Nesse trabalho foram realizados estudos para o fracionamento e especiação de Cu, Fe, Mn, Se e Zn em castanha-do-pará (Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K), polpa de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) e semente de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). A extração seqüencial sólido-líquido combinada com GF AAS foi utilizada para o fracionamento e determinação dos elementos associados às frações proteicas. As concentrações de proteínas encontradas nos extratos de castanha-do-pará (6 a 76 mg g-1) foram maiores do que aquelas encontradas nos extratos de semente de cupuaçu (2 a 27 mg g-1) e de polpa de coco (1 a 12 mg g-1). A preliminar relação de Cu, Fe, Mn, Se e Zn associado a diferentes grupos de proteínas foi observada, indicando a possível interação desses elementos com albuminas, globulinas, prolaminas e glutelínas. O acoplamento on-line SEC-UV e off-line SEC-UV GFAAS foi aplicado com sucesso para a identificação das espécies de Cu, Fe, Mn, Se e Zn nos extratos de água, NaCl e NaOH de castanha-do-pará, polpa de coco e semente de cupuaçu. Em geral, os elementos de interesse encontram-se associados a espécies de pesos moleculares inferiores a 13 kDa nos extratos de água e NaCl e a 28 kDa nos extratos de NaOH. A combinação das informações obtidas desse acoplamento com os espectros de massas do MALDI-TOF da castanha-do-pará confirmam a associação de Cu, Fe, Mn, Se e Zn com duas espécies presentes no extrato de água de 6 kDa (Fe, Mn and Zn) e 11 kDa (Cu, Mn and Se). / In this work, studies were done for the fractionation and speciation of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn in Brazil-nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.), cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) seeds and coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) pulp. The sequential solid-liquid extraction combined with GF AAS was used to fractionation and determination of elements associated to proteins fractions. The determined protein concentrations in extractants of Brazil-nut (6 a 76 mg g-1) are higher than those observed for extractants of cupuassu seeds (2 a 27 mg g-1) and coconut pulp (1 a 12 mg g-1). The preliminary relationship of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn associated to different proteins groups was observed, indicating a possible interation of these elements with albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins. The on-line SEC-UV and off-line SEC-UV GFAAS hyphenation was applied with sucess for the identification of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn species in the water, NaCl and NaOH extractants of Brazil-nut, cupuassu seeds and coconut pulp. In general, the interest elements were found associated to species of molecular weights lower than 13 kDa for water and NaCl extractants and 28 kDa for NaOH extractants. The combination of the informations of this hyphenation with MALDI-TOF mass spectra of the Brazil-nut gave confirmation of the association of the Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn with two water-soluble species of 6 kDa (Fe, Mn and Zn) and 11 kDa (Cu, Mn and Se).

O arsênio (As) é um elemento não essencial ao homem, encontrado na natureza nas formas inorgânicas (As-i) e orgânicas (As-o). As espécies inorgânicas, arsenito e arsenato (As3+ e As5+), são as mais tóxicas, podendo interferir em reações bioquímicas, estado redox das células, formação de trifosfato de adenosina (ATP) e gerar danos oxidativos, ocasionando proliferação celular e câncer. O As-i pode sofrer metilação no organismo e no ambiente, gerando metabólitos que são menos reativos com componentes do tecido e mais facilmente excretados na urina, principalmente ácido monometilarsônico (MMA) e ácido dimetilarsínico (DMA). O As-i é encontrado no arroz (Oryza sativa L.), principalmente quando o cultivo ocorre pelo método irrigado, que leva a uma maior mobilização de elementos presentes no solo. Neste estudo, foram avaliadas 6 diferentes cultivares brasileiras de arroz quanto à predileção pela captação de As (EPAGRI 109, EPAGRI 108, SCS BRS Tiotaka, SCS 114 Andosan, Maranhão e Cáqui). Para cada cultivar foram plantados grupos controles (não expostos, n=4) e expostos (n=4). No grupo exposto, para cada kg de solo, foram adicionados 10 mg de As5+. Nos grupos controle não adicionou-se As5+, sendo submetidos às mesmas condições de solo, irrigação, temperatura e umidade. Após a completa maturação das plantas foram feitas determinações de As total (As-t) em raízes, solo, colmos e grãos por espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) e a especiação química de As nos grãos foi feita por HPLC-ICP-MS. Uma elevada capacidade de captação do As foi observada na seguinte ordem crescente: grãos<colmos<solo<raízes, sendo as concentrações médias dos grupos controle de 0,06; 0,32; 3,29 e 0,65 mg kg-1 e nos grupos expostos com médias de 0,54; 5,96; 13,5 e 95,48 mg kg-1. EPAGRI 108 foi a cultivar que menos acumulou As-t nos grãos, tanto nos grupos controle (0,05±0,005 mg kg-1) quanto nos grupos expostos (0,36±0,08 mg kg-1) apresentando também menores fatores de transferência (FTsolo-grão, FTraíz-grão, FTcolmo-grão) e concentrações de As-o nos grupos controle (0,015 mg kg-1) e expostos (0,13 mg kg-1). Entre as cultivares de arroz branco, Andosan (exposto) foi a que acumulou maiores quantidades de As-t (0,515±0,15 mg kg-1) e de Aso (0,37 mg kg-1 ou 72% do As-t) nos grãos. Esta mesma cultivar, entre os grupos controle, foi uma das que apresentou maiores porcentagens de As-i (65%) em relação ao As-t. EPAGRI 109 (controle) foi a cultivar de arroz branco com maior As-t e As-i no grãos (0,07±0,008 e 0,04 mg kg-1 respectivamente) e maior FTsolo-grãos (0,216). Nas plantas expostas a 10 mg Kg-1 As5+ no solo foi observada uma correlação positiva entre As-t (solo) x As-t e As-o (grãos) evidenciando o aumento da captação de As e transporte de As-o para as partes aéreas. Os elementos essenciais Co e Mn diminuíram significativamente em alguns cultivares sob alta exposição apresentando correlação negativa As-t (raíz) x Co (grãos). Os elementos tóxicos Cd e Pb, sob alta exposição ao As foram em geral menos captados pela planta. / Arsenic (As) is a nonessential element to man, found in the environment in inorganic (As-i) and organic forms (As-o). Inorganic species, arsenite and arsenate (As3+ and As5+) are the most toxic, and may interfere in biochemical reactions, cellular redox status, formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and generate oxidative damage leading to cell proliferation and cancer. As-i can be methylated in the body and in the environment generating metabolites which are less reactive with components of organisms and more easily excreted in the urine, mainly monomethylarsonous acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA). As-i is found in rice (Oryza sativa L.), especially when the crop is flooded, which leads to greater mobilization of elements present in the soil. In this study, Brazilian rice varieties were evaluated and the predilection for As uptake in 6 different cultivars (EPAGRI 109, EPAGRI 108, BRS Tiotaka SCS, SCS 114 Andosan, Maranhão and Cáqui). For each cultivar it were planted controls (untreated, n = 4) and exposed (n = 4). In the group exposed, for each kg of soil was added 10 mg of As5+. Control groups were not added As5+, being submitted to the same conditions of soil, irrigation, temperature and humidity. After complete plant maturation were made determinations of the total Arsenic (As-t) in soil, roots, shoots and grains were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the chemical speciation of the grains was performed by HPLC-ICP-MS. A high As uptake ability was observed in the following order: grain<shoot<soil<roots, and the average concentrations of control groups were 0.06; 0.32; 3.29 and 0.65 mg kg-1 and the average exposed groups were 0.54; 5.96; 13.5 and 95.48 mg kg-1. EPAGRI 108 was the cultivar less accumulated As-t both control groups (0.05 ± 0.005 mg kg-1) as the exposed group (0.36 ± 0.08 mg kg-1) also presenting the lowest FTsoil-grain, FTroot-grain, FTshoot-grain, concentrations of As-o in the control (0.015 mg kg-1) and exposed group (0.13 mg kg-1). Among the white rice cultivars, Andosan (exposed) accumulated larger amounts of As-t (0.515 ± 0.15 mg kg-1) and As-o (0.37 mg kg-1 or 72% As-t) in grains. This same cultivar was the one who had higher percentages of As-i (65%) compared to As-t, between the control group. EPAGRI 109 (control) was the white rice cultivar with high As-t and As-i in grain (0.07±0,008 and 0,04 mg kg-1 respectively) between the control group and higher FTsoil-grain (0,216). In high As exposure, it was observed a positive correlation between As-t (soil) x As-t and As-o(grains) highlighting the increased As uptake and the transport of As-o to the aerial parts. The essential elements Co and Mn decreased significantly in some cultivars under high exposure and showed negative correlation between As-t (root) x Co (grain). Toxic elements, Cd and Pb under high As exposure were generally less uptake by plant

<p>This licentiate study was initiated by copper, zinc and galvanized steel producers in Europe, who felt a need to assess runoff rates of copper and zinc from the pure metals and commercial products at marine exposure conditions. Their motive was the increasing concern in various European countries and the on-going risk assessments of copper and zinc within the European commission. Also the circumstance that available runoff rates so far, had been reported for mainly urban exposure conditions, rather than marine. A collaboration was therefore established with the French Corrosion Institute, which runs a marine test site in Brest, and a set of vital questions were formulated. Their answers are the essence of this licentiate study.</p><p>Based on the ISO corrosivity classification and one-year exposures, the marine atmosphere of Brest is fairly corrosive for zinc (class C3) and highly corrosive for copper (C4). Despite higher corrosivity classifications for both metals in Brest compared to the urban site of Stockholm, used as a reference site, nearly all runoff rates assessed for copper, zinc and their commercial products were lower in Brest compared to Stockholm. This was attributed to a higher surface wetting in Brest and concomitant higher removal rate of deposited chloride and sulphate species from the marine-exposed surfaces. The comparison shows that measured corrosion rates cannot be used to predict runoff rates, since different physicochemical processes govern corrosion and runoff respectively.</p><p>For copper, the runoff rate in Brest was approximately 1.1 g m^-2 yr^-1 with cuprite (Cu2O) as main patina constituent. During periods of very high chloride and sulphate deposition, paratacamite (Cu₂Cl(OH)₃) formed which increased the runoff rate to 1.5 g m^-2 yr^-1. For zinc, with hydrozincite (Zn₅(CO₃)2(OH)₆) as the main patina constituent, the runoff rate was relatively stable at 2.6 g m^-2 yr^-1 throughout the year, despite episodes of heavy chloride and sulphate deposition.</p><p>The application of organic coatings of varying thickness on artificially patinated copper or on different zinc-based products resulted in improved barrier properties and reduced runoff rates that seem highly dependent on thickness. The thickest organic coating (150 µm thick), applied on hot dipped galvanized steel, reduced the runoff rate by a factor of 100. No deterioration of organic coatings was observed during the one-year exposures. Alloying zinc-based products with aluminium resulted in surface areas enriched in aluminium and concomitant reduced zinc runoff rates.</p><p>The release rate and bioavailability of copper from different anti-fouling paints into artificial seawater was also investigated. It turned out that the release rate not only depends on the copper concentration in the paint, but also on paint matrix properties and other released metal constituents detected. Far from all copper was bioavailabe at the immediate release situation. In all, the results suggest the importance of assessing the ecotoxic response of anti-fouling paints not only by regarding the copper release, but rather through an integrated effect of all matrix constituents.</p>

Varved (annually laminated) sediments are of great interest for inference of past environmental conditions, as they provide dated records with high time resolution. After deposition, the sediment varves are affected by diagenesis; i.e., chemical, physical and biological changes that occur within the sediment. An important premise when reconstructing past environmental conditions using lake sediments is that the signal of interest is preserved in the sediment. In this thesis I have used a unique collection of ten stored freeze cores of varved lake sediment from Nylandssjön in northern Sweden, collected from 1979 to 2007. The suite of cores made it possible to follow long-term (up to 27 years) changes in iron (Fe), sulfur (S), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), δ13C and δ15N in the sediment caused by processes that occur in the lake bottom as the sediment ages. The sediment geochemistry and resulting changes were followed in years for which there are surface varves in the core series. Fe and S concentrations analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy showed no diagenetic front in the sediment and the data do not suggest a substantial vertical transport of Fe and S in the sediment. A model based on thermodynamic, limnological, and sediment data from the lake, showed that there are pe (redox) ranges within which either FeS (reduced specie) or Fe(OH)3/FeOOH oxidized species) is the only solid phase present and there are pe ranges within which the two solid phases co-exist. This supports the hypothesis that blackish and grey-brownish Fe-layers that occur in the varves were formed at the time of deposition. C and N analyzed with an elemental analyzer showed that within the first five years after deposition the C concentration of the sediment decreased by 20% and N by 30%, and after 27 yr in the sediment, there was a 23% loss of C and 35% loss of N. The C:N ratio increased with increasing age of the sediment; from ~ 10 in the surface varves to ~12 after 27 years of aging. δ13C and δ15N analyzed on a mass spectrometer showed that δ13C increased by 0.4-1.5‰ units during the first five years, after that only minor fluctuations in δ13C were recorded. Another pattern was seen for δ15N, with a gradual decrease of 0.3-0.7‰ units over the entire 27-year-period. The diagenetic changes in the stable isotope values that occur in Nylandssjön are minor, but they are of about the same magnitude as the variation in the isotopic signal in the varves deposited between 1950-2006. My results show that diagenesis does not change the visual appearance of the varves, except for varve thickness; the varves get thinner as the sediment ages. As the color of Fe in the varves likely reflects the environmental conditions at the time of deposition this creates possibilities for deciphering high-temporal-resolution information of past hypolimnetic oxygen conditions from varves. My findings on C, N, δ13C and δ15N will have implications for interpretations of paleolimnological data. The diagenetic effects should be carefully taken into consideration when C, N, δ13C and δ15N in sediment cores are used to study organic matter sources or paleoproductivity, in particular when dealing with relatively small and recent changes. In addition to the significance of diagenetic effects on sediment parameters, a comparison of the varves in Nylandssjön and the adjacent lake Koltjärnen, and the two deep basins of Nylandssjön show that subtle features in the lakes and their catchments affect the appearance of the varves, which make interpretation of varves complicated.

A balanced supply of micronutrients, including metals such as iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni), is required for the efficient and stable production of biogas. During biogas formation, the uptake of micronutrient metals by microorganisms is controlled by a complex network of biological and chemical reactions, in which reduced sulfur (S) compounds play a central role. This thesis addresses the interrelationship between the overall chemical speciation of S, Fe, Co, and Ni in relation to the metals bio-uptake processes. Laboratory continuous stirred tank biogas reactors (CSTBR) treating S-rich grain stillage, as well as a number full-scale CSTBRs treating sewage sludge and various combinations of organic wastes, termed co-digestion, were considered. Sulfur speciation was evaluated using acid volatile sulfide (AVS) extraction and S X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The chemical speciation of Fe, Co, and Ni was evaluated through the determination of aqueous metals and metal fractions pertaining to solid phases, as well as kinetic and thermodynamic analyses (chemical speciation modelling). The relative Fe to S content in biogas reactors, which in practice is regulated through the addition of Fe for the purpose of sulfide removal or prior to the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, is identified as a critical factor for the chemical speciation and bio-uptake of metals. In the reactors treating sewage sludge, the quantity of Fe exceeds that of S, inducing Fe(II)-dominated conditions under anaerobic conditions, while sulfide dominates in the co-digestion and laboratory reactors due to an excess of S over Fe. Under sulfide-dominated conditions, chemical speciation of the metals is regulated by hydrogen sulfide and the formation of metal sulfide precipitates, which in turn restrict the availability of metals for microorganisms. However, despite the limitations set by sulfide, aqueous concentrations of different Co and Ni species were shown to be sufficient to support metal acquisition by the microorganisms under sulfidic conditions. Comparatively, the concentrations of free metal ions and labile metal-phosphate and -carbonate complexes in aqueous phase, which directly participate in bio-uptake processes, are higher under Fe-dominated conditions. This results in an enhanced metal adsorption on cell surfaces and faster bio-uptake rates. It is therefore suggested that the chemical speciation and potential bioavailability of metals may be controlled through adjustments of the influent Fe concentration in relation to S content. The results also indicated that the pool of metal sulfides in the biogas reactors could be regarded as a source of metals for microbial activities. Thus, the recovery and utilisation of this fraction of metals may be considered as a measure with which to minimise the metal dosing concentrations to CSTBRs. / För att en effektiv och stabil biogasproduktion från organiskt avfall skall uppnås, behöver mikroorganismer i biogasreaktorer ha tillgång till näringsämnen inklusive spårmetaller såsom järn (Fe), kobolt (Co), och nickel (Ni). Mikroorganismernas upptag av spårmetaller styrs av biologiska och kemiska reaktioner som påverkar metallernas tillgänglighet, där framför allt interaktioner mellan metaller och reducerat svavel (S) spelar en viktig roll. Avhandlingen analyserar sambandet mellan kemisk speciering av S, Fe, Co, och Ni i relation till metallernas biologiska upptagsprocesser. Omrörda tankreaktorer (CSTBR) i lab.- och fullskala för produktion av biogas från spannmålsdrank, avloppsslam, och olika kombinationer av organiska avfall (samrötning) har utgjort basen för studierna. Svavelspeciering analyserades med hjälp av AVS (acid volatile sulfide) extraktion och S XANES (sulfur X-ray absorption near edge structure). Speciering av Fe, Co, och Ni utvärderades med hjälp av sekventiell extraktion, mätning av metall koncentrationer i löst och fast faser samt genom kinetiska och termodynamiska analyser (kemisk specieringsmodellering). Biogasreaktorers relativa mängder av Fe och S, identifierades som en central faktor för kemisk speciering och bio-upptag av metaller. Järn-mängden regleras bl a genom tillsats av Fe för att rena biogasen från vätesulfid eller vid diverse fällningsreaktioner i reningsverk före rötningsstegen av avloppsslam. Därför är järnhalterna högre än S-halterna i reaktorer, som behandlar avloppsslam. Detta leder till en Fe(II)-dominerande miljö. Däremot dominerade vätesulfid i de samrötnings- och laboratoriereaktorer, som ingick i studien. Under dessa förhållande styrs den kemiska metallspecieringen av sulfid och fr a genom fällning av metallsulfider, som då begränsar tillgängligheten av metaller för mikroorganismerna. Trots begränsningarna via sulfidfällningen var koncentrationen av de lösta Co och Ni formerna tillräckliga för bio-upptag av dessa metaller. Vid de Fe-dominerade förhållandena var koncentrationer av fria metalljoner och labila komplex (t.ex. med fosfat och karbonat), som direkt deltar i bio-upptagsprocesser, relativt höga, vilket medför relativt goda möjligheter för metalladsorption till cellytor och bio-upptag. Resultaten visar att den kemiska specieringen och därmed biotillgängligheten av metaller skulle kunna regleras genom justering av inflödet Fe i förhållande till S. Resultaten visade också att metallsulfider i fast fas sannolikt utnyttjas av mikroorganismer som en källa till metaller. Det innebär att en återanvändning av denna metallfraktion skulle kunna utnyttjas som en del i att minimera metalldoseringskoncentrationer.

Nesse trabalho foram realizados estudos para o fracionamento e especiação de Cu, Fe, Mn, Se e Zn em castanha-do-pará (Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K), polpa de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) e semente de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). A extração seqüencial sólido-líquido combinada com GF AAS foi utilizada para o fracionamento e determinação dos elementos associados às frações proteicas. As concentrações de proteínas encontradas nos extratos de castanha-do-pará (6 a 76 mg g-1) foram maiores do que aquelas encontradas nos extratos de semente de cupuaçu (2 a 27 mg g-1) e de polpa de coco (1 a 12 mg g-1). A preliminar relação de Cu, Fe, Mn, Se e Zn associado a diferentes grupos de proteínas foi observada, indicando a possível interação desses elementos com albuminas, globulinas, prolaminas e glutelínas. O acoplamento on-line SEC-UV e off-line SEC-UV GFAAS foi aplicado com sucesso para a identificação das espécies de Cu, Fe, Mn, Se e Zn nos extratos de água, NaCl e NaOH de castanha-do-pará, polpa de coco e semente de cupuaçu. Em geral, os elementos de interesse encontram-se associados a espécies de pesos moleculares inferiores a 13 kDa nos extratos de água e NaCl e a 28 kDa nos extratos de NaOH. A combinação das informações obtidas desse acoplamento com os espectros de massas do MALDI-TOF da castanha-do-pará confirmam a associação de Cu, Fe, Mn, Se e Zn com duas espécies presentes no extrato de água de 6 kDa (Fe, Mn and Zn) e 11 kDa (Cu, Mn and Se). / In this work, studies were done for the fractionation and speciation of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn in Brazil-nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.), cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) seeds and coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) pulp. The sequential solid-liquid extraction combined with GF AAS was used to fractionation and determination of elements associated to proteins fractions. The determined protein concentrations in extractants of Brazil-nut (6 a 76 mg g-1) are higher than those observed for extractants of cupuassu seeds (2 a 27 mg g-1) and coconut pulp (1 a 12 mg g-1). The preliminary relationship of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn associated to different proteins groups was observed, indicating a possible interation of these elements with albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins. The on-line SEC-UV and off-line SEC-UV GFAAS hyphenation was applied with sucess for the identification of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn species in the water, NaCl and NaOH extractants of Brazil-nut, cupuassu seeds and coconut pulp. In general, the interest elements were found associated to species of molecular weights lower than 13 kDa for water and NaCl extractants and 28 kDa for NaOH extractants. The combination of the informations of this hyphenation with MALDI-TOF mass spectra of the Brazil-nut gave confirmation of the association of the Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn with two water-soluble species of 6 kDa (Fe, Mn and Zn) and 11 kDa (Cu, Mn and Se).

Os rejeitos de mineração provenientes do beneficiamento do minério, quando dispostos de maneira inadequada, podem causar a contaminação do solo e das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Dependendo do tipo de minério tratado, tais rejeitos podem conter elevadas concentrações de metais potencialmente tóxicos e passar a atuar como fontes persistentes de liberação de tais metais através dos ecossistemas. Assim sendo, a caracterização desses rejeitos é extremamente importante. Neste contexto, foram realizadas caracterizações geológicas e geotécnicas nos rejeitos de mineração provenientes da região do Vale do Ribeira (município de Adrianópolis-PR), visando avaliar o grau de mobilidade e toxicidade dos metais contidos na porção superficial deste depósito. Para tanto, foram realizadas caracterizações mineralógicas (DRX e MEV/EDS), granulométricas, determinação dos parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, Eh e CE), além de ensaios que verificaram a mobilidade, especiação química e toxicidade das amostras: ensaios de solubilização, lixiviação, ensaio de variação de pH, extração sequencial e ecotoxicidade aquática envolvendo o organismo teste Daphnia similis. Além dos rejeitos foram realizadas análises mineralógicas e determinação dos parâmetros físico-químicos em amostras de estéril. A partir destas caracterizações, foi possível verificar que a composição mineralógica predominantemente no rejeito e no estéril é o carbonato, reflexo da litologia local. Tal composição refletiu também nos elevados valores de pH, que variaram de 7,6 a 8,0. Esses rejeitos apresentaram granulometria fina (predominância de areia muito fina, fina e silte), além de altas concentrações de metais, principalmente Pb (concentração média de 5.236,67 mg.kg-1 ) e Zn (7.726,53 mg.kg-1 ). Dos metais analisados, o Pb excedeu o valor preconizado na norma ABNT NBR 10.004:2004, tanto nos extratos lixiviados como nos solubilizados, para todas as amostras analisadas, o que permitiu classificar tais resíduos como Classe I - Perigoso. No ensaio de variação de pH, de forma geral, o Zn apresentou maior liberação na condição inicial mais ácida (pH 3), com média de liberação de 11,54 mg.L-1 após sessenta minutos de ensaio; embora nas outras condições também tenha ocorrido liberação considerável. A partir da extração sequencial, foi possível verificar que todos os metais (com exceção do Cu) estavam associados à fase de óxidos/hidróxidos, porém as fases consideradas de maior mobilidade (trocável e carbonática) estavam presentes em concentrações significativas para todos os metais analisados. As cinco amostras analisadas mostraram-se heterogêneas sendo que a RP5 e a RP7, apresentaram maior mobilidade dos metais Pb e Zn, além de terem apresentado maior toxicidade nos ensaios de ecotoxicidade. Para o ensaio de ecotoxicidade aquática, tais amostras apresentaram imobilidade dos neonatos até mesmo nas diluições menos concentradas (diluições contendo somente 6,2 e 3,1% de extrato solubilizado). Assim, concluiu-se que o rejeito pode ser considerado perigoso do ponto de vista ambiental, já que as altas concentrações de metais potencialmente tóxicos presentes estão passíveis de liberação e migração no ecossistema, podendo interagir com a biota aquática e terrestre. / Tailings from the ore processing when improperly disposed, can cause contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater. Depending on the treated ore, the mining waste may contain high concentrations of toxic metals and start acting as persistent metals sources to surrounding ecosystems. Therefore, the characterization of this material is extremely important. In this context, geological and geotechnical characterization were performed on tailings from Ribeira Valley (Adrianópolis-PR), in order to evaluate the mobility and toxicity of metals present in the superficial portion of the deposit. For the current paper the following tests were performed: mineralogical characterization (XRD and SEM/EDS), particle size distribution, determination of physical and chemical properties (pH, Eh and EC), solubilization and leaching tests, pH variation, sequential extraction and aquatic ecotoxicity were carried out. Besides the tailings analyzes, mineralogical characterization and pH measurements were also performed in samples from Perau (waste rock). The results showed mineralogical compositions predominantly carbonate in both tailing and Perau samples, as a reflection of the local lithology. This composition also reflected in the higher pH values, which ranged from 7.6 to 8.0. The tailing had fine particle size (predominance of silt, very fine and fine sand), and high concentrations of metals, especially Pb (average concentration of 5236.67 mg.kg-1) and Zn (7726.53 mg.kg-1). The metal Pb was above of the recommended value in ABNT NBR 10.004:2004 in leaching tests, solubilization tests and for all samples. This fact allowed the classification of the waste as Class I-Dangerous. In testing of pH variation, the Zn showed higher release in initial acidic condition (pH 3), releasing average 11.54 mg.L-1 after sixty minutes of test; although in others pH conditions have also been considerable release. In sequential extraction, the results found that all metals (except Cu) were associated with phase oxides/hydroxides, but the phases considered more mobile (exchangeable and carbonate) were also present in significant concentrations for all metals. The five samples were considered heterogeneous and two of them (RP5 and RP7) had greater mobility of Pb and Zn, besides a higher toxicity in ecotoxicity tests. In aquatic ecotoxicity test, the samples showed immobility of neonates organisms even in less concentrated dilutions (dilutions containing only 6.2 and 3.1% solubilized extract). In conclusion, the waste may be considered problematic for environment, because the high concentrations of toxic metals present in tailing can be released from it and migrate to the ecosystems, causing exposure to terrestrial and aquatic organisms.

Orientadores: Marco Aurelio Zezzi Arruda, Fabio Augusto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:05:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_AlineSoriano_D.pdf: 1700718 bytes, checksum: f6955b16e49880b14a0e1ec26e824561 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho de Tese visa acoplar a fibra, empregada em microextração em fase sólida (SPME, do inglês solid phase microextraction), ao espectrômetro de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF AAS, do inglês graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer), visando reter espécies organometálicas volatilizadas nas etapas de secagem e pirólise do GF AAS. O elemento escolhido para avaliar o acoplamento SPME-GF AAS foi o Sn. Primeiramente, a concentração total de Sn foi determinada, utilizando a amostragem em suspensão como estratégia, uma vez que na avaliação da distribuição dos compostos organoestânicos por SPME-GF AAS, a concentração total de Sn seria efetuada a partir de uma suspensão. Para a otimização do método foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: solução de preparo da suspensão, e efeito da temperatura de pirólise e atomização. A mistura contendo HF 10 % (v/v) e HNO3 1 % (v/v) foi escolhida para preparar a suspensão, a composição Mg(NO3)2 + NH4H2PO4 apresentou resultados apropriados para ser utilizada como modificador químico convencional, e 1000 e 2200 °C foram as temperaturas ótimas para a pirólise e a atomização, respectivamente. Devido ao efeito de matriz, foi utilizada a técnica de adição de analito para a quantificação de Sn em suspensões de sedimento marinho e de rio, em que os limites de detecção e quantificação calculados foram de 1,5-2,6 e 4,5- 7,6 µg g, respectivamente. Para avaliar o acoplamento SPME-GF AAS, visando à retenção das espécies organoestânicas (butiltricloroestanho, dibutildicloroestanho e tributilcloroestanho) foi utilizada, primeiramente, uma suspensão de sedimento. A suspensão foi sonicada e, em seguida, uma alíquota foi injetada no forno de grafite do GF AAS juntamente com o reagente de derivação (tetraetilborato de sódio - NaBEt4). A programação do forno de grafite foi aplicada e a fibra de SPME foi introduzida no atomizador. Após a retenção das espécies de interesse na fibra, a mesma foi conduzida ao cromatógrafo a gás (CG) para a separação e detecção dos analitos. Os parâmetros instrumentais do CG foram previamente estudados, visando a melhor separação das espécies de interesse. Esses estudos foram realizados utilizando o modo de extração por headspace e SPME (HS-SPME, do inglês headspace-solid phase microextraction). Em relação aos estudos envolvendo suspensões de sedimento no acoplamento proposto SPME-GF AAS, alguns parâmetros foram avaliados frente à retenção das espécies de interesse; entre eles pode-se citar o tipo de fibra, a concentração do reagente de derivação e o pH da reação. Melhores resultados foram observados para a fibra PDMS/DVB, utilizando uma concentração de 0,2 % (m/v) de NaBEt4 para a etilação das espécies de interesse, sendo a reação realizada em pH 5,0. Entretanto, baixa eficiência de retenção (< 20 %) das espécies de interesse em suspensão de sedimento, foi obtida utilizando-se o acoplamento SPME-GF AAS, quando comparada à extração por HS-SPME. Dessa forma, foi realizada uma extração das espécies de interesse das amostras de sedimento, utilizando a energia ultrassônica, anteriormente à sua aplicação no acoplamento proposto SPME-GF AAS. Nesta etapa do trabalho, a temperatura do forno de grafite e o tempo de exposição da fibra de SPME no forno de grafite foram otimizados, visando à máxima eficiência de retenção das espécies de interesse no acoplamento SPME-GF AAS. Os melhores resultados foram observados para temperaturas do forno de grafite de 90 °C, com 986 s de tempo de exposição da fibra no atomizador. Por fim, foram realizados experimentos visando determinar a concentração total de Sn, e reter suas espécies organometálicas simultaneamente, na fibra de SPME, utilizando o acoplamento SPME-GF AAS. / Abstract: The goal of this Thesis was coupling the solid phase microextraction (SPME) to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GF AAS) for extracting the organometallic species volatilized in the drying and pyrolysis steps of the GF AAS. For evaluating the SPME-GF AAS coupling, Sn was then chosen. Firstly, the total Sn concentration using the slurry sampling strategy was determined, once in the evaluation of the organotin compounds by SPME-GF AAS, the total Sn concentration would be obtained from a slurry solution. Some parameters were evaluated, such as the nature of the solution to prepare the slurry, and pyrolysis and atomization temperatures effects. The mixture of 10 % (v/v) HF plus 1 % (v/v) HNO3 was chosen to prepare the sediment slurries, the Mg(NO3)2 plus NH4H2PO4 was appropriated as conventional chemical modifier, and the values of 1000 and 2000 °C was used as pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, respectively. The analyte addition was used in the Sn determination in sediment (marine and river) samples by slurry sampling due to matrix effects. The detection and quantification limits were calculated as 1.5-2.6 and 4.5-7.6 µg g, respectively. For evaluating the SPME-GF AAS coupling in the extraction of organotin species (butyltrichloride, dibutyldichloride, and tributylchloride), a sediment slurry was firstly used. For this task, the slurry was sonicated and an aliquot of this solution plus the derivatization reagent (sodium tetraethylborate ¿ NaBEt4) were introducted consecutively into the graphite furnace of the GF AAS. Then, the graphite furnace program was applied, and the SPME fiber was exposed into the furnace. After the extraction of organotin species by SPME-GF AAS, the analytes were separated and detected by gas chromatography (GC). Before this procedure, instrumental parameters of the GC were studied. For this task, it was used the conventional extraction by HSSPME (headspace-solid phase microextraction). Related to studies of SPME-GF AAS coupling, employing slurry sampling, some parameters, such as fiber coating, derivatization reagent concentration, pH of the reaction, among others, were evaluated. Satisfactory results were obtained using the PDMS/DVB fiber in the presence of 0.2 % (m/v) NaBEt4 and pH 5.0. However, low extraction efficiency (< 20 %) was obtained, using the SPME-GF AAS coupling for organotin species extraction from sediment slurries, when comparing to HS-SPME extractions. Then, the extraction of organotin species from sediment samples, using the ultrasonic energy was carried out, before the sample introduction into the SPME-GF AAS coupling. In this step, the graphite furnace temperature and the fiber exposure time in the atomizer were optimized. The better results were noted when 90 °C as the graphite furnace temperature was used, and 986 s was attributed as the fiber exposure time into the atomizer. Additionally, the determination of total Sn concentration, and the extraction of organotin species in the SPME fiber, using the SPME-GF AAS coupling, was simultaneously carried out. / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

This licentiate study was initiated by copper, zinc and galvanized steel producers in Europe, who felt a need to assess runoff rates of copper and zinc from the pure metals and commercial products at marine exposure conditions. Their motive was the increasing concern in various European countries and the on-going risk assessments of copper and zinc within the European commission. Also the circumstance that available runoff rates so far, had been reported for mainly urban exposure conditions, rather than marine. A collaboration was therefore established with the French Corrosion Institute, which runs a marine test site in Brest, and a set of vital questions were formulated. Their answers are the essence of this licentiate study. Based on the ISO corrosivity classification and one-year exposures, the marine atmosphere of Brest is fairly corrosive for zinc (class C3) and highly corrosive for copper (C4). Despite higher corrosivity classifications for both metals in Brest compared to the urban site of Stockholm, used as a reference site, nearly all runoff rates assessed for copper, zinc and their commercial products were lower in Brest compared to Stockholm. This was attributed to a higher surface wetting in Brest and concomitant higher removal rate of deposited chloride and sulphate species from the marine-exposed surfaces. The comparison shows that measured corrosion rates cannot be used to predict runoff rates, since different physicochemical processes govern corrosion and runoff respectively. For copper, the runoff rate in Brest was approximately 1.1 g m-2 yr-1 with cuprite (Cu2O) as main patina constituent. During periods of very high chloride and sulphate deposition, paratacamite (Cu2Cl(OH)3) formed which increased the runoff rate to 1.5 g m-2 yr-1. For zinc, with hydrozincite (Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6) as the main patina constituent, the runoff rate was relatively stable at 2.6 g m-2 yr-1 throughout the year, despite episodes of heavy chloride and sulphate deposition. The application of organic coatings of varying thickness on artificially patinated copper or on different zinc-based products resulted in improved barrier properties and reduced runoff rates that seem highly dependent on thickness. The thickest organic coating (150 µm thick), applied on hot dipped galvanized steel, reduced the runoff rate by a factor of 100. No deterioration of organic coatings was observed during the one-year exposures. Alloying zinc-based products with aluminium resulted in surface areas enriched in aluminium and concomitant reduced zinc runoff rates. The release rate and bioavailability of copper from different anti-fouling paints into artificial seawater was also investigated. It turned out that the release rate not only depends on the copper concentration in the paint, but also on paint matrix properties and other released metal constituents detected. Far from all copper was bioavailabe at the immediate release situation. In all, the results suggest the importance of assessing the ecotoxic response of anti-fouling paints not only by regarding the copper release, but rather through an integrated effect of all matrix constituents. / QC 20101126

La micro-algue verte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii est considérée comme un modèle dans l’étude du stress métallique chez les organismes photosynthétiques. Les mécanismes de tolérance au stress induit par le cadmium ne sont pas encore clairement établis. Afin de déterminer ces mécanismes, la localisation subcellulaire et la spéciation chimique in situ du cadmium ont été déterminées chez trois souches de C. reinhardtii exposées au cadmium en condition mixotrophe (CO2 + Acétate) : (i) une souche de type sauvage (wt), (ii) la souche cell-wall less (cw15) qui est déficiente en paroi cellulaire, (iii) la souche pcs1 qui surexprime la phytochélatine synthase (PCS), enzyme ordinairement cytosolique, directement dans son chloroplaste. Pour ce faire, la toxicité du cadmium a été déterminée en mesurant la croissance ainsi que la teneur en chlorophylle et en amidon des micro-algues. Puis, la localisation du cadmium au niveau subcellulaire a été réalisée par trois techniques complémentaires (fractionnement subcellulaire, µXRF, TEM/X-EDS). La spéciation chimique in situ du cadmium a été effectuée par µXAS et XAS. Enfin, l’imagerie élémentaire et isotopique par nanoSIMS a permis de compléter les distributions élémentaires dans la cellule et de déterminer l’impact du cadmium sur les mécanismes d’assimilation du carbone. (i) Les résultats de ce travail montrent que la souche wt est la plus sensible au cadmium des trois avec une diminution de la croissance et de la teneur en chlorophylle. Lorsqu’elle ne présente pas ces signes de toxicité, le cadmium est séquestré dans l’ensemble de la cellule par des ligands thiolés et de façon mineure par les granules de polyphosphates. Suite à l’exposition à de fortes concentrations en cadmium, le cadmium intracellulaire est lié majoritairement à des ligands carboxylés probablement induits par le stress oxydatif. De plus, la présence du cadmium dans le pyrénoïde bloque l’assimilation du carbone inorganique (CO2), au profit de l’assimilation du carbone organique (acétate), qui est stocké sous forme d’amidon. (ii) La surexpression de la PCS de la souche pcs1 provoque une production d’amidon importante autour du pyrénoïde et protège la chlorophylle du stress lié au cadmium. Bien que la synthèse de phytochélatines soit potentiellement élevée, la moitié du cadmium intracellulaire est séquestrée par les granules de polyphosphates et l’amidon. (iii) La souche cw15 est la plus tolérante des trois souches et n’accumule pas la totalité du cadmium disponible, contrairement aux cellules possédant une paroi cellulaire. Similairement au wt, le cadmium intracellulaire est séquestré majoritairement par des ligands thiolés et de façon mineure par les granules de polyphosphates. L’observation de granules de polyphosphates excrétées par les micro-algues permet l’hypothèse de l’excrétion du cadmium vacuolaire induisant un flux constant de cadmium à travers la cellule. En conclusion, la séquestration du cadmium via des ligands soufre, potentiellement par des polypeptides thiolés, est le mécanisme de tolérance majoritaire mis en place par C. reinhardtii. Néanmoins, la séquestration du cadmium par les granules de polyphosphates semble apporter une plus grande tolérance vis-à-vis du stress lié au cadmium. / The green micro-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is commonly used as a model for the study of the metallic stress in photosynthetic organisms. Tolerance mechanisms against stress induced by cadmium are not well understood. In order to determine these mechanisms, subcellular location and in situ speciation have been determined in three C. reinhardtii strains exposed to cadmium in mixotrophic conditions (CO2 + Acetate) : (i) a wild type strain (wt), (ii) a cell-wall less strain (cw15) which is deficient in cell-wall, (iii) the pcs1 strain which overexpresses the cytosolic enzyme phytochetlatin synthase (PCS) directly in the chloroplast. Cadmium toxicity has been determined by the monitoring of growth and chlorophyll, starch content in micro-algae. Then, cadmium location at subcellular level has been performed using three complementary techniques (subcellular fractionation, µXRF and TEM/X-EDS). In situ cadmium speciation has been studied by µXAS and XAS. Finally, elemental and isotopic imaging by nanoSIMS has allowed to complete elemental distribution in the cells and to determine the impact of cadmium on the assimilation of carbon. (i) The results of this work show that the wt strain is the most sensitive strain to cadmium stress among the three studied strains with a growth and chlorophyll content decrease. When wt cells do not show signs of toxicity, cadmium is mainly sequestered in the whole cell by thiolated ligands and in polyphosphate granules. After an exposure to high concentration of cadmium, intracellular cadmium is mainly bound to carboxylated ligands, probably induced by oxidative stress. Moreover, cadmium located in the pyrenoid blocks inorganic carbon (CO2) assimilation and increases organic carbon (acetate) assimilation which is stored as starch. (ii) The overexpresssion of PCS in the pcs1 strain induces a strong production of starch around the pyrenoid and proctects the chlorophyll against cadmium stress. Although the synthesis of phytocheltins was potentially strong, half of the intracellular cadmium is sequestered in polyphosphate granules and in starch. (iii) Unlike cell-walled cells, the cw15 strain is the most tolerant strain and does not accumulate the totality of available cadmium. Similarly to wt strain, intracellular cadmium is mainly sequestered by thiolated ligands and in polyphosphate granules. The observation of polyphosphate granules excreted by the micro-algae allows the hypothesis of the excretion of vacuolar cadmium, inducing a constant flux of cadmium through the cells. In conclusion, cadmium sequestration by sulfur ligands, potentially by thiolated polypeptides, is the main tolerance mechanism implemented by C. renhardtii. However, cadmium sequestration in polyphosphate granules seems to allow a better tolerance against cadmium stress.