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In adults, serum and salivary cortisol increase during aerobic exercise. There is little data on serum and no data on salivary cortisol responses during aerobic exercise in children. The purpose of this study was to examine serum and salivary cortisol during and after aerobic exercise. Ten male children with a mean age of 10.6 ± 0.6 years were subjects in this study. Each child came to the laboratory on three occasions. The first visit was to familiarize the child with the procedures. On the second visit, each child performed a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer (mean VO2. 49.5 ± 3.6 ml•kg''-min-') . On the third visit, an indwelling catheter was placed in a forearm vein. Thirty minutes later baseline blood and saliva samples were obtained followed by 30 minutes of exercise on a cycle ergometer at 69.5 ± 3.0% of VOA. Blood and saliva samples we e obtained at mid-exercise, end exercise and 15 minutes post-exercise. Serum and salivary cortisol were analyzed using RIA skit. Serum samples were corrected for changes in plasma volume. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that exercise significantly increased serum, but not salivary cortisol. Mean salivary cortisol (ug.dl'') at baseline was 0.079 ± 0.042, at mid-exercise 0.099 ± 0.070, at end-exercise 0.133 ± 0.112, and at 15 minutes post-exercise was 0.143 ± 0.140. Post-hoc analyses indicated that mean serum cortisol at midexercise (7.94 ± 4.53 ug•dl-'), end-exercise (8.72 ± 5.61) and 15 minute post-exercise (8.21 ± 5.03 ug•dl'') were significantly greater than baseline (5.54 ± 2.73 ug•dl-'). The ratio of mean salivary to mean serum cortisol ranged from 1.3% to 1.7%. Serum and salivary cortisol were significantly correlated at mid-exercise (r=0.77), post-exercise (r=0.90) and 15 minutes post-exercise (r=0.84), but not at baseline. It is concluded that: (1) as a result -of exercise, children show adrenocortical activation as measured by serum cortisol; and, (2) salivary and serum cortisol are strongly correlated during and after exercise in children. / School of Physical Education

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Tympanometry is a useful means of evaluating the status of the middle ear. For the pediatric population, tympanometry is particularly valuable for determining the presence of middle ear effusion. The test has been incorporated in many school hearing conservation programs because of its ease of administration, objectivity, and diagnostic value. In a study by deJonge and Cummings (1985), the hourly fluctuation of middle ear pressure was reported in a group of kindergarten-age children. The variability of middle ear pressure for that group of children averaged 150 daPa. In the present study, a maturational effect of this hourly fluctuation was observed between a group of first-grade age students and sixth-grade age students. Results indicated the younger group averaged a range of 145 daPa, correlating well with the deJonge and Cummings study, while the older group averaged a range of 92 daPa. Thus, as a child matures, the hourly fluctuation of middle ear pressure decreases significantly.

Thesis (MAppSc) -- Auckland University of Technology, 2004. / Also held in print (95 leaves, 30 cm.) in Wellesley Theses Collection. (T 599.940993 PUN)

Lau Tsz Chung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-66). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Lau Tsz Chung. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.x / Introduction --- p.1 / Background --- p.1 / Statement of Problem --- p.3 / Research Question --- p.4 / Significance of the Study --- p.4 / Theoretical Contribution --- p.4 / Practical Contribution --- p.5 / Review of Literature --- p.7 / Load carrying on Level Ground --- p.7 / Research Method Involved --- p.8 / Modified Gait Pattern During Load Carriage --- p.9 / Trunk Posture --- p.10 / Low Back Pain --- p.11 / Posture and Back Pain --- p.12 / Load Carrying Studies in Children --- p.14 / Stair Walking --- p.15 / Compared with Level Walking --- p.15 / Temporal Characteristics --- p.17 / Kinematics Measurement --- p.18 / Stair Dimensions --- p.19 / Stair Walking with Load Carriage --- p.21 / Physiological Studies --- p.21 / Biomechanical Studies --- p.21 / Methodology --- p.24 / Design --- p.24 / Subject --- p.24 / Instrumentation --- p.25 / Motion Analysis System --- p.25 / School Bag --- p.25 / Experimental Set-up --- p.25 / Procedure --- p.26 / Term Definition --- p.27 / Data Analysis --- p.27 / Results --- p.29 / Ascending Stair --- p.29 / Posture --- p.29 / Effect on Load Weight --- p.29 / Effect on Load Carrying Method --- p.30 / Velocity --- p.30 / Parameters of Lower Extremities --- p.30 / Descending Stair --- p.31 / Posture --- p.31 / Effect on Load Weight --- p.31 / Effect on Load Carrying Method --- p.31 / Velocity --- p.32 / Parameters of Lower Extremities --- p.32 / Trend --- p.32 / Summary --- p.33 / Discussion --- p.35 / Ascending Stair --- p.35 / Posture --- p.35 / Different Load Weights --- p.35 / Different Carrying Methods --- p.39 / Velocity --- p.40 / Descending Stair --- p.42 / Posture --- p.42 / Velocity --- p.46 / Parameters of Lower Extremities --- p.47 / Trend --- p.48 / Back Pain --- p.49 / Recommended Carrying Load Method and Weight for Children --- p.50 / Limitations of the Study --- p.52 / Further Study --- p.53 / Conclusion --- p.56 / References --- p.57 / Appendix --- p.67 / Appendix A - The experimental Set-up --- p.67 / Appendix B - Subject Consent Form --- p.68 / Appendix C - Figures and Tables --- p.71