This study examines the transaction of the lived experience of ‘suffering’ in the process of psychotherapy. ‘Suffering’ is conceptualised as having its weight and value transacted between a psychotherapist and his or her client. As a psychotherapist from a family with a disabled member, my fieldwork in a hospital with the parents of disabled children was conducted in Taiwan. The development of our therapeutic relationship was discovered as the process of ‘suffering transaction’: the interaction of lived experience of suffering between my clients and myself. Two clients took part in this study in which eight to ten sessions of counselling or psychotherapy were conducted and transcribed as the research data. The data also included my lived experience, which was made explicit in this field work through records of six sessions of therapeutic supervision and my self-reflective therapeutic diary and research journal. Inspired by Gee’s (2000) work on data presentation, my understanding of client’s stories is represented as poetic form. Reflections from the use of reflexivity explore the inter-correlations of ‘suffering’ between us. The theoretical perspective informing the further analysis of this study is hermeneutic phenomenology and social suffering. The socio-cultural embodiments in language are explored as the hermeneutic horizons of the theme of suffering transaction. Politically, the development of ‘early intervention’ in Taiwan creates as ‘unjust’ context for those encountering medical services, and this shared understanding of the medical bureaucracy influenced the psychotherapeutic encounter. The analysis also explores the influence of Confucian approaches to gender difference and family ethics, and Christian religious beliefs, in relation to the self-identification of my clients in suffering for other. These three horizons indicate that searching for the meaning of suffering is an inter-subjective process that entails taking the responsibility for the ‘Other’ as the symbolic socio-cultural body. The thesis concludes with discussion about the ethics of the therapeutic relationship. I argue that in psychotherapy, both therapist and client are engaged in the Levinasian idea of the primordial responsibility ‘for’ the other. In the context of wider debates about psychotherapy as an ethical practice, I argue that a therapist has the pre-moral position of not only witnessing client’s lived experience of suffering but also being witnessed by the client. This study provides an example in which the context of ‘witness’ is inter-subjectively developed in psychotherapy.

Esta dissertação é uma tradução comentada e contextualizada do segundo capítulo dos escritos atribuídos ao pensador chinês Zhuangzi. Vivendo em um período de crise política, econômica e social e em um momento de transformação, este pensador, como outros de sua época, se dedicou a buscar soluções para superar os conflitos e os sofrimentos existentes em contextos de crise e mudanças. Zhuangzi, desta maneira, considerou que a melhor solução para isso seria a libertação dos padrões determinados artificialmente. Segundo ele, os homens deveriam seguir um fluxo natural e imanente, vivendo, assim, de forma espontânea e livre de apegos. O capítulo traduzido neste trabalho é o principal texto dos escritos deste pensador, não apenas por apresentar um resumo dos temas tratados nos outros capítulos, mas também por abordar as discussões correntes no período em que foi escrito. / This dissertation consists in a commented and contextualized translation of the second chapter of a text ascribed to the Chinese thinker Zhuangzi. Living in a period of political, economic and social crisis, and in a moment of change, this thinker, as other thinkers in his time, dedicated himself to find ways of solving the conflicts and suffering common in contexts of crisis. Thus, Zhuangzi considered that the best solution would be freedom from artificial patterns. He advocated that men should follow a natural and immanent course, and live in a detached and spontaneous way. The chapter which is translated in this dissertation is the most important text written by this thinker, not only for presenting a summary of topics covered in the other chapters, but also for addressing the ongoing discussions of the period in which he was writing.

袁燕萍著. / 書名頁題: 從氣、勢觀念看六朝文論的 ... / 手稿本, 複本據手稿本影印. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院中國語文學部. / Shu ming ye ti: Cong qi shi guan nian kan liu chao wen lun de ... / Shou gao ben, fu ben ju shou gao ben ying yin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 1-39 (2nd group)). / Yuan Yanping zhu. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan Zhongguo yu wen xue bu. / 緒言 --- p.1-20 / Chapter （一） --- 研究緣起 / Chapter （二） --- 釋名並論研究之步驟和目的 / Chapter （三） --- 研究之方法及全文結構 / Chapter 第一章 --- 氣之才性義及才性觀念在六朝文論的開展 --- p.21-153 / Chapter 第一節 --- 從「氣之清濁有體，不可力強而致」釋「文氣說」 / Chapter 第二節 --- 以氣論文的特點 / Chapter 第三節 --- 文氣說產生的背景 / Chapter 第四節 --- 從《文心、體性》看文氣觀念的開展 / Chapter 第五節 --- 釋「天才論」´ؤ´ؤ先天稟賦與後天修養的關係 / Chapter 附（一） --- 論「齊氣」 / Chapter 附（二） --- 論「惜其體弱」 / Chapter 第二章 --- 氣之血氣義及血氣在創作過程中的作用 --- p.154/189 / Chapter 第一節 --- 問題之提出 / Chapter 第二節 --- 釋「神有遯心」義 / Chapter 第三節 --- 從志氣與神的關係有「志氣」一名的涵意 / Chapter 第四節 --- 血氣在創作過程中的作用 / Chapter 第三章 --- 釋《風骨》「氣」一詞之涵意 --- p.190/240 / Chapter 第一節 --- 釋《風骨》「氣」一詞之涵意 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從諸家對《風骨》「並重氣之旨」的詮釋論「氣」一詞之語意 / Chapter 第四章 --- 釋《定勢》「因情立體，即體成勢」義 --- p.241/308 / Chapter 第一節 --- 釋勢 / Chapter 第二節 --- 明體 / Chapter 第三節 --- 論情 / Chapter 第五章 --- 總論就六朝文論所見創作主體與文體要求兩者間之關係 --- p.316/318 / 總結 / 參考書目 --- p.1/39

This study explores a significant and little studied aspect of the pioneering doctrinal work of the Fajia tradition, the Book of Lord Shang 商君書 (ca. 260 B.C. -‐233 B.C.): its system of rewards. In contrast with previous scholarship that has questioned the existence of a coherent Legalist political vision and even its idea of law fa 法 or that has focused strictly on penalty, this study considers Fajia law and discipline not only viable categories for analysis, but also important conceptual products of the intensely competitive, bellicose political climate of the Warring States period. The central concern is with the character fa 法 in Fajia texts. Beginning with an analysis of the Book of Lord Shang’s system of rewards, the study then examines how the use of the character fa 法 in this text distinguished itself from earlier usages and, hence, represents an important distinctly shared characteristic across Fajia texts generally. This shows that the Fajia system of rewards includes an important pedagogical aspect that requires the ruler’s subjects to develop themselves for the sake of state development. Therefore, this study also evaluates the pedagogical value of Fajia rewards based on social scientific research on organismic learning. This pedagogical aspect of Fajia governance, the study argues, is the means through which the Fajia notion of law reinforces its cultural ideals of the state. / 本文企圖考察在商君書(ca. 260 B.C. ‐ 233 B.C.)重要之一的方面：賞賜。以前的研究已經質疑連貫法家的政治思想，甚至其法律觀念鮮明特點的存在，或集中於嚴格刑罰的方面。可是這項研究認為法家的法律紀律的方面不只是可行的類別分析，還有法治觀念是戰國時期的競爭激烈，好戰的政治氣候的重要概念產品。最重要關注的是“法”字的意義在法家的文本。在開始本文分析商君書的獎勵系統。然後它探討如何在商君書中使用的“法”字，從早期的用途區分，以及它如何代表所有“法家”文本之間的一個重要的明顯特徵的共享。這表明，“法家”獎勵的系統包括一個重要的教學方面。它需要統治者的臣民來發展自己，為了國家的發展。因此，本文基於社會科學研究機體學習評估“法家”獎勵系統的教學價值。其實上，法家政治思想有這種教學方面的證明是強化了國家的文化理想的手段。 / King, Brandon Russell. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 415-424). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 11, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Ki, Japanese for living energy (Chi in Chinese), is at the absolute core of the Oriental model of medicine and wellness. Complementary to this model, many Oriental martial art exercises have evolved to cultivate Ki for optimal health. However, the concept of Ki remains poorly understood and relatively unexplored in traditional Western health and medical literature. Further, the health focus of martial art research has remained primarily concerned with the arts' contribution to psychological health. This has left a significant gap in our understanding of the other health benefits that these arts and Ki have to offer. To begin closing these gaps, Moustakas' phenomenological research method was used to develop an enhanced understanding of Ki. Twelve advanced practitioners of the traditional martial art of Aikido were asked to illuminate how they perceive and describe the experience of Ki in their lives. Aikido was an excellent art through which to study Ki because of the art's focus on developing the Ki of its practitioners and its recognition in the literature as psychologically beneficial. The co-researchers described Ki as a force that they perceived to be influencing their lives in multiple ways. They believed that the Ki they developed through their Aikido practice enhanced the health of their minds, bodies, and spirits. Ki was described and explained through its perceived immediate and long term effects. They expressed Ki as an integrated part of their beings that enhanced physical and psychological health and well-being, and fostered calmness and clarity of mind. Ki was also perceived as a tool for recove1ing from injuries and illness and for achieving personal goals. Further, over time they perceived that Ki engendered great trust in the universe and that Ki protected their health. Several key differences between the traditional definition of Ki and the co-researchers' everyday experience emerged from the analysis. These were the differentiation between the long and short term effects of Ki, the description of Ki as a tool, and the attribution to Ki of the feelings of trust in the universe.

The dissertation consists of eight studies in combination with a longer work, which links the eight studies together. The aim is two-fold: to develop a scientific approach within philosophical hermeneutics for the study of the culture-specific dimension of teaching in China, and to analyse the culture-specific dimension of teaching in China on the terms of this approach. An explicit ontological foundation makes up the base of the hermeneutic approach, and epistemology, methodology and so on are adapted in accordance with this. Implications of this hermeneutical approach for educational research is further outlined, and the hermeneutical approach is more clearly positioned in relation to so-called qualitative research. With this hermeneutical approach, cross-cultural educational research can be conducted without either universalism or exoticism, since it offers a possibility to understand phenomena in other cultures without claiming to share them. Based on this hermeneutical approach, an interpretational framework named traditional thinking is constructed as a theoretical synthesis of Chinese philosophy, that is Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, Moism and Legalism. With traditional thinking, the analysis of the culture-specific dimension of teaching in China generates an understanding consisting of a number of themes. The themes are: concrete activity, sociality, collectivism, relationalism, balance, order, patriotism, aesthetics, perfection, good examples, the nobility of teaching, family, hierarchy, equal competition, responsibility, talent, examination, body, improvement, critiques, effort, self-study. In this understanding, moral has a central position and refl ects on all themes. This is a social and relational morality that embraces knowledge and aesthetics, which is achieved and realised in concrete bodily activity. Morality serves a system in order, i.e. it helps keep its balance. It facilitates the functioning of the collective and gives patriotism a moral character. Perfection is the optimal moral standard, which characterises all good examples, and the striving for improvement depends on critique and effort. Since perfection is always attainable, teaching and self-study make up the human way to harmony. In this, family is a precondition for moral cultivation, just as equal competition is a precondition for a balanced hierarchy and for correct responsibility. Talent is decisive, which in turn requires examination.

Esta dissertação é uma tradução comentada e contextualizada do segundo capítulo dos escritos atribuídos ao pensador chinês Zhuangzi. Vivendo em um período de crise política, econômica e social e em um momento de transformação, este pensador, como outros de sua época, se dedicou a buscar soluções para superar os conflitos e os sofrimentos existentes em contextos de crise e mudanças. Zhuangzi, desta maneira, considerou que a melhor solução para isso seria a libertação dos padrões determinados artificialmente. Segundo ele, os homens deveriam seguir um fluxo natural e imanente, vivendo, assim, de forma espontânea e livre de apegos. O capítulo traduzido neste trabalho é o principal texto dos escritos deste pensador, não apenas por apresentar um resumo dos temas tratados nos outros capítulos, mas também por abordar as discussões correntes no período em que foi escrito. / This dissertation consists in a commented and contextualized translation of the second chapter of a text ascribed to the Chinese thinker Zhuangzi. Living in a period of political, economic and social crisis, and in a moment of change, this thinker, as other thinkers in his time, dedicated himself to find ways of solving the conflicts and suffering common in contexts of crisis. Thus, Zhuangzi considered that the best solution would be freedom from artificial patterns. He advocated that men should follow a natural and immanent course, and live in a detached and spontaneous way. The chapter which is translated in this dissertation is the most important text written by this thinker, not only for presenting a summary of topics covered in the other chapters, but also for addressing the ongoing discussions of the period in which he was writing.

Title: Taoism and health: selected aspects Objectives: The first objective of this thesis is to present and interpret Taoist way of thinking with a special emphasis on its teachings regarding health. The second objective is to presents selected aspects of this 'spiritual philosophy' and its health benefits (nutrition, fasting, breathing and physical exercises and others) and tests them against currently available scientific studies. The prolonged goal would be to point out methods which complement the techniques and processes of western health care systems. The third objective examines the legislative situation in the Czech elementary education system regarding the health education topic and beneficial effect of Taoist methods to use. Methods: This master thesis is purely theoretical, focusing on the analysis of primary and secondary source material with continuous and subsequent synthesis. These methods have been complemented with compilation and comparative methods. Results: Based on the available source material, the Taoist way of thinking has been presented including his approach to health. Furthermore, traditional Taoist health promoting practices which were also an inspiration for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) were being discussed. Based on scientific articles and studies, benefits and...

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This master's thesis conducts an in-depth examination of the concept of zhutixing 主體性 in the writings of contemporary Chinese philosopher Li Zehou 李澤厚 (1930 – 2021). Zhutixing, typically translated as “subjectivity,” takes on a distinct meaning in Li's philosophy, and is referred to as “subjectality.” It serves as the overarching framework through which Li endeavors to reconcile fundamental human dichotomies, including the interplay between freedom and necessity and collective demands and individual aspirations. The thesis utilizes conceptual history as a methodology to contextualize Li's concept of subjectality within the broader history of the term subjectivity and its translation into Chinese. The research demonstrates the influence of the semantic understanding of the term in Chinese on Li’s interpretation. A careful analysis of Li’s writings follows which pays special attention to the chronological development of Li's concept. It traces the successive incorporation of Kantian, Confucian, liberal, and pragmatic elements into a philosophical framework inspired by the early writings of Karl Marx. It furthermore illustrates influences of academic trends, political events, and Li’s political aspirations on his philosophy. The thesis concludes with a comprehensive evaluation of Li’s philosophical undertaking and suggests the enactivist theory as a valuable resource to address some limitations within Li's works. This thesis contributes to the research on Li Zehou's philosophy and contemporary Chinese philosophy, especially the intersection of Marxism and Confucianism. It might also be relevant to scholars of conceptual history within the Chinese context, specifically pertaining to the concept of subjectivity.:Table of Content 1. Introduction 1 2. The History of Subjectivity 4 2.1. The European Trajectory 4 2.2. Translating Subjectivity 8 2.3. Survey of Related Discourses 11 2.4. Li’s Self-Positioning in the Discourse on Subjectivity 15 2.5. Negative Outline of Li’s Concept of Subjectality and His Philosophical Placement 21 3. From Subjectivity to Subjectality 22 3.1. The Anthropological Formation of Subjectality 23 3.2. Development of Subjectality in the 1980s 24 3.2.1. The Three Aspects of the Psychological Structure of Subjectality 25 3.2.2. The Structure of Subjectality in his Second Outline 31 3.2.3. Life as the Fundamental Fact and the Philosophy of Eating in Li’s Third and Fourth Outline 35 3.2.4. Political Dimensions of Subjectality in the 1980s 37 3.3. Li Zehou and the Discourse on Subjectivity in China after 1980 39 4. Subjectality in Li’s Mature Phase 43 4.1. Li’s Practical Philosophy 44 4.1.1. Ethics and Morality 45 4.1.2. Theory of Two Morals 48 4.1.3. Universal and Relative 52 4.2. Li’s Utopian Vision 56 4.3. Problems with Harmony of Heaven and Humankind 58 4.4. Li in the Philosophical Discourse of the 21st Century 60 5. Evaluation of Li’s Philosophy of Subjectality 62 5.1. The Role of Subjectality in Li’s Philosophy 62 5.2. Critique of Li’s Aspiration and Scholarly Attitude 63 5.3. Suggestions for Scientific Concretization of Li’s Theory 64 5.4. The Pragmatic and Dynamic Character of Li’s Philosophy 66 6. Glossary of Specific Terms and Phrases 68 7. Bibliography 70