M.A. / The street child phenomenon is a world-wide phenomenon. However ; it is perceived to be most prominent in third world countries as compared to first world countries. The main issue is that children are forced to leave the comfort or discomfort of their homes to live on the street. This results from a number of factors. According to Schurink and Tiba in Schurink (1993:10), an extensive literature study revealed the following key factors: rapid urbanization, high rates of unemployment, poverty, inadequate housing, maladjustment to family disintegration. According to Maphatane (1993:1), today's children and youngsters face many problems and pressures arising from the changing structure of the family and the community and the breaking down of traditional systems of support and preparations for adult life. The emergence of the street child phenomenon results from poor soci-economic and political conditions. For instance according to Agnelli , as cited by Schurink (1993:13), the roots of the present clay street child phenomenon seem to lie in the historical context of economic conditions and in national and international policies accepted by various countries.

South African black children have been exposed to extremely high levels of violence, especially in the townships. This study was initiated in ,order to explore the effects of violence on the self-concept of the black child in South Africa. In addition the applicability of current self-concept theories and psychometric measures to this population was investigated. This study is therefore mainly exploratory. Sixty individuals of both sexes between the ages of 8 and 10 years were sampled from two schools. Thirty from one in a high violence and the other thirty from one in a low violence area. However, after finding that the experimental and control groups did not differ signifficantly these groups were reassigned according to exposure to violence rather than geographically. Direct and indirect exposure to violence as well as family and other stressors were measured with the aid of the Life Events Questionnaire (Mason and Killian, 1993). In order to determine the effect of exposure to violence on selfconcept these two groups were compared using one quantitative and two qualitative selfconcept measures. The quantitative measure was the Piers-Harris Children's SelfConcept Scale and the qualitative measures were the Human Figure Drawing Test and an Incomplete Sentences Test. Results were analysed by multivariate statistical procedures. This study concluded that violence has no significant effect.on self-concept in black children (p,>O.05). The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale was found to be a reliable measure of self-concept in black children. Recommendations include broadening self-concept theories for black children by incorporating theories from disciplines other than psychology. The power of the present study would have been increased by using larger samples. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

M.A. (Social Science) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. / The aim of the study was to investigate whether evoked potential distinguishes between motor coordinated and-uncoordinated African children. Because the brain functions as a unified entity and different brain systems are integrated simultaneously, it was postulated that there is a relationship between the auditory evoked potential of the brain stem on the one hand and motor coordination on the other hand, that is, the sensory and the motor systems are related. Sensory- motor activity is thus perceived to form a unified function within the total framework of human functioning. The relevant literature points to a possible relationship between the auditory evoked potential of the brain stem and motor coordination. Patients with degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis exhibit abnormal evoked potential responses as well as unusual motor behaviour and coordination. Similarly, children with hearing problems also show unusual evoked potential responses of the brain stem as well as motor lethargy(delayed motor responses) and clumsiness. As a result of these tendencies it was postulated that evoked potential would be able to distinguish between motor-coordinated and -uncoordinated subjects. The brain's evoked potential response is a robust phenomenon that provides a record of electrical brain activity, even in trials where overt responses are not usually expected. The present study focuses on the auditory evoked potential of the brain stem (AEP). The evoked potential serves as a measure of the sensory transmission of information in the brain and consequently highlights the neural activity underlying normal sensory experiences. The subjects selected for the study were 46 eight- to twelve-year-old African children attending a farm school. They can be regarded as representative of the population of eight- to twelve-year old African farm children. All the subjects were administered the Quick Neurological Screening Test in order to catagorise them into two groups, namely the motor-coordinated group and the motor-uncoordinated group. Thereafter the auditory evoked potential of the brain stem was recorded from all the subjects in both groups ...

M.Ed. / This study focuses on problems of adjustment which black pupils in Soweto (may) experience in the transition from primary to secondary school as far as mathematics is concerned. This problem is not investigated in vacuo, but is located within a definite context. This context consists of children of a distinct population group, who have reached a distinct level of development; who come from a distinct home background and who are taught a distinct subject by a distinct teacher in the service of a distinct education authority with a distinct teaching policy. As background to the problem a contextual and research literature survey is directed towards an empirical investigation. After the literature survey an empirical study focusing on standard 6 pupils was made. In this empirical investigation, various research methods were used in order to illuminate the purpose and hypothesis of this investigation. * Emphases is placed on determining the standard of mathematics amongst black pupils in the standard 6 experimental group by using a three-pronged approach: 1) The standard 6 pubils completed the HSRC diagnostic mathematics test for standard 5 and 6 in order to determine their competence in the basic functions of addition, subtraction, mUltiplication and division. 2) In order to determine the mathematical proficiency of standard 6 pupils the TOAM computer system was used. 3) To determine any possible deterioration in mathematical competency in standard 6 pupils in their transition from primary to secondary school, the same mathematics examination written at the end of standard 5, was written after three months in standard 6. * In order to attempt to determine the factors influencing the problems experienced by black pupils compelled to move from standard 5 to standard 6, a questionnaire probing socio-economic and general school situation was completed by all standard 6 pupils in the eight secondary schools used from this investigation. Questionnaires completed by teachers responsible for standard 6 mathematics teaching in the secondary schools were used to determine opinions concerning both the-standard of mathematics amongst standard 6 pupils and the problem of adjustment to the secondary School.

Submitted to the Faculty of Education in fufilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in the Department Foundations of Education at the University of Zululand, 2005. / This research has been conducted during the period when South Africa has undergone numerous changes as a result of social, political and economic developments in the country. The aim of the study was to find out the role that can be played by the educators in promoting the African indigenous culture in schools under Umgungundlovu region. Qualitative research in the form of ideograms, as well as unstructured interviews with educators was used to elicit educators1 views concerning how they perceive their roles in the promotion of African indigenous culture in schools. Interviews conducted enabled the researcher to gain deeper understanding of an insight into the problem under investigation. Results revealed among other issues that; (i) there is a problem of time for African indigenous cultural activities in schools. (ii) not all educators engage themselves in the promotion of African indigenous culture in schools. (iii) the South African curriculum is not doing enough to promote African indigenous culture in schools. (iv) not all parents and School Governing Bodies support the promotion of African indigenous culture in schools. (v) there is a conflict between African indigenous culture and Western culture. (vi) there is a lack of experience in managing diversity in schools. (vii) cultural aspects accommodated in schools are not the same. (viii) sometimes people's right to culture is infringed. These findings presuppose that the South African education department needs to review its policy with regard to the promotion of African indigenous culture in schools. Finally the research recommends that: (i) training of educators on African indigenous culture should be done.. (ii) there should be an improvement of the school curriculum. (iii) consultation to acquire knowledge should be done by educators. (iv) there is a need for an increased support by the SGB and parents. (v) there is a need for educators to be the role models of African indigenous culture. (vi) educators should organise cultural days in their schools. (vii) there is a need for maintenance and elaboration of cultural values. (viii) there should be a development of innovative and adaptive abilities of learners. (ix) there should be a promotion of educational tours to places of cultural importance. (x) promotion of indigenous languages should be done. (xi) there is a need for paradigm shift among Africans. (xii) educators should manage cultural diversity in schools. Promotion of African indigenous culture in schools will amongst other things help the learners to know their history i.e. where they come from and ultimately to regain their identity.

In the U.S., Black childhood has been underimagined. The representational vocabulary of Black childhood is fraught with dehumanizing and adultifying imagery and sounds—from representations of “Topsy” and “Black Sambo” to caricatures of pickaninnies and their many (re)iterations in U.S. popular culture. Popular music is one expressive domain wherein artists and audiences alike have contested and reinforced the peculiar adultification and infantilization that have long haunted Black American life. In the years surrounding the Trump presidency, numerous Black popular music artists made childhood a primary feature of their artistic output through vocal technique, lyrical content, merchandise, music videos, social media, and more. At the precise moment when white innocence was wielded most violently and obviously on the national stage, these artists challenged the assumed goodness and whiteness of innocence and its relation to childhood, performing capacious versions of free Black childhoods to various ends. This dissertation turns to the performance of childhood as a productive domain of inquiry and focuses on four artists/groups—Tank and the Bangas, Chance the Rapper, Jamila Woods, and Noname—all of whom chart a liberatory politics of Black childhood through sound. Through the poetics and aesthetics of their work, I theorize and historicize four interrelated, childhood-adjacent concepts: nostalgia, vulnerability, innocence, and freedom. Methodologically, I attempt to turn the tables on how vulnerability has normally been rendered in ethnographies. I blend (auto)ethnography about my own experiences as a white father of a multi-racial child with critical theory to analyze live and mediated performances of popular music. I look to music as a poetic and aesthetic space with which to not only grapple with the realities faced by Black children in the United States, but also to affirm Black childhood as a space of freedom, play, possibility, and joy. Ultimately, I make two interrelated assertions: (1) foregrounding Black childhood in our social analysis urges the necessity of abolition and (2) popular music is a primary conduit through which we can imagine an abolitionist future free of police, prisons, and the carceral logics that undergird their imagined necessity.

Text in Afrikaans / Euro-centric (Western) therapeutic approaches in psychotherapy are criticized by several authors as being unsuitable in an African context. The reconciliation of the contrasting approach of world- and human views regarding individualism (Western) and collectivism (Africa) is being questioned. In this research a qualitative approach was used. The objectives were to explore, describe and to explain the use of gestalt play therapy with the adolescent who suffered trauma due to the loss of one or both parents, in a multicultural context. Case studies were done on three adolescents in eight therapeutic sessions of Gestalt play therapy. The finding and conclusion of this research showed that Gestalt play therapy could be used with the traumatised adolescent in a multicultural context. The child could be understood from a holistic point of view as the individual as well as a member of a cultural group. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-25T11:55:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Márcia Campos Eurico.pdf: 1131630 bytes, checksum: dc73d93f3b2f7dbc6f76ce1fa15758cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T11:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Márcia Campos Eurico.pdf: 1131630 bytes, checksum: dc73d93f3b2f7dbc6f76ce1fa15758cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The research has sought to analyse how the institutional racism takes place in black children's and teenagers daily routines and how much thispractice keeps deep relation to the accredited forms of black bodies control during slavery period in Brazil. The methodological procedures involved bibliographic documental research from 3 axes: racial democracy, institutional racism and institutional sheltering, whose analytical reading allows it to establish the criticism to the infancy attention model, materialised into the service daily routine; and field research in the institutions with the realization of focus group directed to the professionals. By immersing into the complex institutional sheltering process, behind the appearance of a safe place - with a roof, warm bed and five daily meals - a fact that professionals present it as a synonym of sheltering, what in fact is revealed as a projected institution to frame these children and adolescents, condemn them to confinement and reinforce, besides the non-belonging concept, their families' degeneration. If the daily-life is a place for thoughtless practices and loaded with ideology, the institutional sheltering services also incorporate these practices and perform the institutional racism, without embarrassement, because they represent the State which has played their eminent role of "poor" infancy and adolescence guardian. It is concluded that the institutional sheltering service target public has history, social class and race/color, and the priority task is to emerge this history so that the essence of sheltering phenomenon may be known as one more maneuver of controlling capitalism over the worker's class / A pesquisa buscou analisar como se materializa o racismo institucional no cotidiano de crianças e adolescentes negros(as) e o quanto esta prática guarda profunda relação com as formas legitimadas de controle dos corpos negros no período da escravidão no Brasil. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram pesquisa documental bibliográfica, a partir de três eixos: democracia racial, racismo institucional e acolhimento institucional, cuja leitura analítica permite estabelecer a crítica ao modelo de atenção à infância, materializado no cotidiano dos serviços; e pesquisa de campo nas instituições, com a realização de grupos focais dirigidos aos profissionais. Ao mergulhar no complexo processo de acolhimento institucional, por detrás da aparência de um lugar seguro − com teto, cama quentinha e cinco refeições diárias − fato que os profissionais, via de regra, apresentam como sinônimo de acolhimento, o que se revela é uma instituição projetada para enquadrar essas crianças e adolescentes, condená-los ao confinamento e reforçar, além do não lugar, a degeneração de suas famílias. Se o cotidiano é lugar de reprodução de práticas irrefletidas e carregadas de ideologia, os serviços de acolhimento institucional também incorporam estas práticas e reproduzem o racismo institucional, sem constrangimentos, porque representam o Estado que se colocou no eminente papel de guardião da infância e adolescência “pobres”. Conclui-se que o público-alvo dos serviços de acolhimento institucional tem história, tem classe social e tem raça/cor, e a tarefa prioritária é fazer emergir essa história para que se possa conhecer a essência do fenômeno de acolhimento como mais uma manobra do capitalismo de controle sobre a classe trabalhadora

This dissertation is an examination of salient factors that influence the health seeking behaviour of mothers/caregivers of pre-school children in Kwangwanase, KwaZuluNatal province, South Africa. Health seeking behaviour for pre-school children is poorly understood, and is influenced by an array of complex factors that inhibit full utilisation of available health services. Amongst other things, health-seeking behaviour is influenced by cultural beliefs about children's illnesses as well as the local availability of treatment options, and the perceived quality of care provided. This dissertation represents the findings of a combined qualitative and quantitative research approach using free listing, pile sorts, interview schedules, logbooks and observation to explore health-seeking behaviour. Research focussed on the local knowledge held in relation to childhood illnesses that affect children under age six, along with the explanatory models used to discern causation and shape decisions regarding treatment and care. Mothers and caregivers of Kwangwanase draw upon their existing knowledge of children's illnesses, including notions of disease causation, when making diagnoses and deciding between home treatments and professional consultation. Mothers and caregivers pay close attention to the well being of small children. They are constantly involved in the routine management of health and illness. Various treatment options are utilised in a pragmatic way, as mothers and caregivers pick and choose from all available health resources as and when they see fit. Cultural beliefs, accessibility, religious views and other factors influence their choice of health service. Depending on the quality of the care provided and the outcome of the therapeutic intervention, mothers and caregivers are likely to consult several different health care providers in a sequential manner. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.