methodology is exposed with a case study: the design of a moisturizing cream

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 celoto_mib_dr_ilha.pdf: 2236478 bytes, checksum: fe75a04fbb8e850c1386270aaffe5f0e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na região de Junqueirópolis, SP, a mancha alvo (Corynespora cassiicola) é a principal doença que vem ocorrendo na cultura da acerola, causando intensa desfolha. Devido a falta de estudos sobre esse patossistema e as dificuldades para a adequação de produtos químicos para uso nesta cultura, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: 1 – elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para quantificação da mancha alvo; 2 – avaliar o efeito in vitro da temperatura no crescimento micelial e na germinação de esporos de C. cassiicola e a influência da temperatura e da duração do período de molhamento foliar no desenvolvimento da mancha alvo em mudas de acerola, mantidas em condições de câmara de crescimento; 3 – avaliar o efeito in vitro e in vivo das caldas sulfocálcica, bordalesa e Viçosa sobre C. cassiicola; 4 – avaliar o efeito in vitro de produtos químicos sobre C. cassiicola e no controle da mancha alvo da acerola no campo; 5 – determinar o efeito da poda no controle da mancha alvo e na produção da acerola. A escala diagramática proposta proporcionou bons níveis de acurácia e precisão, mostrando-se adequada para as avaliações da severidade da mancha alvo. As temperaturas ótimas estimadas para o crescimento micelial e a germinação de esporos de C. cassiicola foram de 26,1 e 27,8oC, respectivamente. Para que a infecção ocorra é necessário pelo menos 12h de molhamento foliar. O estabelecimento da mancha alvo ocorre na faixa de 20 a 30oC. As caldas sulfocálcica, bordalesa e Viçosa presentes na superfície das folhas de acerola e in vitro inviabilizaram os esporos de C. cassiicola. Assim, o uso das caldas, na cultura da acerola, pode contribuir na redução de fontes de inóculo do patógeno. Tebuconazole, carbendazim, epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina, DDAC, Nutriphite P + K e Ecolife® apresentaram efeito fungitóxico sobre C. cassiicola in vitro... / In Junqueirópolis, SP, the target spot (Corynespora cassiicola), main leaf disease occurred in barbados cherry, causing intense defoliate. Because few studies about this pathosystem and difficulties for adaptation of chemical products in barbados cherry, the objectives of the work were: 1 – elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to quantification of target spot; 2 – effect in vitro of temperature on mycelial growth and spores germination of C. cassiicola and the influence of temperature and the duration of leaf wetness in the development of target spot on seedling of barbados cherry in growthing chamber; 3 – effect in vitro and in vivo of line sulfhur, bordeaux mixture and ‘calda Viçosa’ on C. cassiicola; 4 – effect in vitro of chemical products on C. cassiicola and in the control of target spot of barbados cherry in field condition; 5 – effect of pruning in the control of target spot and production of barbados cherry. The scale provided good levels of accuracy and precision proved to be adequate for severity assessments of target spot of barbados cherry. The estimated maximum temperatures for mycelia growth and for spores germination of C. cassiicola were 26,1oC and 27,8oC, respectively. The presence of free water on the surface of barbados cherry leaves was necessary for the development of target spot, being necessary at least 12h of leaf wetness to infection happened. In the development of lesions of target spot in barbados cherry seedlings, occurs in the range 20 to 30oC. Line sulfhur, Bordeaux mixture and ‘calda Viçosa’ in surface of leaves barbados cherry and in vitro unviability the spores of C. cassiicola. For the reasons, the use of the syrups, in the culture of the acerola, it can contribute in the reduction of sources of inoculum of the pathogen. Tebuconazol, carbendazin, epoxiconazol + piraclostrobin, DDAC, Nutriphite... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Marli de Fátima Stradioto Papa / Banca: Luiz de Souza Corrêa / Banca: Aparecida Conceição Boliani / Banca: César Júnior Bueno / Banca: Marise Cagnin Martins Parisi / Resumo: Na região de Junqueirópolis, SP, a mancha alvo (Corynespora cassiicola) é a principal doença que vem ocorrendo na cultura da acerola, causando intensa desfolha. Devido a falta de estudos sobre esse patossistema e as dificuldades para a adequação de produtos químicos para uso nesta cultura, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: 1 - elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para quantificação da mancha alvo; 2 - avaliar o efeito in vitro da temperatura no crescimento micelial e na germinação de esporos de C. cassiicola e a influência da temperatura e da duração do período de molhamento foliar no desenvolvimento da mancha alvo em mudas de acerola, mantidas em condições de câmara de crescimento; 3 - avaliar o efeito in vitro e in vivo das caldas sulfocálcica, bordalesa e Viçosa sobre C. cassiicola; 4 - avaliar o efeito in vitro de produtos químicos sobre C. cassiicola e no controle da mancha alvo da acerola no campo; 5 - determinar o efeito da poda no controle da mancha alvo e na produção da acerola. A escala diagramática proposta proporcionou bons níveis de acurácia e precisão, mostrando-se adequada para as avaliações da severidade da mancha alvo. As temperaturas ótimas estimadas para o crescimento micelial e a germinação de esporos de C. cassiicola foram de 26,1 e 27,8oC, respectivamente. Para que a infecção ocorra é necessário pelo menos 12h de molhamento foliar. O estabelecimento da mancha alvo ocorre na faixa de 20 a 30oC. As caldas sulfocálcica, bordalesa e Viçosa presentes na superfície das folhas de acerola e in vitro inviabilizaram os esporos de C. cassiicola. Assim, o uso das caldas, na cultura da acerola, pode contribuir na redução de fontes de inóculo do patógeno. Tebuconazole, carbendazim, epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina, DDAC, Nutriphite P + K e Ecolife® apresentaram efeito fungitóxico sobre C. cassiicola in vitro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Junqueirópolis, SP, the target spot (Corynespora cassiicola), main leaf disease occurred in barbados cherry, causing intense defoliate. Because few studies about this pathosystem and difficulties for adaptation of chemical products in barbados cherry, the objectives of the work were: 1 - elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to quantification of target spot; 2 - effect in vitro of temperature on mycelial growth and spores germination of C. cassiicola and the influence of temperature and the duration of leaf wetness in the development of target spot on seedling of barbados cherry in growthing chamber; 3 - effect in vitro and in vivo of line sulfhur, bordeaux mixture and 'calda Viçosa' on C. cassiicola; 4 - effect in vitro of chemical products on C. cassiicola and in the control of target spot of barbados cherry in field condition; 5 - effect of pruning in the control of target spot and production of barbados cherry. The scale provided good levels of accuracy and precision proved to be adequate for severity assessments of target spot of barbados cherry. The estimated maximum temperatures for mycelia growth and for spores germination of C. cassiicola were 26,1oC and 27,8oC, respectively. The presence of free water on the surface of barbados cherry leaves was necessary for the development of target spot, being necessary at least 12h of leaf wetness to infection happened. In the development of lesions of target spot in barbados cherry seedlings, occurs in the range 20 to 30oC. Line sulfhur, Bordeaux mixture and 'calda Viçosa' in surface of leaves barbados cherry and in vitro unviability the spores of C. cassiicola. For the reasons, the use of the syrups, in the culture of the acerola, it can contribute in the reduction of sources of inoculum of the pathogen. Tebuconazol, carbendazin, epoxiconazol + piraclostrobin, DDAC, Nutriphite... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor