A presente pesquisa propôs avaliar a presença de cianobactérias, tanto quantitativamente como qualitativamente e clorofila-a quantitativamente, em relação à legislação CONAMA Nº 357/05, em um sistema de tratamento de lagoas de estabilização com pré e pós-tratamento físico-químico, além de avaliar o comportamento de parâmetros convencionais, como Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Nitrogênio amoniacal (NNH3), Fósforo (P), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST), Potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH). Para tanto, utilizou-se a Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes da Riviera de São Lourenço - Bertioga - SP, para o estudo em questão, onde o sistema é composto de Tratamento primário quimicamente assistido (TPQA) com aplicação de produtos químicos (polímero como coagulante), seguido de duas lagoas facultativas, lagoa de maturação, Decantador de algas (decantador) com aplicação de produtos químicos (polímero e cal hidratada) e tanque de contato de cloro. Utilizou-se um período de estudo de nove meses (Outubro/2005 à Junho/2006), com coletas e análises semanais e quinzenais, dos efluentes das lagoas facultativas, da lagoa de maturação, do Decantador de algas e final do sistema. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Controle Ambiental da Riviera de São Lourenço. Foram encontradas ao longo do sistema as seguintes espécies de cianobactérias: Planktothrix sp, Merismopedia sp, Microcystis sp, Phormidium sp, Chroococcus sp, Pseudonabaena sp, Aphanocapsa sp. Ao longo de todo o período, as maiores presenças de espécies foram de Planktothrix sp. e Merismopedia sp. Encontrou-se os seguintes valores ao longo do sistema para densidades de cianobactérias na baixa temporada: para lagoas facultativas - 18880 cel/mL; lagoa de maturação - 16350 cel/mL; Decantador de algas - 4680 cel/mL; saída do sistema - 6400 cel/mL; e na alta temporada: para lagoas facultativas - 26340 cel/mL; lagoa de maturação - 13170 cel/mL; Decantador de algas - 11840 cel/mL; saída do 1 sistema - 2910 cel/mL. As densidades de cianobactérias encontradas na baixa e alta temporada na saída do tratamento refletem valores sempre abaixo em relação à nova legislação CONAMA Nº 357/05 no que tange os limites de cianobactérias para águas classes I, II e III. As concentrações de clorofila-a no efluente da lagoa de maturação resultaram em 432 ±182?g/L, e 268 ± 185?g/L no efluente final do sistema. A eficiência de remoção foi de 53 ± 28%,. Estes resultados de clorofila-a para este sistema de tratamento de esgotos com as novas mudanças, ou seja, o sistema biológico precedido e sucedido por tratamento físico-químico, podem ser considerados satisfatórios, mas são mais elevados que os limites preconizados na Resolução CONAMA Nº 357/05 para águas classes I, II e III, havendo a necessidade se contar com algum grau de diluição para permitir o enquadramento. Para os parâmetros convencionais analisados ao longo do período, destacam-se as concentrações no efluente final de fósforo de 5 ± 2 mgP/L e de nitrogênio amoniacal de 22 ± 10 mgN/L. Com relação ao fósforo, observa-se a necessidade de diluição no corpo receptor para o enquadramento às classes mais restritivas e, com relação ao nitrogênio amoniacal, verifica-se que o valor médio é superior ao padrão de lançamento de 20 mgN/L estabelecido pela Resolução 357/2005 do CONAMA. / The present research proposes to evaluate the presence of cyanobacteria either quantitatively and qualitatively, as well as chlorophyll-a quantitatively, according to CONAMA Nº 357/05 legislation, for a stabilization ponds treatment system associated with physico-chemical treatment, as well as evaluating typical parameters behavior, such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), power hydrogen (pH). For the research, It has been used the Riviera de São Lourenço effluent treatment station in Bertioga - SP, where the system includes an Chemical enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) with application of chemicals products (polymer with coagulant), followed by two Facultative ponds, maturation pond, Algae Removal (decanter) with application of chemical components (polymer and hydrated lime) and chlorine chicane. It has taken a period of 9 months (oct/2005 to jun/2006), with both weekly and fortnight sample and analysis, and the observed spots were the facultative pond output, maturation pond output, algae remover output and system output. The analyses were made by Riviera de São Lourenço environmental control laboratory, when the following sorts of cyanobacteries have been found: Planktothrix sp, Merismopedia sp, Microcystis sp, Phormidium sp, Chroococcus sp, Pseudonabaena sp, Aphanocapsa sp. During the whole period, the major presence of species detected were Planktothrix sp.(100%) and Merismopedia sp.(71%). The following values for cyanobacteria density were found at low season: facultative ponds - 18880 cel/mL; maturation pond - 16350 cel/mL; algae removal - 4680 cel/mL; system output - 2910 cel/mL. The cyanobacdteria density found during low 1 and high season at the system output always under the new legislation CONAMA Nº 357/05, according the cyanobacteria limits for I, II and III classes of water. The chlorophyll-a concentration on the maturation pond´s effluent and system output showed 432 ± 182?g/L and 268 ± 185?g/L, respectively. The removal efficiency was 53 ± 28%. These chlorophyll-a results for that wastewater system, with the improvements, were satisfatory, but higher than the legislation´s limits for I, II and III water classes before the dilution computation. For the conventional parameters analysed during the whole period, phosphorus concentrations at the system output were 5 ± 2 mgP/L and total nitrogen 22 ± 10 mgN/L are showed up. It was observed that is necessary the dilution computation for phosphorus for accordance to legislation and for total nitrogen it was verified that the mean value is higher than de limit of 20mgN/L, according to legislation CONAMA 357/2005.

O presente estudo propõe uma alternativa para tratamento químico da urina para redução no consumo de água em descargas residenciais, possibilitando um maior tempo de permanência da água a ser descartada na bacia sanitária antes do acionamento da descarga. O processo consiste em neutralizar os componentes responsáveis pelo odor e cor característicos da urina a partir da reação química com dicloroisocianurato de sódio, NaDCC. O composto também apresenta ação bactericida podendo agir por um determinado período de tempo. Além disso, considera-se a adição de um componente indicador de nível de saturação do meio para otimizar o efeito sobre os aspectos estéticos e sanitários (odor, cor e presença de bactérias). O tratamento proposto deverá apresentar baixo custo estimulando a mudança de paradigmas por meio da conscientização da importância da redução do consumo de água nas residências. Pretende-se acompanhar o desempenho do processo proposto a partir de ensaios físico-químicos e microbiológicos. / The following work proposes an alternative to reduce water consumption in residential toilets by treating urine chemically, making it possible to wait longer until actually flushing the toilet. The process consists in using a tablet capable of neutralizing the components responsible for urine\'s smell and color by reacting them with the tablet\'s main component, Sodium dichloroisocyanurate, NADCC, which also is an antibacterial agent, being able to remain active for a certain period of time. Besides, the addition of an environment saturation indicator is proposed to optimize the effects over the aesthetic and sanitary - odor, color and bacterial presence - aspects. The process includes the advantage of having a low cost, stimulating the change of certain paradigms by inducing people to acknowledge the importance of reducing water consumption at their houses.

Este presente trabalho teve como objetivo a investigação do desempenho de um biopolímero experimental à base de cálcio, desenvolvido e fornecido por uma empresa americana, na coagulação, floculação e sedimentação da vinhaça bruta como tratamento físico-químico na remoção de carga orgânica e na concentração de compostos fertilizantes no lodo. O estudo do tratamento da vinhaça por meio da aplicação deste biopolímero possibilitaria, hipoteticamente, uma redução significativa da carga orgânica como tratamento inicial da vinhaça, além de concentrar os nutrientes presentes na vinhaça no lodo gerado para uso fertilizante. Foram realizados ensaios com coagulantes convencionais (sulfato ferroso, cloreto férrico e óxido de cálcio) para efeito de comparação entre estes e o biopolímero. Os ensaios de coagulação, floculação e sedimentação foram realizados em escala de laboratório com uso do equipamento Jar Test. Os ensaios foram divididos em três etapas. Na primeira etapa foram realizados ensaios aplicando-se determinadas dosagens de biopolímero e variando-se os tempos de coagulação, velocidades de rotação, além de realizar ou não a mistura lenta após a etapa de coagulação, a fim de verificar se estes parâmetros poderiam otimizar o processo de tratamento com o aplicação do biopolímero. Para segunda etapa do procedimento experimental foram realizados ensaios com os outros coagulantes: óxido de cálcio, sulfato férrico e cloreto férrico. Os ensaios com o cloreto férrico e o sulfato férrico foram realizados nas seguintes condições: velocidade de mistura rápida de 200 rpm por um período de tempo de 30 segundos e velocidade de mistura lenta de 80 rpm por um período de 20 minutos. Já os ensaios com óxido de cálcio foram realizados com apenas velocidade de mistura rápida de 200 rpm variando os períodos de tempo em 1, 5 e 10 minutos. O tempo de sedimentação para separação dos flocos formados foi de 2 horas para todas as etapas. O tratamento com biopolímero experimental apresentou resultados de remoção de matéria orgânica abaixo dos valores esperados, que era na faixa de 60% a 80%. Os resultados limitaram-se a valores de 10% a 35% de remoção de DQO. Porém, a remoção de turbidez atingiu valores elevados, próximos a 90%. Para os compostos relacionados à fertilização NPK (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio), o tratamento com biopolímero experimental obteve as melhores eficiências de remoção de fósforo (48,3%) e de NTK (17,2%) em relação aos demais coagulantes, porém não apresentou remoção de potássio. Não houve diferença significativa na eficiência de remoção de DQO quando se alteram as condições operacionais de velocidade de agitação. Já o aumento no tempo de agitação diminui a eficiência de remoção de DQO. / This work aimed to investigate the performance of an experimental biopolymer calcium-based, developed and supplied by an American company, on gross vinasse coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation as a physical chemical treatment on organic load removal and on fertilizer compounds concentration in sludge. The study of the vinasse treatment through the application of this biopolymer would allow, hypothetically a significant reduction of the organic load as vinasse initial treatment, besides concentrating the vinasse found nutrients in the sludge created for fertilizer use. Assays were performed with conventional coagulants (ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and calcium oxide) for comparison between them and the biopolymer. Tests of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation were carried out in laboratory scale using Jar Test equipment. The experiments were divided in three stages. In the first stage assays were performed applying certain dosages of biopolymer and varying the clotting time, rotational speeds in addition to performing or not performing the slow mixture after the clotting stage in order to check if these parameters could optimize the treatment process with the biopolymer application. For the second stage of the experimental procedure tests were developed with other coagulants: calcium oxide, ferric sulphate and ferric chloride. Tests with ferric chloride and ferric sulphate were performed under the following conditions: fast mixing speed of 200 rpm for a period of 30 seconds and slow mixing speed of 80 rpm for a period of 20 minutes. Considering the assays with calcium oxide, they were carried out using only rapid mixing speed of 200 rpm by varying the time periods at 1, 5 and 10 minutes. The sedimentation time to the formed flakes separation was two hours for all stages. Treatment with experimental biopolymer presented results of removal of organic matter below the expected values, which was in the range 60% to80%. The results limited to values of 10% to 35% of COD clearance. However, the removal of turbidity reached high values near 90%. For compounds related to NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) fertilization, the treatment with experimental biopolymer obtained the best efficiency of phosphorus removal (48,3) and TKN removal (17.2%) in comparison with the other coagulants, but showed no removal of potassium. There was no significant difference in COD removal efficiency when the operating conditions of agitation speed are changed. Regarding to the increase in the agitation time, it reduces the efficiency of COD removal.

A presente pesquisa propôs avaliar a presença de cianobactérias, tanto quantitativamente como qualitativamente e clorofila-a quantitativamente, em relação à legislação CONAMA Nº 357/05, em um sistema de tratamento de lagoas de estabilização com pré e pós-tratamento físico-químico, além de avaliar o comportamento de parâmetros convencionais, como Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Nitrogênio amoniacal (NNH3), Fósforo (P), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST), Potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH). Para tanto, utilizou-se a Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes da Riviera de São Lourenço - Bertioga - SP, para o estudo em questão, onde o sistema é composto de Tratamento primário quimicamente assistido (TPQA) com aplicação de produtos químicos (polímero como coagulante), seguido de duas lagoas facultativas, lagoa de maturação, Decantador de algas (decantador) com aplicação de produtos químicos (polímero e cal hidratada) e tanque de contato de cloro. Utilizou-se um período de estudo de nove meses (Outubro/2005 à Junho/2006), com coletas e análises semanais e quinzenais, dos efluentes das lagoas facultativas, da lagoa de maturação, do Decantador de algas e final do sistema. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Controle Ambiental da Riviera de São Lourenço. Foram encontradas ao longo do sistema as seguintes espécies de cianobactérias: Planktothrix sp, Merismopedia sp, Microcystis sp, Phormidium sp, Chroococcus sp, Pseudonabaena sp, Aphanocapsa sp. Ao longo de todo o período, as maiores presenças de espécies foram de Planktothrix sp. e Merismopedia sp. Encontrou-se os seguintes valores ao longo do sistema para densidades de cianobactérias na baixa temporada: para lagoas facultativas - 18880 cel/mL; lagoa de maturação - 16350 cel/mL; Decantador de algas - 4680 cel/mL; saída do sistema - 6400 cel/mL; e na alta temporada: para lagoas facultativas - 26340 cel/mL; lagoa de maturação - 13170 cel/mL; Decantador de algas - 11840 cel/mL; saída do 1 sistema - 2910 cel/mL. As densidades de cianobactérias encontradas na baixa e alta temporada na saída do tratamento refletem valores sempre abaixo em relação à nova legislação CONAMA Nº 357/05 no que tange os limites de cianobactérias para águas classes I, II e III. As concentrações de clorofila-a no efluente da lagoa de maturação resultaram em 432 ±182?g/L, e 268 ± 185?g/L no efluente final do sistema. A eficiência de remoção foi de 53 ± 28%,. Estes resultados de clorofila-a para este sistema de tratamento de esgotos com as novas mudanças, ou seja, o sistema biológico precedido e sucedido por tratamento físico-químico, podem ser considerados satisfatórios, mas são mais elevados que os limites preconizados na Resolução CONAMA Nº 357/05 para águas classes I, II e III, havendo a necessidade se contar com algum grau de diluição para permitir o enquadramento. Para os parâmetros convencionais analisados ao longo do período, destacam-se as concentrações no efluente final de fósforo de 5 ± 2 mgP/L e de nitrogênio amoniacal de 22 ± 10 mgN/L. Com relação ao fósforo, observa-se a necessidade de diluição no corpo receptor para o enquadramento às classes mais restritivas e, com relação ao nitrogênio amoniacal, verifica-se que o valor médio é superior ao padrão de lançamento de 20 mgN/L estabelecido pela Resolução 357/2005 do CONAMA. / The present research proposes to evaluate the presence of cyanobacteria either quantitatively and qualitatively, as well as chlorophyll-a quantitatively, according to CONAMA Nº 357/05 legislation, for a stabilization ponds treatment system associated with physico-chemical treatment, as well as evaluating typical parameters behavior, such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), power hydrogen (pH). For the research, It has been used the Riviera de São Lourenço effluent treatment station in Bertioga - SP, where the system includes an Chemical enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) with application of chemicals products (polymer with coagulant), followed by two Facultative ponds, maturation pond, Algae Removal (decanter) with application of chemical components (polymer and hydrated lime) and chlorine chicane. It has taken a period of 9 months (oct/2005 to jun/2006), with both weekly and fortnight sample and analysis, and the observed spots were the facultative pond output, maturation pond output, algae remover output and system output. The analyses were made by Riviera de São Lourenço environmental control laboratory, when the following sorts of cyanobacteries have been found: Planktothrix sp, Merismopedia sp, Microcystis sp, Phormidium sp, Chroococcus sp, Pseudonabaena sp, Aphanocapsa sp. During the whole period, the major presence of species detected were Planktothrix sp.(100%) and Merismopedia sp.(71%). The following values for cyanobacteria density were found at low season: facultative ponds - 18880 cel/mL; maturation pond - 16350 cel/mL; algae removal - 4680 cel/mL; system output - 2910 cel/mL. The cyanobacdteria density found during low 1 and high season at the system output always under the new legislation CONAMA Nº 357/05, according the cyanobacteria limits for I, II and III classes of water. The chlorophyll-a concentration on the maturation pond´s effluent and system output showed 432 ± 182?g/L and 268 ± 185?g/L, respectively. The removal efficiency was 53 ± 28%. These chlorophyll-a results for that wastewater system, with the improvements, were satisfatory, but higher than the legislation´s limits for I, II and III water classes before the dilution computation. For the conventional parameters analysed during the whole period, phosphorus concentrations at the system output were 5 ± 2 mgP/L and total nitrogen 22 ± 10 mgN/L are showed up. It was observed that is necessary the dilution computation for phosphorus for accordance to legislation and for total nitrogen it was verified that the mean value is higher than de limit of 20mgN/L, according to legislation CONAMA 357/2005.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-10T17:02:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ClesioCosta.pdf: 495374 bytes, checksum: a77fa0746d6e444fe521e5186b8226db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T17:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClesioCosta.pdf: 495374 bytes, checksum: a77fa0746d6e444fe521e5186b8226db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / The grass-andropogon is a perennial grass is well resistant to low fertility soils, to places that suffer water restriction as in the Northeast region. The objective of this study was to evaluate strategies for the use of andropogongrass during the rainy season. The structural and chemical characteristics were evaluated as a function of two defoliation intensities and rest periods. In the dry period the nutritive value of deferred andropogenic grass treated with ammonia. Experiment rains: two defoliation intensities (15 and 30 cm) and four rest periods (25, 35, 45 and 55 days) were evaluated in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement, with four replications. Depletion intensity did not affect dry leaf biomass (P> 0.05). The rest period provided a linear decreasing effect (P <0.05) on the biomass of dried leaf blades in the two defoliation intensities. It was observed that the intensity of 15 cm occurred a reduction of 19.52 kg of leaves for each day of rest, already in the intensity of 30 cm was registered a reduction of 35.41 kg for each day. The biomass of dry stalks showed an increasing linear effect (P <0.05) as a function of the rest periods in the two defoliation intensities. Production of 2427.71, 2907.39, 3325.72 and 3749.45 kg ha-1 was recorded for the periods of 25, 35, 45 and 55 days respectively. In the intensity of 30 cm, a reduction of 40.75 kg was recorded for each day of rest period. The rest period provided a linear decreasing effect (P <0.05) on the blade / stem ratio in the two defoliation intensities. A reduction of 0.02 and 0.03 was observed for each day of the rest period in intensities of 15 and 30 cm, respectively, the highest relation was observed with 25 days (1.39) and the lowest with 55 days (0. 64). The population density of tillers responded in a linear descending manner (P> 0.05) to the rest periods for the defoliation intensity of 15 cm, with a reduction of 2.59 tillers for each day over a rest period. For the intensity of 30 cm, no linear regression effect was observed (Y = 530.10). The height of the pasture was influenced by the rest periods, with values of 1.33, 1.82, 2.07 and 2.24 m recorded for the periods of 25, 35, 45 and 55 days respectively. The DM content presented an increasing linear effect (P <0.05) as a function of the rest periods evaluated in the two defoliation intensities. For each additional day in the rest period, an increase of 2.8 and 2.7 g / kg was recorded for the intensities of 15 and 30 cm, respectively. The rest period indicated a linear decreasing behavior (P <0.05) for PB content in the two defoliation intensities. A decrease of 0.9 and 0.7 g / kg was recorded for each day of rest period. For each day over the rest period an increase of 1.2 and 1.5 g / kg DM in the NDF content was recorded at intensities of 15 and 30 cm. It is recommended the use of managed andropogon grass with regrowth age of 25 days and height of residue of 15 cm. Dry experiment: For the chemical composition, a completely randomized design was used, with five treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% addition of urea in% of DM) and five replications. To evaluate the in situ degradation of DM, a fistulated sheep with a mean live weight of 60 kg was used. For the degradation, a completely randomized design was used in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement (five urea levels x four incubation times 6, 24, 48 and 72). The ammonization provided a linear effect (P <0.05) for the DM content of the andropogon grass, a minimum level of 4.63 urea was recorded, and from this level the MS content increased again. There was a positive linear effect (P <0.05) for the crude protein (CP) contents, an increase of 15.07 g / kg of PB was observed for each 1% of urea added to the andropogon grass, the value of Protein obtained through the equation for the highest dose was 139.4 g / kg DM. The effect of ammonia on neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was observed, respectively, with a decrease of 10.45, 4.06 and 6.39 g / kg of DM respectively. The neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen content (NIDN) was negatively linear (P <0.05) as a function of ammonia. It was recorded that for each 1% of urea a reduction of 41.77 g / kg was observed. However, ash content did not show any effect (P> 0.05), values of 27.0, 31.8, 32.0, 36.1 and 36.6 g / kg DM were recorded at levels of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%, respectively. The soluble fraction of the andropogon grass increased as the ammonia levels increased (14.20, 16.19, 17.27, 19.23, 18.04%, to the levels of 0, 2, 4, 6 And 8%, respectively). It is recommended to use the addition of urea at the 4% level in the process of ammonization of the deferred andropgrass grass. / O capim-andropogon é uma gramínea perene é bem resistente a solos de baixa fertilidade, a locais que sofrem restrição hídrica como na região Nordeste. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar estratégias de utilização do capim-andropógon, no período das chuvas, avaliou-se as características estruturais e químicas em função de duas intensidades de desfolha e períodos de descanso. No período seco avaliou-se o valor nutritivo do capim-andropogon diferido e tratado com amonização. Experimento chuvas: foram avaliadas duas intensidades de desfolha (15 e 30 cm) e quatro períodos de descanso (25, 35, 45 e 55 dias) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial, com quatro repetições. A intensidade de desfolha não afetou (P>0,05) a biomassa de lamina foliar seca. O período de descanso proporcionou efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) sobre a biomassa de lâminas foliares secas nas duas intensidades de desfolha. Foi observado que na intensidade de 15 cm ocorreu uma redução de 19,52 kg de folhas para cada dia de descanso, já na intensidade de 30 cm foi registrado uma redução de 35,41 kg para cada dia. A biomassa de colmos secos apresentou efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) em função dos períodos de descanso nas duas intensidades de desfolha. Foi registrado produção de 2427,71, 2907,39, 3325,72 e 3749,45 kg ha-1 para os períodos de 25, 35 45 e 55 dias, respectivamente. Já na intensidade de 30 cm foi registrado redução de 40,75 kg para cada dia de período de descanso. O período de descanso proporcionou efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) sobre a relação lâmina/colmo nas duas intensidades de desfolha. Foi observado redução de 0,02 e 0,03 para cada dia do período de descanso nas intensidades de 15 e 30 cm, respectivamente, a maior relação foi observada com 25 dias (1,39) e a menor com 55 dias (0,64). A densidade populacional de perfilhos respondeu de forma linear decrescente (P>0,05) aos períodos de descanso para a intensidade de desfolha de 15 cm, sendo registrado uma redução de 2,59 perfilhos para cada dia a mais de período de descanso. Já para a intensidade de 30 cm não foi observado efeito de regressão linear (Y=530,10). A altura do pasto foi influenciada pelos períodos de descanso, sendo registrado valores de 1,33, 1,82, 2,07 e 2,24 m, para os períodos de 25, 35, 45 e 55 dias, respectivamente. O teor de MS apresentou efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) em função dos períodos de descanso avaliados nas duas intensidades de desfolha. Para cada dia a mais no período de descanso, foi registrado aumento de 2,8 e 2,7 g/kg para as intensidades de 15 e 30 cm, respectivamente. O período de descanso indicou comportamento linear decrescente (P<0,05) para o teor de PB nas duas intensidades de desfolha. Foi registrado uma diminuição de 0,9 e 0,7 g/kg para cada dia de período de descanso. Para cada dia a mais de período de descanso foi registrado aumento de 1,2 e 1,5 g/kg de MS no teor de FDN nas intensidades de 15 e 30 cm. Recomenda-se o uso do capim-andropógon manejado com idade de rebrotação de 25 dias e altura de resíduo de 15 cm. Experimento seca: Para composição química, adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0, 2, 4, 6, e 8 % de adição de ureia, em % da MS) e cinco repetições. Para avaliação da degradação in situ da MS, foi utilizado um ovino fistulado com peso vivo médio de 60 kg. Para degradação adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 5 x 4 (cinco níveis de ureia x quatro tempos de incubação 6, 24, 48 e 72). A amonização proporcionou efeito linear (P<0,05) para o teor de MS do capim-andropógon, foi registrado nível mínimo de 4,63 de ureia, sendo que, a partir deste nível o teor de MS volta a subir. Verificou-se efeito linear positivo (P<0,05) para os teores de proteína bruta (PB), foi observado aumento de 15,07 g/kg de PB para cada 1% de ureia adicionado ao capim-andropógon, o valor de proteína obtido através da equação para a maior dose foi de 139,4 g/kg de MS. Também foi observado efeito da amonização sobre os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), hemicelulose e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), foi registrado redução de 10,45, 4,06 e 6,39 g/kg de MS, respectivamente. O teor de nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN), sofreu efeito linear negativo (P<0,05) em função da amonização. Foi registrado que para cada 1% de ureia foi observado redução de 41,77 g/kg. Já o teor de cinzas não sofreu efeito (P>0,05), foi registrado valores de 27,0, 31,8, 32,0, 36,1 e 36,6 g/kg de MS para os níveis de 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8%, respectivamente. A fração solúvel do capim-andropógon aumentou à medida que se elevou os níveis de amonização (14,20, 16,19, 17,27, 19,23, 18,04 %, para os níveis de 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8%, respectivamente). Recomenda-se utilizar a adição de ureia no nível de 4 % de no processo de amonização do capim-andropógon diferido.

Electroosmotic flow is widely used as a solution pumping method in numerous microfluidic applications. This type of flow has several advantages over other pumping techniques, such as the fast response time, the ease of control and integration in different microchannel designs. The flow utilizes the scaling of channel dimensions, which enhances the effects of the electrostatic forces to create flow in microchannels under an electrical body force. However, the electrostatic properties of the solution/wall material pairings are unique and must be experimentally measured. As a consequence, accurate knowledge about the electrostatic properties of the solution and wall material pairings is important for the optimal design of microfluidic devices using electroosmotic flow. Moreover, the introduction of new solutions and new channel materials for different applications is common in the microfluidics area. Therefore, any improvement on the experimental techniques used to examine the electrostatic properties of microchannels is beneficial to the research community. In this work, an improvement to the current-monitoring technique for studying the electrokinetic properties of microchannels is achieved by replacing the conventional straight channel design with a new Y-channel design. The errors from both the undesired pressure driven flow and solution electrolysis were addressed and significantly reduced. The new design offers high accuracy in finding the electrokinetic properties of microchannels. The experimental outcome from the new channel design is better compared to the outcomes of the straight channel, which helps in distinguishing the important electroosmotic pumping regions from the current-time plot. Moreover the time effectiveness in performing the experiments with the new channel design is better compared to that for the straight channel design. A modified analysis approach is also presented and validated for finding the electrokinetic properties from the outcomes of the current-monitoring technique, which is called the current-slope method. This approach is validated by comparing its findings with the results of the conventional length method. It was found for most situations that the discrepancy between the two methods, the current-slope and total length method, are within the uncertainty of the experimental measurements, thus validating the new analysis approach. In situations where it is hard to distinguish the start and end of solution replacement from the current-time plot of the current-monitoring technique, the current-slope method is advised. With the new design, different parametric studies of electroosmotic flow in PDMS based microchannels are estimated. At first the zeta potential of biological buffers are studied. Moreover the effect of continuous electroosmotic pumping, the chip substrate structure, and temperature on the average zeta potential of microchannels are examined. It was found that for air plasma treated PDMS microchannels the chip substrate material does not have an effect on the average zeta potential of the microchannels. The following chemical treatments are attempted with the aim of improving the surface and electrostatic properties of PDMS based microchannels: prepolymer additive with acrylic acid, extraction of PDMS, and both heat and plasma induced HEMA (Hydroxyethyl methacrylate) grafting on the surface of PDMS. Extensive characterization is performed with different experimental methods. The stability of the artificial hydrophilic properties of the PDMS microchannels with time was improved with both the extraction and HEMA grafting techniques. On the other hand, there was no evidence of any improvement in the zeta potential of microchannels with the surface treatments.

Electroosmotic flow is widely used as a solution pumping method in numerous microfluidic applications. This type of flow has several advantages over other pumping techniques, such as the fast response time, the ease of control and integration in different microchannel designs. The flow utilizes the scaling of channel dimensions, which enhances the effects of the electrostatic forces to create flow in microchannels under an electrical body force. However, the electrostatic properties of the solution/wall material pairings are unique and must be experimentally measured. As a consequence, accurate knowledge about the electrostatic properties of the solution and wall material pairings is important for the optimal design of microfluidic devices using electroosmotic flow. Moreover, the introduction of new solutions and new channel materials for different applications is common in the microfluidics area. Therefore, any improvement on the experimental techniques used to examine the electrostatic properties of microchannels is beneficial to the research community. In this work, an improvement to the current-monitoring technique for studying the electrokinetic properties of microchannels is achieved by replacing the conventional straight channel design with a new Y-channel design. The errors from both the undesired pressure driven flow and solution electrolysis were addressed and significantly reduced. The new design offers high accuracy in finding the electrokinetic properties of microchannels. The experimental outcome from the new channel design is better compared to the outcomes of the straight channel, which helps in distinguishing the important electroosmotic pumping regions from the current-time plot. Moreover the time effectiveness in performing the experiments with the new channel design is better compared to that for the straight channel design. A modified analysis approach is also presented and validated for finding the electrokinetic properties from the outcomes of the current-monitoring technique, which is called the current-slope method. This approach is validated by comparing its findings with the results of the conventional length method. It was found for most situations that the discrepancy between the two methods, the current-slope and total length method, are within the uncertainty of the experimental measurements, thus validating the new analysis approach. In situations where it is hard to distinguish the start and end of solution replacement from the current-time plot of the current-monitoring technique, the current-slope method is advised. With the new design, different parametric studies of electroosmotic flow in PDMS based microchannels are estimated. At first the zeta potential of biological buffers are studied. Moreover the effect of continuous electroosmotic pumping, the chip substrate structure, and temperature on the average zeta potential of microchannels are examined. It was found that for air plasma treated PDMS microchannels the chip substrate material does not have an effect on the average zeta potential of the microchannels. The following chemical treatments are attempted with the aim of improving the surface and electrostatic properties of PDMS based microchannels: prepolymer additive with acrylic acid, extraction of PDMS, and both heat and plasma induced HEMA (Hydroxyethyl methacrylate) grafting on the surface of PDMS. Extensive characterization is performed with different experimental methods. The stability of the artificial hydrophilic properties of the PDMS microchannels with time was improved with both the extraction and HEMA grafting techniques. On the other hand, there was no evidence of any improvement in the zeta potential of microchannels with the surface treatments.

During the water treatment process, each processing unit releases the sludge from the sedimentation process, and the wastewater from the rapid sand wash and filtration process, to the wastewater pond followed by the wastewater sedimentation pond. The sediment sludge is allowed to enter the sludge thickening pond while the supernatant is recycled for further treatment. The sludge is released to the sludge pond where it is treated with certain chemicals and squeezed to form the sludge cake. The sludge cake is removed and transported by a legitimate cleaning service company to an authorized location. The present study is focused on the investigation of the feasibility of recycling the wastewater and the dewatering of the sludge from the water treatment plant. The analysis of the samples collected from the wastewater treatment plant showed that the recycled supernatant had a pH of 7.16~8.21, a conductivity of 371.1~769.1 £gmho/cm, a total dissolved solid (TDS) of 193.3~399.9 mg/L, and a turbidity of 0.901~54.3 NTU. The suspended solids (SS) of the recycled supernatant was found to be 0.4~45.6 mg/L, lower than the standard value in the Effluent Standards (50 mg/L). The ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) of the recycled supernatant were found to be 0.06~1.5 mg/L and 1.533~17.437 mg/L, respectively. The analysis of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the wastewater treatment plant showed a concentration of 12.1~128.5 mg/L in the sample of the recycled supernatant. The COD in the Effluent Standards is required to be no more than 100 mg/L. For sludge conditioning and dewatering, a sludge conditioning experiment was conducted in the laboratory to plot the curve of the experimental result. The curve was used for the actual sludge conditioning and dewatering in the Fongshan Water Treatment Plant to verify the feasibility of the application for the actual process in the water treatment plant.

Chemical treatments using solvents and surfactants can be used to increase the productivity of gas-condensate wells with condensate banks. CMG’s compositional simulator GEM was used to simulate such treatments to gain a better understanding of design questions such as how much treatment solution to inject and to predict the benefits of such treatments. GEM was used to simulate treatments in vertical wells with and without hydraulic fractures and also horizontal wells. However, like other commercial compositional simulators, the flash calculations used to predict the phase behavior is limited to two phases whereas a three-phase flash is needed to accurately model the complex phase behavior that occurs during and after the injection of treatment solutions. UTCOMP is a compositional simulator with three-phase flash routine and attempts were made to use it to simulate such well treatments. However, this is a very difficult problem to simulate and all previous attempts failed because of numerical problems caused by inconsistent phase labeling (so called phase flipping) and the discontinuities this causes in the relative permeability values. In this research, a new relative permeability model based on molar Gibbs free energy was developed, implemented in a compositional simulator and applied to several difficult three-phase flash problems. A new way of modeling the residual saturations was needed to ensure a continuous variation of the residual saturations from the three-phase region to the two-phase region or back and was included in the new model. The new relative permeability model was implemented in the compositional reservoir simulator UTCOMP. This new relative permeability model makes it is unnecessary to identify and track the phases. This method automatically avoids the previous phase flipping problems and thus is physically accurate as well as computationally faster due to the improved numerical performance. The new code was tested by running several difficult simulation problems including a CO2 flood with three-hydrocarbon phases and a water phase. A new framework for doing flash calculations was also developed and implemented in UTCOMP to account for the multiple roots of the cubic equation-of-state to ensure a global minimum in the Gibbs free energy by doing an exhaustive search for the minimum value for one, two and three phases. The purpose was to determine if the standard method using a Gibbs stability test followed by a flash calculation was in fact resulting in the true minimum in the Gibbs free energy. Test problems were run and the results of the standard algorithm and the exhaustive search algorithm compared. The updated UTCOMP simulator was used to understand the flow back of solvents injected in gas condensate wells as part of chemical treatments. The flow back of the solvents, a short-term process, affects how well the treatment works and has been an important design and performance question for years that could not be simulated correctly until now due to the limitations of both commercial simulators and UTCOMP. Different solvents and chase gases were simulated to gain insight into how to improve the design of the chemical treatments under different conditions. / text

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