The study of the binding and recognition of anions has emerged as a significant branch of supramolecular chemistry over the past 20 years. Of particular interest is the binding in aqueous media of industrially or biologically relevant anions including fluoride, pyrophosphate, and terephthalate. To date, most anion recognition using synthetic systems has been accomplished with small molecule receptors operating in organic media. We believe the challenge of sensing and binding anionic species in aqueous media could be addressed through polymers. This is due to their solubility, which can be tuned by judicious selection of the appropriate polymer backbone. Further, polymers can be cross-linked (forming interchain bonds) to produce insoluble materials that are attractive for use as filter materials for liquids and gases. The polymer network can also act as a net to strip away the solvent shell of the anions, leading to increased sensitivity toward hydrated analytes. In addition, the multi-valency due to multiple binding sites in a polymer can lead to increased affinities for analytes. This dissertation details the author’s work focused on the preparation of anion receptor-containing polymers and their subsequent evaluation as both sensors for the fluoride anion and as extractants for bisanions under conditions of liquid-liquid extraction. Chapter 1 gives a brief review of the challenges of anion binding and a primer on the field of sensing and extracting anions using polymeric systems. Chapter 2 describes our work incorporating three quinoxaline-based anion receptors into poly(methyl methacrylate) polymers and their sensing of anionic targets. Chapter 3 describes our work incorporating calix[4]pyrrole anion receptors into poly(methyl methacrylate) polymers. These polymeric systems were found to undergo reversible crosslinking in organic media when combined with certain ditopic anions. Chapter 4 describes our work to investigate chemopreventives of prostate cancer based on the phytochemicals 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. The mechanism of action was linked to the inhibition of inflammation pathways. Derivatives of 6-shogaol were synthesized and their ability to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth was evaluated. Chapter 5 details all the syntheses and characterization data of the compounds discussed in this dissertation, as well as spectra from titrations and extraction studies. / text

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-17T20:53:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DayaneFreitas.pdf: 3248256 bytes, checksum: ea021e1cfc7eeadb7ac1ec7bc8cfd5a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T20:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DayaneFreitas.pdf: 3248256 bytes, checksum: ea021e1cfc7eeadb7ac1ec7bc8cfd5a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / The Euterpe oleracea Mart seed. (Acai) has demonstrated different biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antinociceptive and antineoplastic. In this new study, the aim was to analyze the antineoplastic activity of fractions derived from hydroalcoholic extract of Euterpe oleracea Mart. seed in cell line MCF-7, and to identify the compounds responsible for the antineoplastic action by mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization source, and a ciclotrônico analyzer coupled to a Fourier transform (ESI-FT-ICR MS). The MCF-7 cell line was treated with 10, 20, 40 and 60 μg L-1 with fractions hexane (FH), chloroform (FC) and ethyl acetate (FAE) of the hydroalcoholic extract acai seed for 24, 48 and 72 hours. After treatment the cell viability was measured using the assay with 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and the cell type of death was assessed using annexin - Iodide propidium (PI) assay. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student's t test, us appropriate. It was observed that all the fractions caused significant reduction of cell viability of MCF-7, but the FAE was the most cytotoxic (p <0.001). In the test Annexin-PI, there was no significant labeling annexin but increased PI staining was significant (p <0.001). This study showed that the FAE was more effective in reducing cell viability, following necroptose mechanism in MCF-7 cell. The FAE is composed of epicatechin, proanthocyanidin A2 and trimeric and tetrameric procyanidins. / A semente de Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) tem demonstrado diferentes atividades biológicas, tais como: antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, anti-hipertensiva, antinociceptiva e antineoplásica. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi analisar a atividade antineoplásica de frações do extrato hidroalcoólico da semente de Euterpe oleracea Mart. na linhagem celular MCF-7, assim como identificar os compostos responsáveis pela ação antineoplásica por espectrometria de massas utilizando fonte de ionização por eletrospray e um analisador ciclotrônico acoplado a uma transformada de Fourier (ESI- FT-ICR MS). A linhagem MCF-7 foi tratada com 10, 20, 40 e 60 μg L-1 com as frações hexânica (FH), clorofórmica (FC) e de acetato de etila (FAE) do extrato hidroalcoólico da semente do açaí por 24, 48 E 72 horas. Após o tratamento a viabilidade celular foi mensurada usando o ensaio com 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) e o tipo de morte celular foi avaliado com o ensaio Anexina - Iodeto de propídeo (PI). Os dados foram analizados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA) ou por teste T student, quando apropriado. Foi observado que todas as frações causaram redução significativa da viabilidade celular da MCF-7, porém a FAE foi a mais citotóxica (p < 0,001). No ensaio de anexina-pi, não foi observado marcação significativa para anexina porém o aumento da marcação de PI foi significativo (p<0,001). O presente estudo demonstrou que a FAE foi a mais eficaz na redução da viabilidade celular, seguindo mecanismo de necroptose na célula MCF-7. A FAE é composta por epicatequina, proantocianidina A2 e procianidinas trimérica e tetramérica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:59:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-DayanneSilvaFreitas.pdf: 3246572 bytes, checksum: 53f34629ab61070b06e48c3c8284366d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / The Euterpe oleracea Mart seed. (Acai) has demonstrated different biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antinociceptive and antineoplastic. In this new study, the aim was to analyze the antineoplastic activity of fractions derived from hydroalcoholic extract of Euterpe oleracea Mart. seed in cell line MCF-7, and to identify the compounds responsible for the antineoplastic action by mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization source, and a ciclotrônico analyzer coupled to a Fourier transform (ESI-FT-ICR MS). The MCF-7 cell line was treated with 10, 20, 40 and 60 μg L-1 with fractions hexane (FH), chloroform (FC) and ethyl acetate (FAE) of the hydroalcoholic extract acai seed for 24, 48 and 72 hours. After treatment the cell viability was measured using the assay with 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and the cell type of death was assessed using annexin - Iodide propidium (PI) assay. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student's t test, us appropriate. It was observed that all the fractions caused significant reduction of cell viability of MCF-7, but the FAE was the most cytotoxic (p <0.001). In the test Annexin-PI, there was no significant labeling annexin but increased PI staining was significant (p <0.001). This study showed that the FAE was more effective in reducing cell viability, following necroptose mechanism in MCF-7 cell. The FAE is composed of epicatechin, proanthocyanidin A2 and trimeric and tetrameric procyanidins. / A semente de Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) tem demonstrado diferentes atividades biológicas, tais como: antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, anti-hipertensiva, antinociceptiva e antineoplásica. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi analisar a atividade antineoplásica de frações do extrato hidroalcoólico da semente de Euterpe oleracea Mart. na linhagem celular MCF-7, assim como identificar os compostos responsáveis pela ação antineoplásica por espectrometria de massas utilizando fonte de ionização por eletrospray e um analisador ciclotrônico acoplado a uma transformada de Fourier (ESI- FT-ICR MS). A linhagem MCF-7 foi tratada com 10, 20, 40 e 60 μg L-1 com as frações hexânica (FH), clorofórmica (FC) e de acetato de etila (FAE) do extrato hidroalcoólico da semente do açaí por 24, 48 E 72 horas. Após o tratamento a viabilidade celular foi mensurada usando o ensaio com 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) e o tipo de morte celular foi avaliado com o ensaio Anexina - Iodeto de propídeo (PI). Os dados foram analizados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA) ou por teste T student, quando apropriado. Foi observado que todas as frações causaram redução significativa da viabilidade celular da MCF-7, porém a FAE foi a mais citotóxica (p < 0,001). No ensaio de anexina-pi, não foi observado marcação significativa para anexina porém o aumento da marcação de PI foi significativo (p<0,001). O presente estudo demonstrou que a FAE foi a mais eficaz na redução da viabilidade celular, seguindo mecanismo de necroptose na célula MCF-7. A FAE é composta por epicatequina, proantocianidina A2 e procianidinas trimérica e tetramérica.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) encompasses a spectrum of lymphoid progenitors that have undergone malignant transformation and clonal proliferation at various stages of differentiation. Some cases of ALL have been documented to have prenatal origins and in particular neonatal exposure to various environmental pollutants is associated with increased disease risk, including childhood lymphoma and leukemia. Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and in our laboratory has been established as a transplacental carcinogen in mice, producing aggressive T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas, lung, liver, uterine, ovarian, and testicular lesions, depending on timing and dose of exposure. Investigation of the transplacental and translactational transfer of DBC was warranted following a cross-foster experiment demonstrating the greatest tumorigenic response occurred in offspring both gestating in and nursed by an exposed female. [¹⁴C]-DBC (GD17) dosing was utilized to examine time-dependent alterations of [¹⁴C] in maternal and fetal tissues, excreta, and residual levels at weaning. Fetal tissue levels of [¹⁴C]-DBC equivalents were 10-fold lower than maternal tissue, and after weaning the residual body burden was roughly equivalent in offspring exposed only in utero or only via lactation. Certain bioactive food components, including indole-3-carbinol (I3C), 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), and sulforaphane (SFN) from cruciferous vegetables have been shown to target cellular pathways regulating carcinogenesis. In the above mentioned DBC initiated model of carcinogenesis, I3C is an effective transplacental chemopreventive agent. We sought to extend our chemoprevention studies in mice to a human neoplasm in cell culture, analogous to the observed murine T-cell lymphomas. Treatment of the human T-ALL cell line CCRF-CEM (CEM) with I3C reduced cell proliferation and viability only at supraphysiologic concentrations whereas DIM, the primary acid condensation product of I3C, had a marked effect at low micromolar concentrations in vitro and reduced growth of CEM xenografts in vivo. Additional T-ALL lines, selected to represent the heterogeneity of the disease, (CCRF-HSB2, Jurkat, and SUP-T1) responded similarly in vitro, demonstrating a potential therapeutic value of DIM in T-ALL. Given that epigenetic reprograming is especially active during fetal development and that DNA hypermethylation contributes to the etiology of T-ALL we examined genome-wide DNA methylation in CEM. Differential methylation analysis revealed that DIM and I3C alter CpG methylation in unique, yet overlapping, gene targets. DIM treated cells exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in hypermethylation, an observation consistent with an epigenetic mechanism of cancer suppression. Pyroseqencing and RTPCR technologies were utilized to validate changes in DNA methylation and to compare these patterns with a transcriptional response in both novel targets and candidate genes selected from the literature. Collectively, these studies merited returning to the murine transplacental model for further investigation of genetic and epigenetic changes upon maternal dietary intervention with I3C. More importantly we incorporated whole cruciferous vegetable diets (10% broccoli sprouts or 10% Brussels sprouts), SFN diet, or the combination of SFN and I3C, in order to examine matrix and mixture effects. Preliminary analysis suggests a worse prognosis for those animals exposed in utero to SFN or the whole foods, especially males. As this is the first study to administer SFN or whole cruciferous vegetables in a transplacental model of carcinogenesis, our results warrant further study on the concentration dependent influence of these potent phytochemicals during the perinatal window. / Graduation date: 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:06:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4375.pdf: 903031 bytes, checksum: 03118f406867a5d7be3cbc63571d4a2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-12 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The chemical induction of carcinogens in chemopreventive animal experiments is becoming increasingly frequent in biological research. The purpose of these biological experiments is to evaluate the effect of a particular treatment on the rate of tumors incidence in animals. In this work, the number of promoted tumors per animal will be parametrically modeled following the suggestions given by Kokoska (1987) and Freedman et al. (1993). The study of these chemopreventive experiments will be presented in the context of the destructive model proposed by Rodrigues et al. (2010) with terminal variable that allows or censures the experiment at time of the animal death. Since the data analyzed in this field are subject to excess of zeros (Freedman et al. (1993)), we propose for the number of promoted tumors a negative binomial distribution (NB), a zero-inflated Poisson distribution (ZIP), and a zero-inflated Negative Binomial distribution (ZINB). The selection of these models will be made through the likelihood ratio test and the AIC, BIC criteria. The estimation of its parameters will be obtained by using the method of maximum likelihood, and further simulation studies will also be realized. As a future proposition to finalize this project, it is suggested the Bayesian methodology as an alternative to the method of maximum likelihood via the EM algorithm. / A indução química de substâncias cancerígenas em experimentos quimiopreventivos em animais é cada vez mais frequente em pesquisas biológicas. O objetivo destes experimentos biológicos é avaliar o efeito de um determinado tratamento na taxa de incidência de tumores em animais. Neste trabalho o número de tumores promovidos por animal será modelado parametricamente seguindo as sugestões dadas por Kokoska (1987) e por Freedman et al. (1993). O estudo desses experimentos quimiopreventivos será apresentado no contexto do modelo destrutivo proposto por Rodrigues et al. (2010) com variável terminal que condiciona ou censura o experimento no instante de morte do animal. Os dados analisados possuem uma grande quantidade de zeros, portanto será proposto para o número de tumores promovidos as seguintes distribuições: binomial negativa, a distribuição de Poisson com zeros inflacionados e a distribuição binomial negativa com zeros inflacionados. A seleção destes modelos será feita através do teste da razão de verossimilhança e os critérios AIC, BIC. As estimativas dos respectivos parâmetros serão obtidas utilizando o método de máxima verossimilhança e serão feitos estudos de simulação. Para continuar este projeto, a proposta futura é utilizar a metodologia Bayesiana como alternativa ao método de máxima verossimilhança via algoritmo EM.