張連航. / 論文(博士)--香港中文大學, 2000. / 參考文獻 (p. 1-14 (6th group)) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Zhang Lianhang. / Lun wen (bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2000. / Can kao wen xian (p. 1-14 (6th group)) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

The study explored whether or not to delay introducing Chinese characters as part of first year Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) courses in post-secondary institutions in the U.S. Topics investigated: a) timing structures of current CFL programs in the U.S.; b) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs and rationales of an appropriate timing to introduce characters; c) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs about the importance and difficulty of different Chinese language skills; and d) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs about the requirement of handwriting in beginning-level CFL courses. Data were collected through a large-scale online student survey with 914 students and a large-scale online teacher survey with 192 teachers. At the same time, a total of 21 students and five teachers from a delayed character introduction (DCI) program and an immediate character introduction (ICI) program were interviewed. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that the majority of CFL programs did not delay teaching characters; most of teachers and students believed that speaking and listening were the most important skills and reading and especially writing characters were the most difficult skills; and most of teachers and students did not favor alternative methods to replace the handwriting of characters even though they considered handwriting to be the most difficult skill. With few studies carried out to investigate the timing issue of character teaching, results from the study provided foundational knowledge for CFL educators to better understand CFL teaching and learning in general, along with the teaching and learning of written Chinese characters, in particular.

Every year, more and more foreign students learn Chinese. This also includes many Greeks. At present, the books and teaching materials related to learning Chinese are usually in English or other languages, but there are not many in Greek. Research on Chinese language teaching so far has mainly focused on English-speaking students or students in Asia, and the purpose of this study is to examine the strategies used by Greek students in the early stages of their exposure to Chinese characters. The research aim is to study the strategies that Greek CFL beginner’s level students use to recognize and use the Chinese characters. According to current research, English-speaking students' strategies for learning the Chinese characters are to use frequently, copy, observe the stroke order and pay attention to the spelling and pronunciation of the Chinese characters; Korean and Japanese learners pay attention to the stroke positions of the Chinese characters, while Malaysian learners usually type the characters on a computer. Using the qualitative research method, ther esearcher conducted interviews with six Greek students, as such studies better describe participants' experiences and points of view. Analysis of the interview results showed that Greek students' strategies for learning Chinese characters include: connecting the Chinese characters with Greek morphemes, associating the Chinese characters with real-life images,using online dictionaries or apps to look up characters, memorizing Chinese characters, analyzing Chinese characters’ Components, using pinyin and reading the Chinese characters. / 每年都有越来越多的外国学生学习中文。它还包括许多希腊人。目前，与汉语学习有关的书籍和教材通常以英语或其他语言为主，希腊语并不多。迄今为止的汉语教学的研究主要集中在讲英语的学生或亚洲的学生，本研究的目的是检验希腊学生在开始接触汉字的早期阶段所使用的策略。研究问题是学习初级汉语的希腊学生使用什么策略来识别或使用汉字？根据目前的研究，英语为母语的学生学习汉字的策略是多用汉字、临摹汉字、观察汉字的笔顺、注意汉字的拼写和读音；韩语和日语的学习者注意汉字的笔画位置，而马来西亚的学习者通常在电脑上打字。作者使用定性研究方法，对六名希腊学生进行了访谈，因为此类研究能更好地描述了参与者的经历、意见和感受。访谈结果分析表明，希腊学生学习汉字的策略包括：将汉字的部件与希腊语素联系起来，将汉字与现实生活中的形象联系起来，用在线词典或应用程式中查字，记诵汉字，分析汉字的组成部分，使用拼音和朗读汉字。

The Neighborhood Size Effect (NSE), characterized as the effect in word determination based on changing one orthographic aspect of that word. The amount of words that can be created through such manipulation is called a neighborhood size (NS). Number of other factors such as frequency, how often a word appears and morphology, the combination of meaningful word units, have been suggested to have an overriding effect on NSE. In addition, there is a lack of research on NSE with non-alphabetical languages such as Chinese, which uses characters comprising of a multitude of semantic or phonetic markers. In this experiment, participants coming from mainland China were presented with 60 individual characters and 59 characters with Chinese morphology made up of two characters which form single words. Both conditions, were manipulated with NS by adjusting the semantic or phonetical radical within a character and with frequency by using a website that measures how frequent a character appeared within the language. Both character conditions were found to have a significant effect with frequency and neighborhood size (NS) with characters with higher frequency and lower NS found to have higher accuracy and lower reaction times. With low frequency single characters, it was that those with higher neighborhood size had greater delay in reaction time and lower accuracy. With low frequency morphologically constructed characters, it was found that lower neighborhood size had higher accuracy, but no significant result with regards to reaction time. Due to differing accuracy results with NS and character condition, it is suggested that further factors such as morphological processing in single characters and bigram frequency in morphologically constructed characters might have an effect on word determination in conjunction with neighborhood size. Thus, it is a possibility that Chinese morphological may depend more on other factors than neighborhood size.

No description available.

背景 / 識字是每個孩子進入閱讀世界、學習知識和文化的重要途徑。能夠在小學階段對孩子的識字能力進行適時的評估，當有助前線語文教育工作者設計適切的識字教學，並為支援讀寫困難孩子提供重要的參照依據。目前，對小學生基本常用漢字做全面的認讀情況的分析和實證探討的研究尚不多見，本港至今亦沒有一個具常模參照的標準化中文識字量表可供一線教師使用。鑒於此，我們擬以香港最為廣泛採用的六套小學課文為基礎重新建構一套“香港教學漢字字庫，期望依此編制出一套適用於小學一年級至六年級且有常模參照依據的標準化《香港小學中文識字等級量表》供小學前線語文教學工作者使用，為未來支援讀寫困難學生的篩選工作、考量學生的識字能力的發展提供重要的評估工具。 / 發展程序及結果 / 建立《香港小學中文識字等級量表》共分爲五個階段。 / 第一階段：對香港教學漢字數據庫所收錄的3941個漢字做文本分析，通過對比香港已有的三套數據庫以及每個字在六套教材中首次出現的年級水平的眾數來決定每個字的教學年級水平，最終有3033個字被劃分出教學年級水平並被歸類編排到14個年級分字表中。我們統計每個年級的字表的生字量，發現一至六年級所要學習的生字量分別為：530,646,686,563,389,219。 / 第二階段：將14個年級生字表分別施測于香港小學一年級至六年級，每個年級的學生只需完成一套同等年級水平的生字表，結果發現小一至小六的學生對每個年級的生字的認識率已達到半數以上，生字識字量水平為：311，423，438，337，206，116。 / 第三階段：建構中文識字等級量表和閱讀流暢度測驗。首先，我們根據每個字在該年級學生中的通過率確定每個字在該年級的難度水平(L1-L5)。為了保證所抽取的字在年級內和年級之間存在難度梯度，我們將從一至六級字庫中的L3層和L4層抽取20個目標字。另外，在一級字庫的L2層和六級字庫的L5層分別再抽取10個字和20個字，共計150個字，將識字量表建構成一個有八個等級梯度的量表，包括兩個平行版本。此外，我們也基于該教學漢字字庫建構了兩套各包含200字的閱讀流暢度測驗作爲与識字等級量表相互驗證的效度指標，200字來源於一至四級字庫的L1層，每層抽取50字。 / 第四階段：將識字等級量表及其平行版本以及相關效標（新構建的兩個閱讀流暢度測驗和臺灣黃秀霜版中文年級識字量表）施測於香港12所不同等級的小學一至六年級，共計2056名學生。結果顯示，(1)識字等級量表內部一致性信度較高(alpha=.98)。(2)我們基于此次正式施測所獲得的識字能力的分布建構了識字等級量表的年級常模和年齡發展常模。(3)基于傳統的經典測量理論的項目分析以及項目反映理論的分析均發現，識字等級量表難度適宜，相比臺灣黃秀霜版的中文年級識字量表在項目的字頻分布、平均通過率、IRT難度參數這幾個指標上都有更清晰的等級梯度，更適合推廣至香港小學的一綫語文教學。(4)該量表可有效偵測到隨著年齡或年級的增長而發展的識字能力的變化、有效地預測學生在校語文綜合成績。 / 第五階段：爲了進一步驗證識字等級量表的效度，我們在另一項閱讀困難研究項目中加入了該量表，以檢驗識字等級量表對閱讀困難兒童的鑒別。結果發現，該量表能有效地區別閱讀困難學生和普通學生在識字方面的差異。更重要的是，我們發現香港識字等級量表的常模對於香港小學生而言更具參照性。 / 結論 / 本研究基於香港小學教學漢字字庫所構建的中文識字等級量表是一套可靠、有效地反映學生識字能力的個體差異及其發展變化的工具。我們同時建構了小一至小六的年級常模和年齡常模，為前線語文教師提供了一個瞭解學生識字差异的簡便操作的評估工具，具有重要的教學參照價值。 / Background / Word identification is increasingly recognized to be a prerequisite for each child to acquire knowledge and culture in a colorful reading world. A valid assessment of a child’s word identification is very important for literacy instruction and evaluation. It also helps identifying children with literacy difficulties at an early stage because word identification is an important indicator of literacy difficulties. Existing measures of Chinese character identification are with limitations in several aspects. For example, some scales are designed for primary school children of low grades only. Also, most of the scales are of restricted use and can only be administered by professional educational psychologists or speech therapists. There has not been one standardized Chinese character identification scale with local norms for the use of Hong Kong primary school teachers. The present research attempted to construct a standardized Chinese character identification scale with local norms for primary school children based on a database of Hong Kong Chinese primary school texts. The Hong Kong Graded Chinese Character Identification Test (HKGCCIT) will offer teachers an assessment tool to assess the word recognition level of their students. The assessment result will help teachers identify at-risk readers and plan for instruction and remediation. / Methods and Results / There were five phases in the development of the HKGCCIT. / In the first phase, a database of 3033 Chinese characters was constructed based on six widely used primary texts in Hong Kong. Difficulty level of each character was determined through a series of procedures. The numbers of characters in each grade were 530, 646, 686, 563, 389, and 219 respectively. / In the second phase, the graded-characters were divided into 14 forms and were tried out with primary school children in several schools. It was found that the number of character successfully recognized by half of the tested students in each grade was 311, 423, 437, 337, 206 and 115, respectively. / The third phase was the construction phase of the HKGCCIT. First, we divided the database into six sub-databases and determined the difficulty level (L1-L5) of each character in the corresponding grade based on the passing rate. To ensure within-grade and between-grade difficulty levels of the selected characters, we separately randomly sampled 20 characters from L3 (passing rate: 40%-60%) and L4 (passing rate: 20%-40%) in the six sub-databases. In addition, we selected 10 characters from L2 in the grade-one sub-database and 20 characters from L5 in the grade-six sub-database. Thus, the HKGCCIT, with two parallel forms, was constructed as a graded scale with 150 characters and eight difficulty levels in total. Additionally, two forms of a reading fluency test with 200 characters were also developed to measure character reading fluency for six grades in this phase. / In the formal testing phase (i.e., phase 4), letters were sent to more than 100 schools for participation in the current study. Twelve schools from three bandings were selected to join the study. A total of 2056 students from grade-one to grade-six were tested. Two forms of the HKGCCIT and related validity measurements (i.e., two forms of reading fluency test, Taiwan Chinese Character Recognition Test) were administered. The results showed that: (1) The HKGCCIT had high internal consistency reliability coefficient (alpha=.98). (2) Grade and age development norms were constructed and the related percentile conversion tables and standardized-score conversion tables were created. (3) Item analysis based on classic testing theory and item response theory suggested that the HKGCCIT has moderate difficulty. Comparing with the Taiwan Chinese Character Recognition Test developed by Huang (2001), HKGCCIT has better fit on character frequency distribution, passing rate and IRT difficulty parameters. (4) It is an effective indicator of a child’s word identification achievement level and is highly correlated with the child’s Chinese language achievement in school. / In the validation phase (i.e., phase 5), some students with reading difficulties and average students from another study were tested by the HKGCCIT. The results showed that two groups with different reading levels demonstrated significant difference on the HKGCCIT. More importantly, we found that the norm of the HKGCCIT, in comparison to the Taiwan Chinese Character Recognition Test provides more accurate reference scores for Hong Kong students. / Conclusion / The HKCCIT, developed on the basis of a corpus of Hong Kong Chinese primary school texts, is a reliable and valid assessment tool of Chinese character identification achievement of Hong Kong primary school children. Local norms from grade-one to grade-six were established. It should be an easy assessment tool to identify at-risk readers and plan for instruction and remediation. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 伍秋萍. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-125). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Wu Qiuping. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.6 / Chapter 第二章 --- 識字的理論基礎及其相關研究的回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- 識字的重要性：識字的發展及其與閱讀的關係 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- 識字的重要性：現實教學對基本識字量的要求 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- 識字能力的理論構念及其操作定義 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- 識字能力的心理測量 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- 本研究的編制目的 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三章 --- 測量理論及其編制框架 --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- 編制量表的一般程序 --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- 常用的項目抽樣範式的比較 --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- 項目反應理論原理及其在閱讀測量中的應用 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- 信效度評價基礎：經典測量理論 --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- 本研究的編制框架 --- p.43 / Chapter 第四章 --- 階段1:建構全港教學漢字字庫和編排年級生字表 --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- 香港小學常用字字庫 --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- 香港教學漢字資料庫的建構 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- 小學年級建議學習生字表 --- p.46 / Chapter 第五章 --- 階段2：年級生字表在香港小學一至六年級的認讀率調查 --- p.48 / Chapter 5.1 --- 調查目的 --- p.48 / Chapter 5.2 --- 研究對象 --- p.48 / Chapter 5.3 --- 測量工具 --- p.48 / Chapter 5.4 --- 調查結果 --- p.49 / Chapter 第六章 --- 階段3：識字等級量表和閱讀流暢度測驗的建構与預試 --- p.51 / Chapter 6.1 --- 識字等級量表的設計 --- p.51 / Chapter 6.2 --- 教學漢字的15套字集 --- p.54 / Chapter 6.3 --- 閱讀流暢度測試 --- p.55 / Chapter 6.4 --- 量表在香港普通小學的預試 --- p.56 / Chapter 第七章 --- 階段4.1：量表正式施測的標準化程序 --- p.58 / Chapter 7.1 --- 常模抽樣 --- p.58 / Chapter 7.2 --- 測量工具及其測試卷的編排 --- p.61 / Chapter 7.3 --- 施測程序的設計 --- p.61 / Chapter 7.4 --- 施測人員的培訓與分工 --- p.62 / Chapter 7.5 --- 施測場地和測試文具的預備 --- p.63 / Chapter 7.6 --- 施測程序的具體實施及其注意事項 --- p.64 / Chapter 第八章 --- 階段4.2：量表正式施測的結果與常模建構 --- p.66 / Chapter 8.1 --- 研究對象的人口統計學信息 --- p.66 / Chapter 8.2 --- 識字等級量表的項目特徵 --- p.66 / Chapter 8.3 --- 識字等級量表的記分方法的調整 --- p.68 / Chapter 8.4 --- 識字等級量表的信度 --- p.70 / Chapter 8.5 --- 識字等級量表的效度 --- p.71 / Chapter 8.6 --- 識字等級量表的常模建構 --- p.79 / Chapter 第9章 --- 階段5：識字等級量表對閱讀困難學生的鑒別 --- p.81 / Chapter 9.1 --- 研究對象 --- p.81 / Chapter 9.2 --- 測量工具 --- p.81 / Chapter 9.3 --- 結果 --- p.82 / Chapter 第10章 --- 討論和總結 --- p.86 / Chapter 10.1 --- 對識字等級量表的測量特性的評價與討論 --- p.86 / Chapter 10.2 --- 識字等級量表的使用細則及評分程序的修訂 --- p.94 / Chapter 10.3 --- 常模轉換表的使用和分數的解讀 --- p.96 / Chapter 10.4 --- 本量表與前人同類型識字量表的整體比較 --- p.98 / Chapter 10.5 --- 總結 --- p.99 / Chapter 附錄1. --- 致學校的研究計劃邀請函和參與研究計劃的意向書 --- p.102 / Chapter 附錄2. --- 家長同意書 --- p.105 / Chapter 附錄3.1 --- 識字等級量表學生測試版（樣題，量表前30題） --- p.106 / Chapter 附錄3.2 --- 識字等級量表V1記錄紙（樣題，前30題） --- p.107 / Chapter 附錄4.1 --- 識字等級量表年級常模的標準分、百分等級及原始分換算表 --- p.108 / Chapter 附錄4.2 --- 識字等級量表年齡常模的標準分及原始分換算表 --- p.112 / Chapter 附錄4.3 --- 識字等級量表年齡常模的百分等級及原始分換算表 --- p.116 / 參考文獻 --- p.120

快速構形學習（fast orthographic learning）是指在閱讀中遇到一個生字或生詞少數幾次後，這個字或詞的構形表征就能初步形成。目前，尚無研究試圖檢測中文構形學習，更無研究通過實驗操作的方式檢查語音重編碼（這一對英文構形學習最為重要的因素）對中文構形學習的影響。本研究以快速構形學習為切入點進行了三項研究。研究一（預實驗和實驗一）根據Share （1999）的範式編制了中文快速構形學習測驗，並使用這一測驗證實了二/三年級的兒童已具有快速構形學習的能力；研究二則通過實驗操作考察語音重編碼是否影響快速構形學習的成績。閱讀能力匹配的兒童被置於不同的學習情境下。某些學習情境下語音重編碼的傾向通過實驗操作被抑制，另一些學習情境下則可以正常進行語音重編碼。對比不同情境下的構形學習成績就可以證明語音重編碼對構形學習的影響。依照這一邏輯，實驗二和實驗三發現形聲字的構形學習受到語音重編碼的正面影響，而實驗四和實驗五則發現非形聲字的構形學習不受語音重編碼的正面影響；實驗六將形聲字和非形聲字放在同一實驗中考察，重複了實驗二至五的結果。研究三則採用培訓實驗進一步重複或檢驗第二部分的結果。在實驗七至十中，兒童或者學習目標假聲旁的語音（與目標形聲字一致的語音或者與目標形聲字不一致的語音），或者學習目標假聲旁的語義，或者抄寫目標假聲旁，或者僅觀察目標假聲旁（控制方案）。然後他們在相同的情境下學習含有目標假聲旁的形聲字。通過對比不同組別的快速構形學習成績，結果發現，除抄寫外，語音重編碼和部件的語義信息對構形學習沒有影響。根據三個研究最終得出以下結論：二三年級的學生已經具備快速構形學習能力；語音重編碼對形聲字的構形學習有一定影響，但影響不大，且只發生在目標形聲字含有熟悉的聲旁時；語音重編碼對半規則形聲字和非形聲字的構形學習沒有影響；抄寫對構形學習有明顯的促進作用。根據三個研究最終得出以下結論：二三年級的學生已經具備快速構形學習能力；語音重編碼並非影響構形學習的核心因素，只對含有熟悉聲旁的形聲字的構形學習有影響，對半規則形聲字和非形聲字的構形學習沒有影響；語義信息對構形學習沒有影響，抄寫對構形學習有明顯的促進作用。我們提出“構形學習自足假說，建議研究者重點研究正字法意識對構形學習的影響。 / Fast orthographic learning (FOL) means that an orthographic representation of a word can be learned incidentally after minimal exposure. Up to now, no research has explored the existence of FOL in Chinese. One reason is that it is difficult to create a test of orthographic learning ability. The present research, which includes three studies, was an attempt to investigate FOL in Chinese and the contributing factors of FOL. Study 1 adopted the experimental paradigm of Share (1999) and developed a new FOL test to obtain evidence of FOL among Chinese Grade 2 and 3 students. Study 2 explored whether or not phonological recoding can impact on FOL of both phonetic and non-phonetic compound characters with manipulations that minimized phonological recoding. The experimental and the control groups were exposed to some target pseudo-characters with and without concurrent articulation, respectively. Comparison of FOL obtained by different groups indicated that phonological recoding affected FOL of regular phonetic compound characters, but the effect was small; phonological recoding did not affect FOL of non-phonetic compound characters. Study 3 re-examined the results of Study 2 and explored the effect of semantic information and handwriting on FOL. In different training programs, students learned the pronunciation or the meaning of target pseudo-radicals, or write or look at them a number of times. Then students learned target pseudo-characters containing the target pseudo-radicals in the same condition. The effects of phonological recoding, semantic information and handwriting were evaluated by comparing FOL of the target pseudo-characters. The results indicated that phonological recoding affected FOL of neither regular phonetic compound characters containing unfamiliar phonetics nor semi-regular phonetic compound characters. Besides, handwriting had a significant positive effect on FOL. These results indicated that phonological recoding is not a substantial contributing factor of FOL. Other contributing factors, such as handwriting and semantic information, need further investigation. We proposed the "orthographic learning self- sufficient hypothesis", which suggests that the core contributing factor of FOL is orthographic awareness. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 劉永廣. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-116) / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Yongguang. / Chapter 第一章 --- 研究背景 --- p.12 / Chapter 1 --- 構形表征與構形學習 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1 --- 構形表征的存在 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- 構形學習：一個漸進的過程 --- p.15 / Chapter 2 --- 快速構形學習 --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- 快速構形學習的操作性定義 --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 快速構形學習測驗 --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 快速構形學習測驗的重要性 --- p.19 / Chapter 3 --- 語音重編碼對構形學習的影響 --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- 這一問題的理論化--“自我教學假設 --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- 理論爭議：基於項目還是基於發展階段？ --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- 相關實驗證據 --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- 語音重編碼之外：詞彙知識，正字法意識，語義以及書寫 --- p.26 / Chapter 4 --- 構形表征和構形學習的提出對閱讀習得研究的貢獻 --- p.28 / Chapter 5 --- 中文相關研究現狀 --- p.29 / Chapter 5.1 --- 中文正字法系統概況 --- p.29 / Chapter 5.2 --- 中文形音對應規則：規則性效應和一致性效應 --- p.30 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 形聲字的規則性和一致性 --- p.30 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 兒童對形音對應規則的掌握和使用 --- p.32 / Chapter 6 --- 本研究的問題提出和研究邏輯 --- p.35 / Chapter 6.1 --- 本研究的問題提出 --- p.35 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- 中文快速構形學習測驗的編制 --- p.35 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- 為何以語音重編碼為研究重點 --- p.37 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- 非形聲字的構形學習 --- p.39 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- 漢字的語音重編碼 --- p.40 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- 為何以二、三年級學生為研究對象 --- p.40 / Chapter 6.1.6 --- 附帶考察的兩個研究問題 --- p.41 / Chapter 6.2 --- 本研究的邏輯 --- p.41 / Chapter 第二章 --- 研究一 中文構形學習測驗的編制及對快速構形學習現象的檢驗 --- p.43 / 預實驗 --- p.43 / 實驗一 --- p.45 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究二 語音重編碼對快速構形學習的影響（1） --- p.56 / 實驗二 --- p.56 / 實驗三 --- p.62 / 實驗四 --- p.66 / 實驗五 --- p.69 / 實驗六 --- p.72 / Chapter 第四章 --- 研究三 語音重編碼對快速構形學習的影響（2） --- p.77 / 實驗七 --- p.78 / 實驗八 --- p.84 / 實驗九 --- p.86 / 實驗十 --- p.90 / Chapter 第五章 --- 總體討論 --- p.94 / 問題一：快速構形學習是否存在？ --- p.94 / 快速構形學習測驗的編制 --- p.94 / 問題二：語音重編碼是否中文快速構形學習的關鍵影響因素？ --- p.96 / 問題三：快速構形學習能力與其他背景變量是否有關係？ --- p.98 / 問題四：語義信息和抄寫是否對構形學習有影響？ --- p.100 / 構形學習自足假說 --- p.101 / 視覺詞彙學習：形音義三要素的互動 --- p.103 / 中文閱讀習得能力的發展 --- p.104 / 本研究的貢獻 --- p.105 / 不足以及研究展望 --- p.105 / Chapter 附錄一 --- 形音匹配遊戲A --- p.107 / Chapter 附錄二 --- 實驗一中作為閱讀材料的短文例子 --- p.108 / Chapter 附錄三 --- 語義培訓方案的電腦呈現方式 --- p.109 / Chapter 附錄四 --- 主要術語中英文對照表 --- p.110 / 參考文獻 --- p.111

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the effect on learning Chinese characters for learners of Chinese as foreign language through implementing the unique properties of the Chinese script in a prototype spaced repetition system. Both Chinese radicals and the spacing effect have the potential to positively influence the recall ability of students in learning Chinese characters, however the interaction between the spacing effect and Chinese radicals in spaced repetition system, such as Anki and Mnemosyne, had not been tested. An experimental spaced repetition system prototype was designed and developed to investigate these interactions. Two groups of students learning Chinese as a foreign language at the University of Stellenbosch studied the same list of Chinese characters in which there were both massed and spaced characters present. One group had additional information on Chinese radicals on the flashcard. The students were given an immediate post-test to test their recall of the meaning and pronunciation of the Chinese characters. The results showed a positive trend for the spacing effect in which students had higher scores for spaced characters, but the recall ability between the two groups of students did not change regardless of whether there was information on Chinese radicals or not. The results were surprising considering the potential positive impact of Chinese radicals on recall. The thesis concludes that the presentation of information on Chinese radicals in a spaced repetition system does not necessarily improve the recall ability of the students. The impact of explicit instruction on the role of Chinese radicals in Chinese characters and the ability of the student to apply this knowledge should be considered for future research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige tesis ondersoek die leer van Chinese karakters deur leerders van Chinees as ‘n vreemde taal deur die unieke eienskappe van die Chinese skrif in ‘n prototipe gespasieërde herhalings sisteem te implementeer. Beide Chinese radikale en die spasiërings effek kan potensieël 'n positiewe invloed hê in die vermoë van studente om Chinese karakters te onthou, maar die interaksie tussen die spasiërings effek en Chinese radikale in gespasieërde herhalings sisteme, soos Anki en Mnemosyne, was tot dusver onbekend. ‘n Eksperimentele gespasieërde herhalings sisteem prototipe was geskep om hierdie interaksie te ondersoek. Twee groepe studente van Chinees as vreemde taal by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch het dieselfde lys karakters gestudeer, waaronder gespasieërde en nie-gespasieërde karakters tuis was. Die twee groepe het verskil deurdat een groep ekstra informasie oor Chinese radikale gehad het op die voorkant van 'n flitskaart. Die studente het dadelik daarna ‘n toets ontvang waar hul die betekenis en uitspraak van die Chinese karakters moes onthou. Die resultate het ‘n positiewe neiging getoon vir die spasiërings effek waar studente hoër punte ontvang het vir gespasieërde karakters, maar die vermoë om die karakters te onthou het nie verskil tussen die twee groepe nie. Die resultate was ‘n verassing juis omdat daar ‘n potensieël positiewe invloed kan onstaan deur die impak van Chinese radikale. Die tesis het gevind dat slegs om informasie oor Chinese radikale te wys in ‘n gespasieërde herhalings sisteem nie noodwendig die vermoë van die student om Chinese karakters te onthou verbeter nie. Die impak van eksplisiete instruksie oor die rol wat Chinese radikale in Chinese karakters speel en die vermoë van die student om hierdie kennis toe te pas hoort verder ondersoek te word.

袁國華. / 論文(博士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院中國語言及文學學部, 1995. / 參考文献 : leaves 536-569. / Yuan Guohua. / 序 / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 包山楚簡的發現 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 包山楚簡的內容 --- p.4 / Chapter 一 --- 「文書」的內容 --- p.4 / Chapter (一) --- 「集箸」「集箸言」簡的內容 --- p.4 / Chapter (二) --- 「受□」簡的內容 --- p.6 / Chapter (三) --- 「疋獄」簡的內容 --- p.7 / Chapter (四) --- 欠標題簡的內容 --- p.9 / Chapter 二 --- 「卜筮祭禱紀錄」的內容 --- p.12 / Chapter 三 --- 「遣策」的內容 --- p.15 / Chapter 第三節 --- 包山楚簡的價值 --- p.19 / Chapter 一 --- 補充文獻的不足 --- p.19 / Chapter 二 --- 証明史書的可信 --- p.21 / Chapter 三 --- 印證其他楚簡的內容 --- p.22 / Chapter 四 --- 保存器物的名實 --- p.23 / Chapter 五 --- 有助古文字的考釋 --- p.25 / Chapter 第四節 --- 本文的研究範疇與目的 --- p.27 / Chapter 第二章 --- 包山楚簡所見名籍編制考 --- p.37 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「□典」意義的商榷 --- p.40 / Chapter 一 --- 「□」字的字形、讀音及意義 --- p.40 / Chapter 二 --- 「典」字的意義及其相關問題 --- p.55 / Chapter 三 --- 與「□典」有關簡文的釋讀 --- p.64 / Chapter 四 --- 釋「□典」 --- p.80 / Chapter 第二節 --- 名籍的種類 --- p.95 / Chapter 一 --- 玉□之典 --- p.99 / Chapter 二 --- □典 --- p.103 / Chapter 三 --- 陳豫之典 --- p.106 / Chapter 四 --- 某瘽之典 --- p.109 / Chapter 第三節 --- 名籍的編造與保管 --- p.112 / Chapter 一 --- 《周禮》所載名籍的編造與保管 --- p.112 / Chapter 二 --- 春秋戰國所載名籍的編造與保管 --- p.116 / Chapter 三 --- 包山楚簡所載名籍的編造與保管 --- p.120 / Chapter 第四節 --- 名籍的用途 --- p.123 / Chapter 一 --- 登除生死 --- p.123 / Chapter 二 --- 查證身分 --- p.127 / Chapter 三 --- 明別歸屬 --- p.130 / Chapter 第三章 --- 包山楚簡「受□」意義考 --- p.143 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「受□」意義的商榷 --- p.144 / Chapter 一 --- 「受□」即「受賄」說的商榷 --- p.144 / Chapter 二 --- 「受□」即「受稽」說的商榷 --- p.159 / Chapter 三 --- 「受□」即「接受年度考核」說的商榷 --- p.168 / Chapter 第二節 --- 釋「受□」 --- p.186 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「受□」簡的釋讀 --- p.191 / Chapter 第四節 --- 海外「受□」遺簡述要 --- p.202 / Chapter 一 --- 有一簡記二事者 --- p.202 / Chapter 二 --- 簡文內容有重覆出現者 --- p.206 / Chapter 三 --- 大事紀年所記地名有別者 --- p.208 / Chapter 第四章 --- 包山楚簡遣策所見「□」、「房□」、「鑐」等器物形制考 --- p.220 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「□」器形制考 --- p.220 / Chapter 一 --- 釋「□」 --- p.220 / Chapter 二 --- 釋「□」 --- p.232 / Chapter 三 --- 論「□」器的形制 --- p.248 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「房□」形制考 --- p.264 / Chapter 一 --- 釋「一房□」 --- p.264 / Chapter 二 --- 釋「房□」形制 --- p.274 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「鑐」鼎形制考 --- p.285 / Chapter 一 --- 釋「亥」 --- p.285 / Chapter 二 --- 釋「鑐」鼎的形制 --- p.293 / Chapter 第五章 --- 包山楚簡文字考釋 --- p.322 / Chapter 1 --- □ --- p.324 / Chapter 2 --- 頸 --- p.325 / Chapter 3 --- 戌 --- p.327 / Chapter 4 --- □ --- p.328 / Chapter 5 --- □、□、□ --- p.332 / Chapter 6 --- 主 --- p.336 / Chapter 7 --- □ --- p.340 / Chapter 8 --- 天 --- p.342 / Chapter 9 --- □ --- p.344 / Chapter 10 --- □ --- p.345 / Chapter 11 --- □ --- p.346 / Chapter 12 --- □ --- p.348 / Chapter 13 --- □ --- p.352 / Chapter 14 --- □ --- p.354 / Chapter 15 --- 受 --- p.355 / Chapter 16 --- □ --- p.359 / Chapter 17 --- □ --- p.360 / Chapter 18 --- □、□ --- p.361 / Chapter 19 --- □ --- p.362 / Chapter 20 --- 齊 --- p.362 / Chapter 21 --- 已 --- p.364 / Chapter 22 --- □ --- p.366 / Chapter 23 --- □ --- p.367 / Chapter 24 --- 常 --- p.367 / Chapter 25 --- 衣 --- p.371 / Chapter 26 --- □ --- p.372 / Chapter 27 --- □ --- p.373 / Chapter 28 --- □ --- p.375 / Chapter 29 --- 伬 --- p.376 / Chapter 30 --- □ --- p.379 / Chapter 附錄一： --- 重訂「包山楚簡」釋文 --- p.389 / Chapter 附錄二： --- 包山楚簡文字諸家考釋一覽表(一)(二) --- p.485 / 主要參考書目及其簡稱 --- p.536

洪若震. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 273-285). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 273-285). / Hong Ruozhen.