This study examines the writing of six first grade children (three girls and three boys of varying abilities) in a "whole language" classroom where writing was modelled daily during "Morning News" and "writing skills" were taught in context. Conducted from a socio-psycholinguistic/emergent writing perspective, this study addresses two major questions: (1) What are the functions and forms of writing in first grade? (2) In what ways do these functions and forms change throughout the first-grade year? All of the children's writing produced during "Writing Workshop" time was analyzed to determine writing functions, structure (genres, structures of text, syntax and sentence patterns), and orthography (segmentation, punctuation marks, capitalization, and spelling). Interrelationships between function and the various levels of form were examined, as were changes throughout the school year. Analytical categories were developed from previous studies and from the data. Evidence was found to support the following conclusions: (1) First grade children write for a variety of purposes. Changes in function appear to be due to children's interests and preferences rather than to their development. There is a trend towards multifunctionalism in first grade writing. (2) Children compose written discourses from the beginning of first grade. (3) Discourse-level structure increases in both variety and complexity from beginning to end of first grade. (4) Segmentation increases in conventionality, with sentence segmentation becoming conventional before word segmentation. (5) Punctuation, capitalization, phonemic segmentation and representation, and spelling become increasingly conventional. (6) Discourse- and sentence-level forms "follow" function, but orthography does not. Changes in orthography are due to development and writing experience. (7) In a comparison of texts produced by children considered by the teacher at the beginning of the year to be "advanced" in development to those of children considered to be "average" or "delayed" in development, at the end of first grade, "advanced" children: (1) write in more complex genres, with more complex text structures; (2) use a greater variety of sentence patterns and punctuation marks; (3) write more conventionally in terms of segmentation, punctuation marks, capitalization and spelling. Thus, the study provides insight into how children develop as writers and the relationship between functions and various aspects of the development of form. / Graduate

No description available.

Prior research in children's writing (Sawkins, 1971; Graves, 1973 and 1981; Calkins, 1980, and Giacobbe, 1982) has not offered a comprehensive analysis of both oral and written stories. My study, therefore, identified and analyzed the differences between eighteen fifth-graders' oral and written stories. I also conducted interviews to determine students' perceptions of their preferred composing situation and particular story preferences. Among the findings were that these students' oral stories were longer than their written stories. The simplest narrative pattern, "situation + problem + solution" (King, 1979:3), was the most prevalent structure. All the students used active voice in both types of stories, with the majority using simple past tense. The students showed a preference for first person point of view in their written stories, but a majority used third person in their oral composing. Most students developed their stories with primary settings relating to home and school, and the number of major characters was fairly consistent in both types of stories. Girls, however, used more minor characters than boys. These students preferred the written composing situation. All the students took some time to think about their stories before composing; however, girls used more written plans than boys. Students also used drawing to enhance their written texts but not their oral ones. The majority of students chose their written stories as better than the oral ones. Both trained adult raters and other fifth-grade raters agreed that the written stories were better. These findings are fairly consistent with conclusions reached in prior research, except those of Sawkins (1971). The differences center on planning strategies, interview skills, and story quality. Sawkins found that most of her fifth graders did not have the complete story in mind before they began composing and proceeded to compose without first having made notes. I reported, however, that my fifth graders indicated they had the complete story in mind before composing and some of them chose to write plans before they began. Although Sawkins (1971) believed that her fifth-grade boys responded better in an interview situation than her girls, I found all students in this study to be articulate and willing to talk about their individual composing processes. Finally, Sawkins reported that girls wrote compositions which were judged to be of high quality, while her boys wrote lower-quality compositions. Evaluators, however, agreed that my fifth-grade boys' stories were good, while rating the girls' stories lower. / Ed. D.

Dialogue journal writing is a form of reciprocal communication in which pupils and teachers inform, and react to the entries of, the partner in a nonevaluative, familiar dialogue. Journals were analyzed in terms of three dependent variables: detail, response complexity, and reference. To study the relationship of journal writing to other characteristics, three independent variables were assessed-- audience awareness, by an adaptation of Braig's (1984) audience awareness categories; social cognition, by Miller, Kessel & Flavell's (1970) assessment of social cognitive development; and writing ability, by an evaluation developed by McCaig (1984). Entries from the dialogue journals of 21 3rd grade students were rated at 3 times--10 consecutive from the beginning, middle, and end of the year. Questions asked were: 1. Do dialogue journals have separate, unique elements, or do they have a single domain? 2. Is there a relationship between the dependent and independent measures? 3. Does skill increase over time for the dependent variables? 4. What is the effect of gender, use of English as a second language, or minority status over time for each of the dependent variables? Spearman rho correlations addressed the first and second questions. Stepwise regression analyses was also completed. Question three was investigated using repeated measures ANOVA. Repeated measures first order interactions and between-subjects differences on dialogue journal scales were used to answer the fourth question. Results of this study indicate that at there are at least three relatively independent components for dialogue journal writing with a large proportion of the variance in detail related to audience awareness and social cognition, and somewhat less to writing ability. There were significant time effects for response complexity and reference. Detail increased, but not significantly. There were no significant first order interactions with time for any of the three demographic variables. However, between-subject differences on dialogue journal scales suggest directions for further study of group and individual differences in dialogue journal writing as reciprocal communication. / Ed. D.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-26T10:25:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Noemi Tamar Américo de Souza.pdf: 2696234 bytes, checksum: e5dfe70b29ea2b858cfc57c2c1d4f32e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T10:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Noemi Tamar Américo de Souza.pdf: 2696234 bytes, checksum: e5dfe70b29ea2b858cfc57c2c1d4f32e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research has its origin in a question that is related to the great amount of children who reach the end of the 3rd year of elementary school, known as literacy cycle, without being able to read and write with proficiency. Studies have shown that performance in written language is directly related to the development of metalinguistic skills, more specifically phonological awareness, and that phonological-based pedagogical intervention programs have shown very positive results in reading and writing learning. So, the present study aimed to verify the impact of an explicit and systematic intervention composed of written language activities guided by phonic instruction with a group of children who, despite attending school for at least three years, had difficulties in their literacy process. Seven children enrolled in the 3rd year of primary education participated in this study of a public school in the city of São Paulo. The research was carried out in three phases: pre-test, intervention and post-test. evaluation of written language and phonological awareness were applied at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. The obtained results were transformed in percentage in order to verify the difference between the two moments of the research, before and after the intervention. The results showed that the intervention considerably improved the development of reading and writing abilities and phonological awareness in children, corroborating the results of previous researches / Esta pesquisa tem sua origem em uma questão relacionada à grande quantidade de crianças que chegam ao final do 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental, conhecido como ciclo de alfabetização, sem saber ler e escrever com proficiência. Estudos têm comprovado que o desempenho em linguagem escrita está diretamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento das habilidades metalinguísticas, mais especificamente a consciência fonológica, e que programas de intervenção pedagógica baseados na fonologia têm demonstrado resultados muito positivos na aprendizagem da leitura e escrita. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o impacto de uma intervenção, explícita e sistemática, composta por atividades de linguagem escrita guiadas por instrução fônica com um grupo de crianças que, apesar de frequentar a escola por no mínimo três anos, encontrava dificuldades em seu processo de alfabetização. Participaram deste estudo sete crianças matriculadas no 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede pública municipal situada na grande São Paulo. A pesquisa foi realizada em três fases: pré-teste, intervenção e pós-teste. Foram aplicadas provas de linguagem escrita e consciência fonológica no início e no final da intervenção. Os resultados obtidos foram transformados em porcentagem a fim verificar a diferença entre os dois momentos da pesquisa, antes e após a intervenção. Os resultados demonstraram que a intervenção propiciou consideravelmente o desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura e escrita e consciência fonológica nas crianças, corroborando com resultados de pesquisas já realizadas

This three-part study explores an application of the dynamic assessment of narratives in a bilingual Spanish and English-speaking early elementary population as a preliminary study of bilingual children’s response to a short-term intervention. Dynamic assessment has been used successfully to differentiate culturally diverse monolingual children with language impairment from their typically developing peers. In order to extend this assessment measure to bilinguals, specifically Spanish and English-speaking children, the effects of the language of intervention and the language of production was explored. Profiles of bilingual children’s narratives with and without impairment and their differential responses has not been well documented in both languages. Thus, narrative profiles and from pre to post intervention changes were compared for typically developing and language-impaired children. The first study examined whether parallel stories were elicited within languages using two books. The second study explored the effects of the language of intervention and the language of story production on narrative performance, and the transfer of narratives skills across languages using the dynamic assessment paradigm. The third study examined children’s performance with and without language impairment pre and post mediated learning experience in comparison to a non-intervention control group. Results from study one indicated that children told parallel stories for the two books within each language. Findings from study two indicated that children’s stories in Spanish were stronger overall, and children’s performance did not differ as a function of intervention in Spanish vs. English. Children demonstrated transfer of narrative macrostructure across both languages. Finally, study three indicated that the children who were typically developing demonstrated a greater amount of pretest to posttest gain as compared to children in the language impaired and control groups. The typically developing children were rated as more modifiable in comparison to those with language impairment. / text

Esta pesquisa mostra, através da análise da produção escrita de alunos, que a inserção de atividades lúdicas no cotidiano escolar propicia um maior desenvolvimento da linguagem escrita e amplia as possibilidades de aprendizagem, tornando a relação professor x aluno mais prazerosa. Este trabalho parte da perspectiva de que a relação afetiva instaurada através dos jogos passa a ser elemento indispensável para que o processo educacional ocorra de forma plena e funcione como estímulo para a apropriação das habilidades lingüísticas. Observou-se, durante o processo, a mudança de atitudes do estudante na sua relação com o texto escrito, mostrando novos conhecimentos e habilidades para produzir dissertações, como reações positivas às sessões de recreação. A pesquisa traz um novo enfoque do fazer pedagógico, valorizando os aspectos não formais e estimulando o desenvolvimento do espírito crítico e analítico do estudante secundarista, a partir da inclusão de jogos, brincadeiras, músicas, teatro e outras atividades que possibilitem uma maior liberdade e expressividade na escrita de textos / Based on an analysis of pupils written production, this work shows that the insertion of play activities in ordinary classroom practices contributes for increasing written language development as well as learning, and to make the teacher/student relationship more pleasant. In this work, the teacher/student relationship carried out through playing activities turns out to be not only a necessary one for a successful educational process, but a stimulus for developing linguistic skills as well. The work shows that pupils attitude with written text changes during the educational process with the development of knowledge and text production, by means of positive responses to playing sessions. The research brings a new form to teaching by calling attention to non-formal aspects and by stimulating the development of critic and analytical sense of higher students with the use of games, playing, music, theater and other activities that enhance the students freedom and expressiveness in the written of texts

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a progressão das narrativas escrita de histórias por crianças da 1 à 4 série do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública e uma particular da cidade do Recife em diferentes situações de produção: produção livre, produção a partir da apresentação de gravuras, a partir do conto e reconto e a partir da leitura de um livro ilustrado. O trabalho foi realizado com 160 crianças, sendo 80 da escola pública e 80 da particular. Cada criança produziu quatro histórias, num total de 640 histórias. As histórias foram analisadas e categorizadas de acordo com categorias adaptadas à proposta de Rego (1985). Após a análise dos resultados, pôde-se concluir que houve progressão em relação ao nível de elaboração das narrativas de histórias em função do avanço na escolarização, sendo esse avanço verificado com maior evidência entre as crianças da escola particular. A situação de produção que mais favoreceu a elaboração de histórias completas nos alunos da escola pública foi a partir do conto e reconto, enquanto que, na escola particular, a escrita a partir do livro mostrou-se mais favorável para o surgimento de histórias mais elaboradas. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as escolas pública e particular, nas quatro situações de produção. / The aim of this study was to verify the progression of wiritten narrative stories made by children from a public and a private school in Recife, in four different production situations: free production, production from engravings presentation, from a told story and from reading of an illustrated book. The work was carried through with 160 children, being 80 of public school and 80 of particular. Each child produced four stories, in a total of 640 stories. The stories had been analyzed and categorized in accordance with the categories of stories proposals by Rego (1985). After the analysis of the results, could be concluded that it had a progression related to the level of text production in function of the teaching advance, clearly seen in private school children. The best situation for public school students was from a told story, while reading of an illustrated book made private school children write more sofisticated stories. There was significant statistics differences between public and private schools in all four situations.

O ensino do português brasileiro no ensino fundamental prioriza a norma-padrão, e muitas vezes, ignora a linguagem que o aluno traz para a escola. Percebemos que, apesar de o resultado de várias pesquisas alertarem para essa questão, ainda não é dada a devida atenção às Variações Linguísticas, que naturalmente migram para a escrita dos educandos, e são, muitas vezes, mal interpretadas por professores praticantes de uma orientação pedagógica que prioriza o ensino da língua escrita. Diante desse fato, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de identificar as Variações Linguísticas nos textos escritos utilizando retextualização de tiras de História em Quadrinho e cartas, produzidas na sala de aula por um grupo de alunos da rede pública, assim como apresentar reflexões e questionamentos, a partir dos pressupostos da Sociolinguística Educacional, ancorada na Linguística do Texto. Para dar suporte aos pressupostos teóricos estabelecidos, e por serem importantes para o ensino da língua, consideramos a concepção de língua dos sociolinguístas, os PCN-LP, o livro didático utilizado e a concepção de texto considerando-o como construção de sentidos. A metodologia de estudo adotada é qualitativa, voltada para a interpretação de processos de interação na sala de aula, considerando o contínuo oral-escrito. As análises e discussão são feitas em duas etapas: na primeira são feitas as análises do LDP e das produções textuais, e a segunda parte diz respeito aos episódios característicos da fase inicial da escrita e à presença das variações lingüísticas mais ocorrentes nas produções textuais. O corpus é composto por trinta e seis retextualizações e doze cartas. Partimos do pressuposto de que não é possível ignorar os modos de relação entre oral e escrito, pois é necessário um trabalho na instituição escolar que entenda a relação fala-escrita como um contínuo com características próprias / The teaching of Brazilian Portuguese language in elementary school prioritizes the standard dialect, and in many cases, it ignores the language the student brings to school. We realize that, despite several researches which have pointed out this issue, it is not given the due attention to the Linguistic Variations, which naturally migrate to students' writing, and being in many situations misinterpreted by pedagogical guidance teachers who prioritize the teaching of written language. Given this fact, this research aims to identify the Linguistic Variations in written texts: retextualization of comic book strips and letters, produced in the classroom by a group of students from public schools, and present reflections and questions from the assumptions of Educational Sociolinguistics, anchored in the Textual Linguistics. In order to give support to the theoretical assumptions established, and because they are important to the teaching of the language, we consider the conception of language, the PCNs-LP, the didactic book used, and the conception of text. The study methodology adopted is qualitative, focused on the interpretation of the interaction processes in classroom, considering the oral-written continuum. The analyses and discussion are done in two parts: analyses of the LDP and the textual productions, and the second part concerns the particular episodes of the initial phase of writing and the presence of Linguistic Variations which mostly occur in textual productions. The corpus comprises thirty-six retextualizations and twelve letters. We assume that it is not possible to ignore the modes of relationship between oral and written speech, for it is necessary for a work in the school institution the understanding of that relationship as a continuum, and that every modality has its own characteristics

The problem of this study was to describe, analyze, and compare the effects of learning centers and curricular themes upon the writing production of four children within a kindergarten classroom which followed the whole language approach. This study was conducted in a public school. Four subjects were identified from the administration of the Book Handling Knowledge Task. Using the qualitative research method of case studies, the teacher-researcher kept observational notes concerning the writing behavior of the subjects. The written compositions of the subjects were collected daily throughout the school year and were assigned a context, learning center and curricular theme. The compositions were then coded as to writing frequency, function, and form. The following findings resulted from the study: writing occurred most frequently in the art center followed by dramatic play, language, sand, science, social studies, "other," eyes and hands, mathematics, and library-listening; writing occurred most frequently during the curricular theme of Christmas followed by self-concept, shapes and colors, farm animals, Thanksgiving, Winter, transportation, nursery rhymes, patriotic, Valentine, food and nutrition, Halloween, Spring, wild animals, community helpers, gingerbread man, Summer, Easter, and pets; all five functions of language were used in the art center, four in the language, dramatic play, social studies, and "other" centers, and three in all other centers; all five functions were used during the Valentine curricular theme, four during self-concept, transportation, Spring, and farm animals, three during food and nutrition, and nursery rhymes, two during eleven other curricular themes, and only one during Easter and pets; and gains were made in form by the end of the study. Writing was often in the last stage of spelling development and more print concepts were in evidence. The conclusions made were that some learning centers and curricular themes prompt more frequent writing and the use of more language functions.