by Angel Suet Yi Tse. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-130). / Abstract / Acknowledgements / Table of Contents / List of Tables / List of Figures / Plagiarism Declaration / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Motivation --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Applications of NP parsing --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Hybrid Approach of NP Partial Parsing with Rule Set Derived from de NPs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Related Work --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Chinese Versus English Languages --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Traditional Versus Contemporary Parsing Approaches --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Linguistics-based and Corpus-based Knowledge Acquisition --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Basic Processing Unit --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Related Literature --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Sentence / Free Text Parsing --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Linguistics-based --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Corpus-based --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- NP Processing --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- NP Detection --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- NP Partial Parsing --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Knowledge Elicitation for General NP Partial Parsing from De NPs --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Background --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research in De Phrases --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Research of de Phrases in Pure Linguistics --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Research in de Phrases in Computational Linguistics --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- Significance of De Phrases --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Implication to General NP Parsing --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Embedded Knowledge for General NP Parsing --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Knowledge Acquisition Approaches for General NP Partial Parsing --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- Linguistic-based Approach --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3 --- Corpus-based Approach --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Generalization of NP Grammatical Patterns --- p.44 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Pitfall of Generalization --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Hybrid Approach --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Combining Strategies --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Merging Techniques --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5 --- CNP3- The Chinese NP Partial Parser --- p.55 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- The NP Detection and Extraction Unit (DEU) --- p.56 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The Knowledge Acquisition Unit (KAU) --- p.56 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- The Parsing Unit (PU) --- p.57 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Internal Representation of Chinese NPs and Grammar Rules --- p.57 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Experiments on Linguistics-, Corpus-based and the Hybrid Approaches" --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2 --- Objective of Experiments --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Setup --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- The Corpora --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The Standard and Extended Tag Sets --- p.64 / Chapter 5.4 --- Overview of Experiments --- p.67 / Chapter 5.5 --- Evaluation of Linguistic De NP Rules (Experiment 1 A) --- p.70 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Method --- p.71 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Results --- p.72 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Analysis --- p.72 / Chapter 5.6 --- Evaluation of Corpus-based Approach (Experiment IB) --- p.74 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Method --- p.74 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Generalization of NP Grammatical Patterns (Experiment 1B'） --- p.76 / Chapter 5.6.5 --- Results after Merging of Rule Sets (Experiment 1C) --- p.77 / Chapter 5.6.6 --- Error Analysis --- p.79 / Chapter 5.7 --- Phase II Evaluation: Test on General NP Parsing (Experiment 2) --- p.82 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Method --- p.83 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Error Analysis --- p.86 / Chapter 5.8 --- Summary --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Reliability Evaluation of the Hybrid Approach --- p.94 / Chapter 6.1 --- Overview --- p.94 / Chapter 6.2 --- Objective --- p.95 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Training and Test Corpora --- p.96 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Knowledge Base --- p.98 / Chapter 6.5 --- Convergence Sequence Tests --- p.99 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Results of Close Convergence Tests --- p.100 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Results of Open Convergence Tests --- p.104 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Conclusions with Convergence Tests --- p.106 / Chapter 6.6 --- Cross Evaluation Tests --- p.106 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- Results --- p.109 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- Conclusions with Cross Evaluation Tests --- p.112 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusions --- p.115 / Chapter 7.1 --- Overview --- p.115 / Chapter 7.2 --- Difficulties Encountered --- p.116 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Lack of Standard in Part-of-speech Categorization in Chinese Language --- p.116 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Under or Over-specification of Tag Class in Tag Set --- p.118 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Difficulty in Nominal Compound NP Analysis --- p.119 / Chapter 7.3 --- Conclusions --- p.120 / Chapter 7.4 --- Future Work --- p.122 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Full Automation of NP Pattern Generalization --- p.122 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Incorporation of Semantic Constraints --- p.123 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Computational Structural Analysis of Nominal Compound NP --- p.124 / References --- p.126 / Appendix A The Extended Tag Set --- p.131 / Appendix B Linguistic Grammar Rules --- p.135 / Appendix C Generalized Grammar Rules --- p.138

Chan Kun-Chung Timothy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Outline of Thesis --- p.3 / Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Chinese Noun Phrase Structure --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Observations --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Chapter Summary --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- Maximal Chinese Noun Phrase Extraction System --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1 --- Background --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Part-of-speech Tagset --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The Tagging System --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chinese Corpus --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Grammar Rules and Boundary Information --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Feature Selection --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Overview of Our Chinese Noun Phrase Extraction System --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Training --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Testing --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- Chapter Summary --- p.21 / Chapter 4 --- Preliminary Noun Phrase Extraction --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1 --- Framework --- p.23 / Chapter 4.2 --- Boundary Information Acquisition --- p.24 / Chapter 4.3 --- Candidate Boundary Insertion --- p.26 / Chapter 4.4 --- Pairing of Candidate Boundaries --- p.27 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Conditional Probability-based Model --- p.28 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Heuristic-based Model --- p.29 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Dynamic Programming-based Model --- p.30 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Model Selection --- p.31 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Revised Dynamic Programming Model --- p.32 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Analysis of the Impact of the Revised DP Model --- p.35 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Experiments of Dynamic Programming-based Model --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.8 --- Result Analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 4.5 --- Concluding Remarks on DP-Based Model --- p.47 / Chapter 4.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.49 / Chapter 5 --- Automatic Error Correction --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Statistical Properties of TEL --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Related Applications --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Settings of Main Components --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Initial State --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Transformation Actions --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Triggering Features of Transformation Templates --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Evaluation of Rule --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Stopping Threshold --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experiments and Results --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Setup and Procedure --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Overall Performance --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Contribution of Rules --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Remarks on Rules Learning --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Discussion on Recall Performance --- p.70 / Chapter 5.4 --- Chapter Summary --- p.73 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.74 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary --- p.74 / Chapter 6.2 --- Contributions --- p.76 / Chapter 6.3 --- Future Work --- p.76 / Bibliography --- p.79 / Chapter A --- Chinese POS Tag Set --- p.84 / Chapter B --- Algorithms of Boundary Pairing Models --- p.88 / Chapter B.1 --- Heuristic based Model --- p.88 / Chapter B.2 --- Dynamic Programming based Model --- p.89 / Chapter C --- Triggering Environments of Transformation Templates --- p.91

by Li Wenjie. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-226). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

This study investigated the neural bases underlying representation of nouns and verbs at the semantic, lexical form, and morpho-syntactic levels in Mandarin Chinese, a language with little inflectional morphology. Compared with other studies employing European languages with rich inflections, examination of Chinese would allow the separation of conceptual and morpho-syntactic operations based on different stimulus formats and experimental paradigms. To deal with both the theoretical and design issues in previous studies, several additional measures were taken. First, at each cognitive level, two experiments, one receptive and one expressive, were conducted. Moreover, convergence across experiments at the same cognitive level was computed in order to search for taskindependent grammatical class effects. Second, both concrete and abstract nouns and verbs were included, and conjunction analyses across the two concreteness levels were employed to ensure the generalizability of the findings to all nouns and verbs. Results revealed greater activation for verbs in the left posterior lateral temporal gyri in experiments at both semantic and morpho-syntactic levels, and stronger responses in the prefrontal cortex, including left BA47 and the supplementary motor area, only for morpho-syntactic processing associated with nominal grammatical morphemes, namely, classifiers. No differential levels of activation for nouns and verbs were observed in tasks emphasizing word form representation. While greater activation for processing of nominal classifiers in prefrontal areas may reflect differences in computational complexity associated with selection of grammatical morphemes, the involvement of left posterior lateral temporal cortex has been interpreted as reflecting semantic processing of verbs. The nature of processes represented in each of these regions was further discussed with findings from previous relevant studies. Finally, future studies are proposed for further exploration into the neural mechanisms underlying presentation of nouns and verbs using more recently developed methods of analyses. / published_or_final_version / Speech and Hearing Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

This dissertation studies leftward dislocation of object Noun Phrases in Mandarin Chinese within the framework of Government and Binding theory. Although the canonical word order in Chinese is S(ubject)-V(erb)-O(bject), it also exhibits OSV and SOV word orders. After an introduction in Ch. 1, I discuss OSV constructions in Ch.2. I argue that the S-initial object NP is moved there, since its association with a gap in the canonical object position obeys the subjacency condition. Based on several diagnostic tests, I propose that Chinese has two kinds of short-distance NP fronting: one is A’-movement and the other is A-movement. Adopting the Split Infl Hypothesis, I postulate a fully articulated clause structure for Chinese. In particular, I propose that the fronted NP in A-movement lands in [Spec AgrOP] as a kind of overt raising, while the one in A’-movement further leaves that spec position and is CP-adjoined. I also examine long-distance NP fronting, showing that it is invariably A’-movement. In Ch. 3, I investigate object shift, which yields SOV constructions. I argue that this syntactic process represents a type of A-movement, not A’-movement as concluded in previous studies. Specifically, I propose that the subject NP and the object NP in this construction overtly raise to [Spec AgrSP] and [Spec AgrOP] respectively. In Ch.4, I examine the interactions between an object wh-NP and dou, the adverb of universal quantification. I propose that wh-phrases, like indefinites, can be either presuppositional or existential. If they are within VP (i.e. remain postverbal), they are subject to existential closure and get an existential/interrogative reading. If, however, they are outside VP (i.e. shifted to the left of dou), they define the range of the quantifier dou and obtain the presuppositional/universal reading. The conclusion is that there is a strict correlation between the S-structure positions of the wh-phrase and its interpretations. The exhaustive list reading of the in-situ wh-object associated with the interrogative reading is derived from the fact that it is in the scope of dou at S-structure. In Ch. 5, I summarize the major findings of this dissertation and raise several issues for future research.

This dissertation studies leftward dislocation of object Noun Phrases in Mandarin Chinese within the framework of Government and Binding theory. Although the canonical word order in Chinese is S(ubject)-V(erb)-O(bject), it also exhibits OSV and SOV word orders. After an introduction in Ch. 1, I discuss OSV constructions in Ch.2. I argue that the S-initial object NP is moved there, since its association with a gap in the canonical object position obeys the subjacency condition. Based on several diagnostic tests, I propose that Chinese has two kinds of short-distance NP fronting: one is A’-movement and the other is A-movement. Adopting the Split Infl Hypothesis, I postulate a fully articulated clause structure for Chinese. In particular, I propose that the fronted NP in A-movement lands in [Spec AgrOP] as a kind of overt raising, while the one in A’-movement further leaves that spec position and is CP-adjoined. I also examine long-distance NP fronting, showing that it is invariably A’-movement. In Ch. 3, I investigate object shift, which yields SOV constructions. I argue that this syntactic process represents a type of A-movement, not A’-movement as concluded in previous studies. Specifically, I propose that the subject NP and the object NP in this construction overtly raise to [Spec AgrSP] and [Spec AgrOP] respectively. In Ch.4, I examine the interactions between an object wh-NP and dou, the adverb of universal quantification. I propose that wh-phrases, like indefinites, can be either presuppositional or existential. If they are within VP (i.e. remain postverbal), they are subject to existential closure and get an existential/interrogative reading. If, however, they are outside VP (i.e. shifted to the left of dou), they define the range of the quantifier dou and obtain the presuppositional/universal reading. The conclusion is that there is a strict correlation between the S-structure positions of the wh-phrase and its interpretations. The exhaustive list reading of the in-situ wh-object associated with the interrogative reading is derived from the fact that it is in the scope of dou at S-structure. In Ch. 5, I summarize the major findings of this dissertation and raise several issues for future research. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate

Xiao, Wen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-114). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Huang, Aijun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-166). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / List of tables and figures --- p.vi / Abstract --- p.viii / 摘要 --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Outline of the thesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- Count-mass distinction and acquisition issues --- p.12 / Chapter 2.0 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Syntactic, semantic and ontological aspects of the count-mass distinction" --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Semantic account of the count-mass distinction --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Syntactic account of the count-mass distinction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Acquisition of the count-mass distinction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Semantic account of the acquisition of the count-mass distinction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Syntactic account of the acquisition of the count-mass distinction --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Excursion into the syntactic account of the acquisition of the count-mass distinction --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Interpretation of bare nouns and classifiers in Chinese and review of the acquisition of Chinese classifiers --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Interpretation of bare nouns in Chinese --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Bare nouns in Chinese are unspecified in number and individuation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Arguments against a lexically-based count-mass distinction in Chinese nouns --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Dimensions of classifiers --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Taxonomy of classifiers --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Quantification function of classifiers: classifiers as units of measures --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Individuation function of classifiers: a distinction between individuating classifiers and non-individuating classifiers --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Classification function of classifiers --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- "Relation between the quantification, individuation and classification functions of classifiers" --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Arguments against Cheng and Sybesma´ةs (1998，1999，2005) account of the count- mass distinction in Chinese --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5 --- Review of the acquisition of Chinese classifiers --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Preponderant use of the general classifier ge: early acquisition of the quantification function of classifiers --- p.69 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Delayed mastery of specific classifiers --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Acquisition order of individual classifiers and non-individual classifiers --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Experiments on children´ةs sensitivity to the distinction between count classifiers and mass classifiers --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- Experiments on the acquisition of individual classifiers and container classifiers --- p.86 / Chapter 4.0 --- Setting the stage --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1 --- General introduction of research questions and experimental design --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiment 1: Acquisition of individual classifiers and bare nouns --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Subjects, Material and test items" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Procedures --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Findings in Experiment 1 --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Interpretation of number and quantification function of classifiers in the individual classifier and the bare noun contexts --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Interpretation of partial object situations in the individual classifier and the bare noun contexts --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experiment 2: Acquisition of container classifiers --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Method --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Findings in Experiment 2 --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Interpretation of the quantification function of container classifiers --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Interpretation of noun denotation in the container classifier context --- p.127 / Chapter 4.4 --- Experiment 3: Acquisition the general classifier ge paired with substance situations --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Method --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Findings in Experiment 3 --- p.134 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary of the findings in Experiment 1，Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 --- p.139 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- General discussion --- p.144 / Chapter 5.1 --- Count-mass distinction in Chinese revisited --- p.145 / Chapter 5.2 --- Quantification and individuation in the acquisition of noun denotations --- p.150 / Chapter 5.3 --- Further research --- p.155 / References --- p.157 / Appendix 1 List of test sentences used in Experiment 1 --- p.167 / Appendix 2 List of test sentences used in Experiment 2 --- p.170 / Appendix 3 List of test sentences used in Experiment 3 --- p.172 / Appendix 4 Pictures of whole and partial objects paired with individual classifiers and bare nouns in Experiment 1 --- p.173 / Appendix 5 Pictures of whole and partial objects and substances paired with container classifiers used in Experiment 2 --- p.174 / Appendix 6 Picture of substance situations with or without a container paired with the general classifier ge in Experiment 3 --- p.175

published_or_final_version / English Studies / Master / Master of Arts